姜黄素与肠道微生物间相互作用研究进展

姜黄素是近年来研究较为深入的植物源活性成分之一，具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗应激、抗肿瘤、抗病毒和降血糖血脂等多种药理学功能。目前，一系列研究数据表明，姜黄素可通过调节肠道菌群改善肠道屏障功能。此外，姜黄素还可经肠道菌群直接代谢或由宿主-肠道菌群相互作用产生生物活性代谢产物，从而进一步增强姜黄素对动物肠道健康的保护作用。姜黄素与肠道菌群之间的双向调节作用表明姜黄素在维持宿主肠道健康以及预防或治疗多种疾病方面具有巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了姜黄素与肠道菌群之间的相互作用及其在畜禽生产中的应用等最新研究进展，从而为将姜黄素作为一种新型饲料添加剂、以及潜在的“替抗”物质应用于畜禽生产中提供参考，有益于推动畜牧养殖业的健康发展。     

有机酸对猪肠道菌群的调节作用及其抑菌机制研究进展

肠道菌群平衡与动物机体健康及生长发育密切相关,有机酸(organic acid, OA)作为一种绿色安全的功能性饲料添加剂,对动物具有抑菌、促消化、调节菌群平衡等作用。随着饲料产业的不断发展,OA已从饲料酸化、防腐、防霉逐渐向制剂化、动物生长促进剂和替抗产品转变,已成为畜牧行业广泛使用的一种功能性添加剂。笔者综述了猪肠道菌群的形成和分布,OA调节猪肠道菌群的组成结构和多样性及其对肠道菌群代谢产物产生和肠道免疫反应等方面的影响,并对其调控猪肠道菌群的作用机制进行探讨,旨在进一步揭示OA与肠道菌群的相互影响机制,为促进猪肠道健康与OA的合理利用提供借鉴。     

寡糖在饲料中的研究进展

作为一种新型饲料添加剂，寡糖具有促进动物肠道有益菌增殖、调节肠道菌群结构、保持动物肠道正常生理功能，从而提高动物生产性能、增强免疫力等作用，目前已广泛应用于饲料行业。本文将从寡糖定义、作用机制及其在动物生产中的应用效果进行阐述。     

微生态制剂在提高畜禽免疫力中的作用机制

作为一种替代抗生素的新型绿色添加剂,微生态制剂在畜禽养殖中主要用于维持畜禽健康、促进动物生长、提高饲料利用率。文章从调控动物胃肠道内微生物菌群、刺激动物免疫器官发育、分泌代谢产物激活动物自身免疫反应、改善养殖场环境进而改善动物健康状况等方面对现有的微生态制剂免疫机制进行综述。     

姜黄素的生物活性及其调节动物肠道黏膜屏障功能的分子机制

姜黄素是从姜科植物姜黄中提取的一种天然植物多酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、抗炎、免疫调节和代谢调控等功能。研究表明,姜黄素主要通过模式识别受体、核受体、细胞凋亡和细胞自噬等信号通路发挥其生理作用,还能够通过细胞能量代谢调控细胞增殖与分化。本文主要综述姜黄素调节动物肠道黏膜屏障功能的作用机制,为新型饲料添加剂的开发及其在畜禽养殖中应用提供科学理论依据。     

甘露寡糖对肠道健康和免疫的调控机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用

过去几十年来,由于饲用抗生素在畜牧养殖业中的滥用,导致畜禽正常的肠道菌群被破坏并引起肠道细菌耐药性和环境污染等一系列问题,严重损害了畜禽的肠道健康。同时,近年来集约化养殖已经成为畜牧业的发展方向,养殖规模越来越大,如何有效地提高畜禽免疫力已然成为重点的研究方向。健康的肠道是保障畜禽健康生长的基础,保持健康的肠道菌群,能有效提高动物机体的免疫力和抗病能力。甘露寡糖是一种绿色新型饲料添加剂,作为一类功能性寡糖,具有改善畜禽肠道健康和提高免疫应答等作用。在猪生产中,添加甘露寡糖能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和免疫力。在家禽生产中,添加甘露寡糖能够改善家禽肠道菌群并提高生产性能和肉品质。作者主要介绍了甘露寡糖的结构及理化性质、改善肠道健康和免疫调控机制及其在断奶仔猪、育肥猪、蛋鸡和肉鸡生产中的应用效果。重点总结了甘露寡糖对畜禽肠道健康和免疫的调控机制及免疫途径,旨在为甘露寡糖在肠道健康和免疫调控方面的深入研究及其在畜禽养殖中的应用提供理论依据。     

甘露寡糖对肠道健康和免疫的调控机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用

过去几十年来,由于饲用抗生素在畜牧养殖业中的滥用,导致畜禽正常的肠道菌群被破坏并引起肠道细菌耐药性和环境污染等一系列问题,严重损害了畜禽的肠道健康。同时,近年来集约化养殖已经成为畜牧业的发展方向,养殖规模越来越大,如何有效地提高畜禽免疫力已然成为重点的研究方向。健康的肠道是保障畜禽健康生长的基础,保持健康的肠道菌群,能有效提高动物机体的免疫力和抗病能力。甘露寡糖是一种绿色新型饲料添加剂,作为一类功能性寡糖,具有改善畜禽肠道健康和提高免疫应答等作用。在猪生产中,添加甘露寡糖能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和免疫力。在家禽生产中,添加甘露寡糖能够改善家禽肠道菌群并提高生产性能和肉品质。作者主要介绍了甘露寡糖的结构及理化性质、改善肠道健康和免疫调控机制及其在断奶仔猪、育肥猪、蛋鸡和肉鸡生产中的应用效果。重点总结了甘露寡糖对畜禽肠道健康和免疫的调控机制及免疫途径,旨在为甘露寡糖在肠道健康和免疫调控方面的深入研究及其在畜禽养殖中的应用提供理论依据。     

植物多酚对氧化应激与炎症信号通路的调控机制

炎症及氧化应激是造成动物机体组织和器官损伤的主要原因之一,肠道炎症可造成肠黏膜损伤,进而影响其屏障功能,减弱动物对外界刺激的防御能力。植物多酚具有抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群等多种潜在功效,且具有低毒、无耐药性等特点,因此,在新型饲料添加剂的开发中具有广阔的应用前景。但目前大部分植物多酚在动物体内的代谢及调控机制尚不明确,这极大阻碍了其合理有效利用。本文基于近期研究就植物多酚对氧化应激与炎症信号通路的调控机制进行综述,为其在新型饲料添加剂中的应用提供理论依据。     

益生菌作用机制研究进展

益生菌制剂是一种无毒、无残留、抗菌促生长的绿色饲料添加剂，它能够一致排斥有害菌，帮助人和动物建立有利于其自身健康的肠道微生物系统，通过影响肠道菌群、提高免疫力、加强黏膜屏障和促进生长等途径，益生菌对人和动物机体健康起到了非常重要的作用。     

功能性寡糖调控动物肠道健康机理的研究进展

功能性寡糖作为一种新型绿色饲料添加剂,可以起到改善动物肠道健康、促进动物生长的作用。文章从降低肠道pH值、促进矿物质吸收、促进肠道内健康微生物菌形成和提高机体免疫力四个方面综述了功能性寡糖调控肠道健康的作用机理,为替代抗生素使用提供参考,同时也为功能性寡糖在畜牧业的应用及进一步研究提供理论依据。     

猪肠道微生物组成、影响因素及其对重要经济性状的影响研究进展

肠道微生物在调节宿主生理机能、代谢和免疫功能等方面发挥着非常重要的作用,是影响猪健康和重要经济性状表型的重要因素之一。近年来,人们对猪肠道微生物的研究和了解越来越深入,了解猪肠道微生物组成将有助于为从肠道菌群方向入手改善猪群健康和提高生产性能提供参考。作者首先综述了不同发育阶段、不同肠道部位以及主要商品猪和中国地方猪肠道核心菌群组成;其次系统总结了宿主遗传背景、饲粮种类、性别、环境以及抗生素、益生菌和饲料添加剂使用等因素对猪肠道微生物组成的影响;最后概述了猪肠道微生物主要功能及其对饲料利用率、脂肪沉积、宿主行为和免疫炎症等方面的影响。     

Dietary polyphenols in lipid metabolism: A role of gut microbiome

Polyphenols are a class of non-essential phytonutrients, which are abundant in fruits and vegetables. Dietary polyphenols or foods rich in polyphenols are widely recommended for metabolic health. Indeed, polyphenols (i.e., catechins, resveratrol, and curcumin) are increasingly recognized as a regulator of lipid metabolism in host. The mechanisms, at least in part, may be highly associated with gut microbiome. This review mainly discussed the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on lipid metabolism. The potential mechanisms of gut microbiome are focused on the effect of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota compositions and how gut microbiota affect polyphenol metabolism. Together, dietary polyphenols may be a useful nutritional strategy for manipulation of lipid metabolism or obesity care.     

Dietary fiber and chicken microbiome interaction: Where will it lead to?

The last few decades have been marked by a rapid genetic improvement in chicken growth rates. The modern-day chicken is more efficient in converting feed into muscle mass than their predecessors. This enhanced efficiency emanates from better nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism. The gut has therefore become a research focus especially after the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) in poultry. In pursuance of better gut health in the post-AGP era, many different strategies are being continuously sought and tested. The gut is inhabited by more than 900 bacterial species along with fungi and archaea, and they play an important role to maintain a conducive milieu for the host. A beneficial shift in the microbial ecosystem of the chicken can be promoted by many dietary and non-dietary interventions, however, diet is ranked as one of the most important and potent regulators of gut microbiota composition. Therefore, the constituents of the diet warrant special attention in the modulation of the gut ecosystem. Among dietary constituents, fiber possesses a significant ability to modulate the microbiota. In this review, we will highlight the importance of fiber in poultry nutrition and will also discuss the effects of fiber on gut microbiota and its resultant ramifications on the liver and brain.     

Swine gut microbiota and its interaction with host nutrient metabolism

Gut microbiota is generally recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining host health and metabolism. The correlation among gut microbiota, glycolipid metabolism, and metabolic diseases has been well reviewed in humans. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and host metabolism in swine remains incompletely understood. Given the limitation in conducting human experiments and the high similarity between swine and humans in terms of anatomy, physiology, polyphagy, habits, and metabolism and in terms of the composition of gut microbiota, there is a pressing need to summarize the knowledge gained regarding swine gut microbiota, its interplay with host metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to outline the bidirectional regulation between gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in swine and to emphasize the action mechanisms underlying the complex microbiome–host crosstalk via the gut microbiota–gut–brain axis. Moreover, it highlights the new advances in knowledge of the diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota. A better understanding of these aspects can not only shed light on healthy and efficient pork production but also promote our knowledge on the associations between gut microbiota and the microbiome–host crosstalk mechanism. More importantly, knowledge on microbiota, host health and metabolism facilitates the development of a precise intervention therapy targeting the gut microbiota.     

动物肠道菌群与病原微生物感染关系的研究进展

动物肠道内寄居着大量微生物,通常被称为共生菌群。它们对动物的生长、代谢和免疫状态至关重要,还与许多疾病的发生密切相关。病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染都会使机体的肠道菌群发生紊乱,表现在益生菌丰度减少而有害菌丰度增加。其机制包括引发宿主的炎症反应和抑制机体的免疫细胞两方面。同样肠道菌群也会调控病原菌的感染,如肠道菌群对不同的病毒会产生颉颃或促进作用,对细菌和寄生虫分别产生抑制和促进作用。肠道菌群抑制病原菌的机制包括与病原菌竞争代谢产物和诱导宿主的免疫反应。肠道菌群促进病毒感染的机制包括3点,分别为提高病毒的稳定性及其与靶细胞的黏附作用、抑制机体免疫系统和刺激靶细胞的增殖。肠道菌群促进寄生虫感染的可能机制包括降低Th2细胞因子(如IL-4和IL-13)并提高调节性T细胞的表达频率。肠道菌群、病原微生物和宿主不断相互作用,形成一个动态的平衡关系,并在感染过程中不断进化。作者主要综述了病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染对动物肠道菌群的组成和丰度的影响,动物肠道菌群如何影响病毒、细菌和寄生虫的感染进程并分析相关机制,以期了解疾病的发病机理,为疫苗佐剂的研发及制定更有效的预防和治疗策略提供新视角和理论依据。     

Interplay between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides

The gut microbiota is comprised of a diverse array of microorganisms that interact with immune system and exert crucial roles for the health. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Major players in this scenario are antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which belong to an ancient defense system found in all organisms and participate in a preservative co-evolution with a complex microbiome. Particularly increasing interactions between AMP and microbiota have been found in the gut. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which AMP help to maintain a balanced microbiota and advancing our understanding of the circumstances of such balanced interactions between gut microbiota and host AMP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota, which should have therapeutic implications for different intestinal disorders.     

环境温度对动物肠道微生物菌群影响的研究进展

温度是一个重要的非生物环境变量,能够驱动动物谱系的适应轨迹和动物群落的组成。环境温度作为影响动物肠道微生物菌群变化的众多因素之一,能够影响肠道微生物菌群的组成及丰度,进而调控宿主生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生物学过程及功能。动物肠道核心菌群的组成及其代谢产物在不同温度下存在显著差异,在单胃动物、反刍动物等中都有相应的报道。极端温度主要通过诱导肠道微生物菌群产生结构和功能上的差异,进而对宿主表型产生影响。目前,对于温度如何影响动物肠道菌群的了解仍非常有限。本文针对不同环境温度条件下,肠道微生物菌群结构和功能的差异及相关研究进行了总结及综述。探讨由环境温度引起的肠道微生物菌群与宿主适应机制之间的关系,包括对宿主产热机制、消化系统和免疫系统等其他方面的影响并开展研究,将为肠道微生物对宿主健康的调节提供参考和思路。     

猪肠道微生物及其代谢产物与肠道屏障研究进展

肠道微生物参与营养物质代谢，影响猪的健康和发育，当肠道微生物发生紊乱，会造成猪腹泻并引起炎症反应，因此肠道微生物对猪的健康起着至关重要的作用。本文从肠道微生物在仔猪不同发育阶段的分布、肠道微生物的代谢产物对肠道健康的影响机制和肠道微生物与肠道屏障之间的关系进行阐述，并探讨了目前肠道健康研究的进展以及今后的研究方向，旨在为猪肠道健康调控提供理论参考。     

Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization,performance, and health of poultry

Poultry is widely produced and consumed meat global y. Its demand is expected to continue increasing to meet the animal protein requirement for ever-increasing human population. Thus, the chal enge that poultry scientists and industry face are to produce sufficient amount of poultry meat in the most efficient way. In the past, using antibiotics to promote the growth of poultry and manage gut microbiota was a norm. However, due to concerns over potential fatalistic impacts on food animals and indirectly to humans, their use as feed additives are banned or regulated in several jurisdictions. In this changed context, several alternative strategies have been proposed with some success that mimics the functions of antibiotics as growth promoters and modulate gut microbiota for their beneficial roles. These include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, and exogenous enzyme, among others. Gut microbiota and their metabolic products improve nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and overal health and growth performance of poultry. This paper reviews the available information on the effect of feed additives used to modulate intestinal microbiota of poultry and their effects on overal health and growth performance. Understanding these functions and interactions wil help to develop new dietary and managerial strategies that wil ultimately lead to enhanced feed utilization and improved growth performance of poultry. This review wil help future researchers and industry to identify alternative feed ingredients having properties like prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids, and exogenous enzymes.     

饲料添加剂调节畜禽肠道菌群及其生长性状的研究进展

肠道菌群影响畜禽生长发育以及相关多个重要经济性状。就多种饲料添加剂调节畜禽肠道菌群及其生长性状的研究进展进行综述。从生物学机制出发,介绍了饲料添加剂对畜禽肠道菌群及其生长性状的影响和菌群移植影响宿主生长性状的研究进展,总结了通过饲料添加剂影响畜禽肠道菌群、改善畜禽生长性能的应用实践。