植物多酚对氧化应激与炎症信号通路的调控机制

炎症及氧化应激是造成动物机体组织和器官损伤的主要原因之一,肠道炎症可造成肠黏膜损伤,进而影响其屏障功能,减弱动物对外界刺激的防御能力。植物多酚具有抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群等多种潜在功效,且具有低毒、无耐药性等特点,因此,在新型饲料添加剂的开发中具有广阔的应用前景。但目前大部分植物多酚在动物体内的代谢及调控机制尚不明确,这极大阻碍了其合理有效利用。本文基于近期研究就植物多酚对氧化应激与炎症信号通路的调控机制进行综述,为其在新型饲料添加剂中的应用提供理论依据。     

动物肠道屏障的组成与功能

由于炎症与自由基的产生密切相关,氧化应激被认为是包括肠道炎症在内的多种炎症相关疾病的病理机制。疾病如大肠杆菌病、病毒感染等可导致动物发生氧化应激,抑制生产性能并影响肠道屏障。因此由于氧化应激诱发肠炎在动物养殖中的危害。下文将对动物机体中肠道屏障的组成和功能进行介绍,旨在为动物的健康养殖带来帮助。     

富勒烯[C60]抗氧化应激的研究进展及在畜禽生产中的应用前景

氧化应激损伤是指机体在遭受有害刺激时,体内高活性分子,如活性氧自由基(ROS)或活性氮自由基(RNS)产生过多,导致细胞、组织和动物机体受到严重损伤。畜禽在应激和疾病的条件下会造成氧化应激并引发各种炎症。减少氧化应激以提高畜禽生长性能、减少疾病发病率是畜禽生产中的重要研究内容。近年来,富勒烯[C₆₀]被认为是一种强大的抗氧化剂,大量研究表明富勒烯[C₆₀]及其衍生物在自由基清除和缓解机体氧化应激反应中发挥重要作用。本文对富勒烯[C₆₀]及其衍生物的抗氧化作用和机制进行归纳总结,旨在为畜禽生产中抗氧化剂和抗生素替代物的开发利用找到新的方向,使富勒烯能应用到畜禽生产以代替抗生素解决食品安全问题,更好地发展绿色、健康、安全的养殖业。     

植物提取物缓解动物氧化应激应用研究进展

在饲料全面"禁抗"的大背景下,提高动物的抗应激能力,减少氧化应激在畜禽生产中产生的负面影响,是实现畜牧业转型升级,逐步实现绿色、高质量发展过程中亟待解决的问题之一。植物提取物因其具有安全、高效、毒副作用小、残留量低等优点,在改善动物抗氧化性能、缓解氧化应激方面有较高的开发潜力和研究价值。文章从氧化应激对动物的影响、植物提取物的抗氧化作用和植物提取物近年来在动物养殖中的应用等方面进行总结,为植物提取物在动物生产中的进一步应用及相关作用机制的探讨提供参考。     

硒对奶牛乳腺氧化应激及炎症反应的调控作用及其机制

氧化应激是导致机体免疫功能失调及疾病易感性升高的重要因素。奶牛泌乳期间乳腺上皮细胞代谢旺盛,容易造成自由基产生与清除之间的失衡,引发氧化应激及炎症反应,导致生产性能下降,诱发多种疾病,对奶牛养殖造成了不可忽视的经济损失。硒依赖于硒蛋白的抗氧化功能与活性的变化缓解奶牛氧化应激与炎症反应,从而减缓代谢性疾病的发生。本文总结了氧化应激及炎症反应的产生,并就硒对奶牛乳腺抗氧化及炎症反应的调控作用及其机制进行了阐述,为奶牛营养策略的科学制定提供理论支持。     

葡萄渣多酚的生物活性及其在动物生产中的应用

氧化应激是动物生产上普遍存在的现象,会对机体健康产生不良影响。葡萄渣是葡萄酒酿造业副产物,含有丰富的多酚类物质。作为一种天然物质,葡萄渣多酚(Grape Pomace Polyphenol,GPP)具有抗氧化、抗菌及抗炎症等生物活性,可抑制机体氧化应激,改善肉品品质。本文介绍GPP的分类与分布,探讨其消化、吸收及代谢,总结其生物活性,分析其在动物生产上的应用,为其在畜牧实践中开发利用提供科学依据。     

Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路及其在畜禽抗氧化中的研究进展

正常生理状态下,动物体内自由基的产生和清除处于稳定的动态平衡,但发生氧化应激时,体内自由基产生的量超过自身清除能力,引起氧化系统和抗氧化系统的失衡,造成氧化损伤。而Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路的激活在预防氧化应激引起的细胞和组织损伤、维持氧化还原平衡和蛋白质稳态以及调节炎症方面具有关键作用。Keap1是Nrf2的胞浆抑制蛋白,在正常生理状态下,Nrf2与Keap1结合而发生泛素化和蛋白酶体降解,使细胞核内Nrf2的含量维持在一个相对较低的水平。在氧化应激条件下,Keap1对Nrf2的泛素化和降解的能力减弱,细胞核中Nrf2积聚,Nrf2与抗氧化反应元件（ARE）结合后启动下游一系列保护性基因的表达,使机体从氧化应激状态恢复到正常的生理状态。氧化应激参与多种病理生理变化,对畜禽的生产性能、生长发育、繁殖性能、肉品质等有负面影响,Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路是细胞内最重要的抗氧化应激通路之一,对动物的健康保护极其重要。作者总结了Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路的基本结构和活化机制及其在畜禽抗氧化中的研究进展,阐述了其在提高畜禽的抗氧化、抗炎能力和在肉品质中的重要作用,以期为缓解当前畜禽业中严重的氧化应激和炎症提供理论依据。     

植物精油抗氧化作用机制研究进展

氧化应激是对动物生产造成巨大经济损失的常见问题之一,它是机体自由基产生增多或(和)清除能力下降,引起机体氧化系统和抗氧化系统紊乱,导致自由基在体内蓄积而引起的氧化损伤过程。氧化应激产生之后会对畜禽的生产性能和健康程度产生负面影响。因此,找到有效的外源性抗氧化剂对畜禽的健康生产有重要意义。植物精油作为天然抗氧化剂,具有安全、高效的特点,其在动物生产中的应用已成为研究热点。文章在简述自由基与氧化应激的基础上,对植物精油的抗氧化作用机制进行了分析和总结。     

Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路及其在畜禽抗氧化中的研究进展

正常生理状态下,动物体内自由基的产生和清除处于稳定的动态平衡,但发生氧化应激时,体内自由基产生的量超过自身清除能力,引起氧化系统和抗氧化系统的失衡,造成氧化损伤。而Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路的激活在预防氧化应激引起的细胞和组织损伤、维持氧化还原平衡和蛋白质稳态以及调节炎症方面具有关键作用。Keap1是Nrf2的胞浆抑制蛋白,在正常生理状态下,Nrf2与Keap1结合而发生泛素化和蛋白酶体降解,使细胞核内Nrf2的含量维持在一个相对较低的水平。在氧化应激条件下,Keap1对Nrf2的泛素化和降解的能力减弱,细胞核中Nrf2积聚,Nrf2与抗氧化反应元件(ARE)结合后启动下游一系列保护性基因的表达,使机体从氧化应激状态恢复到正常的生理状态。氧化应激参与多种病理生理变化,对畜禽的生产性能、生长发育、繁殖性能、肉品质等有负面影响,Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路是细胞内最重要的抗氧化应激通路之一,对动物的健康保护极其重要。作者总结了Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路的基本结构和活化机制及其在畜禽抗氧化中的研究进展,阐述了其在提高畜禽的抗氧化、抗炎能力和在肉品质中的重要作用,以期为缓解当前畜禽业中严重的氧化应激和炎症提供理论依据。     

氧化应激对畜禽组织器官的损伤及核因子E2相关因子2-抗氧化反应元件信号通路抗氧化应激的机理研究进展

随着我国养殖业的发展,养殖方式逐渐向规模化集约化转变,对畜禽生产性能的要求越来越高,但是在追求养殖效率的同时,畜禽饲养管理过程中易产生多种应激,如断奶应激、运输应激、热应激、冷应激等。大量的研究表明氧化应激是产生各种应激的根本原因。氧化应激可以破坏动物机体的氧化还原系统,导致肠道、肝脏、生殖器官等各种组织器官的损伤和疾病的发生,成为近年来研究的热点。而核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)-抗氧化反应元件(ARE)信号通路的激活可以维持动物机体的氧化平衡,提高抗氧化性能,缓解氧化应激。本文通过阐述氧化应激对畜禽组织器官的影响及其产生的机制,并就Nrf2-ARE信号通路抗氧化应激的机理进行综述,为畜禽生产过程中缓解氧化应激损伤、保障动物福利、提高动物的生产性能提供参考。     

Research Progress of Effect of Oxidative Stress on Broiler and its Mitigation Technology

Oxidative stress is ubiquitous in livestock and poultry production.When the body is in the situation of harmful stimulation in vitro or in vivo,the oxidation system and antioxidant system are in a state of imbalance,leading to metabolic disorders,which depresses the growth and development of animals,decreases disease resistance and quality of livestock products seriously,and has a negative impact on the production and health of livestock and poultry.So it is important to find an effective measure to alleviate the health of livestock and poultry.Lipoic acid,tea polyphenol,VE and other antioxidants play significant roles in reducing oxidative stress.In this paper,the effects of oxidative stress on broiler and mitigation technology research were outlined.     

氧化应激对肉鸡的影响及其缓解技术研究进展

在畜禽生产中氧化应激无处不在,当机体受到体内外各种有害刺激时抗氧化系统失衡,从而导致机体代谢紊乱,使畜禽生长发育、抗病能力及畜产品品质受到严重影响,对畜禽的生产和健康有着负面的影响作用.因此,找到一种有效的缓解措施对畜禽的健康生产有着重要的感义.硫辛酸、茶多酚、VE等抗氧化剂在缓解氧化应激方面有显著的作用.作者就氧化应激对肉鸡产生的影响及其缓解技术对其改善作用的研究作一概述.     

畜禽生产中氧化应激分子调控机理及营养策略研究进展

现代畜禽生产过程中发生的氧化应激损害畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能。现代系统动物营养学认为畜禽体内自由基稳态失衡是导致氧化应激—炎症反应—免疫功能失衡,威胁畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能的根本原因。畜禽体内多种信号通路组成的调控网络共同维持自由基稳态。综述了p38MAPK、Nrf2-ARE、NF-κB等氧化应激相关信号通路在畜禽生产中的调控机制及其营养策略研究进展,以期为畜禽生产中缓解氧化应激损伤,保障动物福利,提高生产性能提供参考。     

Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry;mitochondrial dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals

Heat as a stressor of poultry has been studied extensively for many decades; it affects poultry production on a worldwide basis and has significant impact on well-being and production. More recently, the involvement of heat stress in inducing oxidative stress has received much interest. Oxidative stress is defined as the presence of reactive species in excess of the available antioxidant capacity of animal cells. Reactive species can modify several biologically cellular macromolecules and can interfere with cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, during the last decade, there has been an ever-increasing interest in the use of a wide array of natural feed-delivered phytochemicals that have potential antioxidant properties for poultry. In light of this, the current review aims to(1) summarize the mechanisms through which heat stress triggers excessive superoxide radical production in the mitochondrion and progresses into oxidative stress,(2) illustrate that this pathophysiology is dependent on the intensity and duration of heat stress,(3) present different nutritional strategies for mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular focus on antioxidant phytochemicals.Oxidative stress that occurs with heat exposure can be manifest in all parts of the body; however, mitochondrial dysfunction underlies oxidative stress. In the initial phase of acute heat stress, mitochondrial substrate oxidation and electron transport chain activity are increased resulting in excessive superoxide production. During the later stage of acute heat stress, down-regulation of avian uncoupling protein worsens the oxidative stress situation causing mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue damage. Typically, antioxidant enzyme activities are upregulated. Chronic heat stress, however, leads to downsizing of mitochondrial metabolic oxidative capacity, up-regulation of avian uncoupling protein, a clear alteration in the pattern of antioxidant enzyme activities, and depletion of antioxidant reserves.Some phytochemicals, such as various types of flavonoids and related compounds, were shown to be beneficial in chronic heat-stressed poultry, but were less or not effective in non-heat-stressed counterparts. This supports the contention that antioxidant phytochemicals have potential under challenging conditions. Though substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the association between heat stress and oxidative stress, the means by which phytochemicals can alleviate oxidative stress have been sparsely explored.     

Potential of plant polyphenols to combat oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in farm animals

Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites which have been shown to exert antioxidative and antiinflamma tory effects in cell culture, rodent and human studies. Based on the fact that conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation are highly relevant in farm animals, polyphenols are considered as promising feed additives in the nutrition of farm animals. However, in contrast to many studies existing with model animals and humans, potential antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects of polyphenols have been less investigated in farm animals so far. This review aims to give an overview about potential antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects in farm animals. The first part of the review highlights the occurrence and the consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation on animal health and performance. The second part of the review deals with bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols in farm animals. The third and main part of the review presents an overview of the findings from studies which investigated the effects of polyphenols of various plant sources in pigs, poultry and cattle, with particular consideration of effects on the antioxidant system and inflammation.     

Nrf2/Keap1-ARE通路的生物学功能及其信号调控

氧化应激是机体内一种有害的氧化还原失衡状态，是导致组织损伤和疾病发生的重要因素之一。当前畜牧业生产中出现的畜禽繁殖障碍、抗病力下降、生产性能与畜产品品质降低等都与氧化应激有关。核因子E2相关因子2（nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor，Nrf2）/Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1（Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1，Keap1）-抗氧化应答元件（antioxidant response element，ARE）信号通路是机体对抗氧化应激的最重要防御机制之一，通过调控下游多个细胞保护基因的转录，维持胞内氧化还原平衡及代谢和蛋白质稳态，发挥抗炎、抗癌和抗衰老等生物学功能。Nrf2是一种对氧化应激高度敏感的转录因子，在正常生理状态下，与其负调控蛋白Keap1结合，通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统被泛素化和降解。氧化应激导致Nrf2与Keap1解离，Nrf2转位到细胞核内，与小Maf（sMaf）蛋白形成异二聚体并识别ARE序列，启动下游目标基因的转录。由于Nrf2处于复杂调控网络的中心，其活性受到多个水平的严格调控，包括转录及转录后调控、蛋白质稳定性调控、亚细胞定位调控和翻译后修饰调控等。作者介绍了Nrf2/Keap1-ARE信号通路的分子结构基础、生物学功能、Nrf2活性调控等的研究进展，以期深入了解该通路的调控机制，为提高畜禽健康和提供疾病治疗策略提供理论依据。     

Nutritional applications and beneficial health applications of green tea and l-theanine in some animal species: A review

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a popular herbal plant with abundant health benefits, and thus, it has been used as a potent antioxidant for a long time. Based on the available literature, the diversity and the availability of multifunctional compounds in green tea offer its noteworthy potential against many diseases such as liver and heart diseases, inflammatory conditions and different metabolic syndromes. Owing to its bioactive constituents including caffeine, amino acids, l -theanine, polyphenols/flavonoids and carbohydrates among other potent molecules, green tea has many pharmacological and physiological effects. The effects of green tea include anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, hypolipidaemic, hypocholesterolaemic, skin/collagen protective, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-infective, anti-parasitic, anti-cancerous, inhibition of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, anti-mutagenic, and memory and bone health-improving activities. Apart from its utilization in humans, green tea has also played a significant role in livestock production such as in dairy, piggery, goatry and poultry industries. Supplementation of animal feeds with green tea and its products is in line with the modern concepts of organic livestock production. Hence, incorporating green tea or green tea by-products into the diet of poultry and other livestock can enhance the value of the products obtained from these animals. Herein, an effort is made to extend the knowledge on the importance and useful applications of green tea and its important constituents in animal production including poultry. This review will be a guideline for researchers and entrepreneurs who want to explore the utilization of feeds supplemented with green tea and green tea by-products for the enhancement of livestock production.     

白藜芦醇的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

白藜芦醇是一种天然多酚类化合物,存在于多种植物中。近年来,白藜芦醇因具有多种有益生物学功能,得到了人们的广泛关注,将其作为一种新型的饲料添加剂应用于畜禽生产已见报道。本文综述了白藜芦醇的抗氧化、抗炎症、抗肥胖功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用现状,旨在为白藜芦醇在畜禽生产中的合理应用提供依据。     

植物类化学物质对家禽氧化应激和免疫反应的潜在功能

植物化学物质存在于各种植物和真菌中,是一种非营养性化合物,对动物具有多种有益的生物活性。近年来,随着抗生素的限制,植物化学物质已被认为是家禽生产过程中应对挑战的首选。快速生长型肉用鸡品种在生长环境中受到应激时表现出较强的脆弱性,降低家禽生产性能的氧化还原平衡可能与免疫系统有关,因为氧化应激和炎症损伤是一个多阶段过程。本文首先讨论了氧化应激和炎症对家禽业的影响,其次综述了近年来植物化合物的抗氧化和免疫调节作用的研究进展。