家禽氧化还原平衡和炎症反应的营养调控研究进展

饲养环境中的家禽常暴露在多种应激源中，其主要后果是会产生过量活性氧和活性氮。家禽体内有抗氧化系统，如果抗氧化系统不足以清除过量的自由基时，就会产生氧化应激。氧化应激产生的过量自由基和死亡细胞，可作为抗原进一步刺激免疫系统诱发宿主炎症反应，从而危害家禽健康，给家禽生产造成经济损失。本文简述了氧化应激的产生和家禽体内的抗氧化系统、氧化应激与免疫炎症的关联，分析了家禽生产中诱导氧化应激产生的因素，系统综述了家禽氧化还原平衡和免疫炎症反应的营养调控策略，以降低氧化应激和炎症反应，为实现家禽健康养殖提供营养策略。     

黄酮类化合物在家禽生产中的作用及机制

随着传统抗生素带来的系列问题,使得开发新型、安全、高效促生长的饲料添加剂显得更为迫切。近年来,人们对植物黄酮在家禽上的研究日益增多,黄酮类化合物对机体有许多重要的生理功能,是一种具有广阔发展前景的新型饲料添加剂。文章通过概述黄酮类物质对家禽生长、产蛋以及与生产相关激素等几方面的影响,探究黄酮类化合物在家禽生产中的作用及机制。     

植物精油替抗的研究进展及机理

随着抗生素作为饲料添加剂在畜禽业中逐渐退出,能够替代抗生素发挥生长促进作用的绿色替代物的需求变得紧迫。植物精油具有提高生产性能、缓解炎症、改善肠道健康等功效,无残留且不易发生耐药性,是理想的抗生素替代品之一。文章综述了近年来抗生素生长促进剂(AGP)的作用机理,以及植物精油作为抗生素替代品在家禽肠道健康调控和生产性能改善方面的研究进展,以期为今后家禽生产中合理使用植物精油提供科学依据。     

植物化学物对猪和家禽的免疫作用

环境应激源如病原体和毒素等可通过入侵胃肠道,降低动物免疫系统功能,影响动物生产性能,增加动物死亡率。因此,保护胃肠道功能,改善动物健康是动物生产的重中之重。植物化学物质是天然原料,是潜在的饲料添加剂,具有抗炎、抗真菌、抗病毒、抗氧化等多种功能。本文重点综述了植物化学物质(如柠檬醇、肉桂醛、姜黄素、百里香酚等)对猪和家禽免疫相关生理参数的影响,同时在分子水平上探讨了其对炎症基因表达的潜在机制。     

植源性饲料添加剂在家禽生产中的应用

近年来饲料中添加促生长抗生素饱受非议,研究者正在不断寻找新的抗生素替代品,植源性添加剂因其来源广泛,无残留,具有抑菌、调节免疫、促生长、抗氧化及改善家禽产品品质的功能而成为研究的热点。文章综述了植物源性添加剂的一般特性、影响因素及其对家禽生产性能及禽产品品质的影响,以期为家禽生产中植物源性饲料添加剂的正确使用提供参考。     

异黄酮植物雌激素在家禽生产中的作用

异黄酮植物雌激素广泛分布于植物界,其生理活性多种多样。它具有促进家禽生长,提高产蛋性能等作用,但对其作用机制目前尚未完全明确。本文综述了近年来有关异黄酮植物雌激素在家禽生产方面的研究概况。     

白藜芦醇作为饲料添加剂在家禽中的应用研究进展

白藜芦醇是一种植物多酚化合物,具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎等多种生物功效。它能提高家禽的抗氧化能力和免疫能力,缓解热应激,对肉质有一定的优化作用,对生长性能无负面影响,可作为一种优质饲料添加剂进行应用。近年来,越来越多研究关注白藜芦醇作为饲料添加剂在畜禽养殖中的应用。文章围绕白藜芦醇对家禽生长性能、抗氧化能力、肉质及免疫功能的影响进行综述,以期促进白藜芦醇作为一种优质饲料添加剂在家禽中的应用。     

植物提取物缓解动物氧化应激应用研究进展

在饲料全面"禁抗"的大背景下,提高动物的抗应激能力,减少氧化应激在畜禽生产中产生的负面影响,是实现畜牧业转型升级,逐步实现绿色、高质量发展过程中亟待解决的问题之一。植物提取物因其具有安全、高效、毒副作用小、残留量低等优点,在改善动物抗氧化性能、缓解氧化应激方面有较高的开发潜力和研究价值。文章从氧化应激对动物的影响、植物提取物的抗氧化作用和植物提取物近年来在动物养殖中的应用等方面进行总结,为植物提取物在动物生产中的进一步应用及相关作用机制的探讨提供参考。     

稀土添加剂在畜牧业中的应用概况

稀土是元素同期表中镧系元素及钇、钪共17个元素的总称。由于其具有独特的电子结构、良好的理化性质和独特的性能,稀土及其化合物在工业、国防、农业、医学等领域应用十分广泛。近年来,广大畜牧兽医工作者将稀土作为添加剂在畜牧生产中进行了系列研究并取得了显著效果。本文就稀土添加剂在畜牧生产中的应用研究作一综述。1 在养禽生产中的应用 在家禽日粮中添加稀土,可以促进家禽的生长,提     

植物黄酮类提取物在家禽上的研究进展

随着传统抗生素,抗菌性促生长剂和抗生素促生产剂带来的系列问题,使得开发新型安全高效促生长饲料添加剂显得更为迫切,"安全、高效、稳定、可控"的植物提取物饲料添加剂的研究逐渐深入。人们对植物黄酮在家禽上的研究日益增多,植物黄酮对机体有许多重要的生理功能,在家禽日粮中添加适量的植物黄酮可促进家禽的脂质代谢、提高机体免疫功能、促进机体的生产性能,是一种具有广阔发展前景的新型饲料添加剂。文章主要概述了植物黄酮在家禽上的机体代谢、免疫功能和生产性能方面的研究进展。     

畜禽生产中氧化应激分子调控机理及营养策略研究进展

现代畜禽生产过程中发生的氧化应激损害畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能。现代系统动物营养学认为畜禽体内自由基稳态失衡是导致氧化应激—炎症反应—免疫功能失衡,威胁畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能的根本原因。畜禽体内多种信号通路组成的调控网络共同维持自由基稳态。综述了p38MAPK、Nrf2-ARE、NF-κB等氧化应激相关信号通路在畜禽生产中的调控机制及其营养策略研究进展,以期为畜禽生产中缓解氧化应激损伤,保障动物福利,提高生产性能提供参考。     

畜禽氧化应激与炎症及多酚的干预作用

氧化应激是畜禽体内活性氧产生与保护机制消除的失衡,可导致组织产生氧化损伤,最终诱发炎性疾病。氧化应激可激活多种转录因子,导致炎症途径相关基因的差异表达,由氧化应激引起的炎症是许多慢性疾病的病因。多酚作为植物次生代谢产物,被认为是有效的辅助治疗佐剂,在人和动物中发挥潜在的抗氧化和抗炎作用。多酚也被认为是具有应用潜力的畜禽饲料添加剂。综述了畜禽氧化应激与炎症的关系及机制、多酚对畜禽的抗氧化和抗炎作用及机制,以期为动物疾病抗氧化疗法的应用和新型抗炎药物的开发提供参考。     

Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry;mitochondrial dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals

Heat as a stressor of poultry has been studied extensively for many decades; it affects poultry production on a worldwide basis and has significant impact on well-being and production. More recently, the involvement of heat stress in inducing oxidative stress has received much interest. Oxidative stress is defined as the presence of reactive species in excess of the available antioxidant capacity of animal cells. Reactive species can modify several biologically cellular macromolecules and can interfere with cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, during the last decade, there has been an ever-increasing interest in the use of a wide array of natural feed-delivered phytochemicals that have potential antioxidant properties for poultry. In light of this, the current review aims to(1) summarize the mechanisms through which heat stress triggers excessive superoxide radical production in the mitochondrion and progresses into oxidative stress,(2) illustrate that this pathophysiology is dependent on the intensity and duration of heat stress,(3) present different nutritional strategies for mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular focus on antioxidant phytochemicals.Oxidative stress that occurs with heat exposure can be manifest in all parts of the body; however, mitochondrial dysfunction underlies oxidative stress. In the initial phase of acute heat stress, mitochondrial substrate oxidation and electron transport chain activity are increased resulting in excessive superoxide production. During the later stage of acute heat stress, down-regulation of avian uncoupling protein worsens the oxidative stress situation causing mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue damage. Typically, antioxidant enzyme activities are upregulated. Chronic heat stress, however, leads to downsizing of mitochondrial metabolic oxidative capacity, up-regulation of avian uncoupling protein, a clear alteration in the pattern of antioxidant enzyme activities, and depletion of antioxidant reserves.Some phytochemicals, such as various types of flavonoids and related compounds, were shown to be beneficial in chronic heat-stressed poultry, but were less or not effective in non-heat-stressed counterparts. This supports the contention that antioxidant phytochemicals have potential under challenging conditions. Though substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the association between heat stress and oxidative stress, the means by which phytochemicals can alleviate oxidative stress have been sparsely explored.     

Research Progress of Effect of Oxidative Stress on Broiler and its Mitigation Technology

Oxidative stress is ubiquitous in livestock and poultry production.When the body is in the situation of harmful stimulation in vitro or in vivo,the oxidation system and antioxidant system are in a state of imbalance,leading to metabolic disorders,which depresses the growth and development of animals,decreases disease resistance and quality of livestock products seriously,and has a negative impact on the production and health of livestock and poultry.So it is important to find an effective measure to alleviate the health of livestock and poultry.Lipoic acid,tea polyphenol,VE and other antioxidants play significant roles in reducing oxidative stress.In this paper,the effects of oxidative stress on broiler and mitigation technology research were outlined.     

氧化应激对肉鸡的影响及其缓解技术研究进展

在畜禽生产中氧化应激无处不在,当机体受到体内外各种有害刺激时抗氧化系统失衡,从而导致机体代谢紊乱,使畜禽生长发育、抗病能力及畜产品品质受到严重影响,对畜禽的生产和健康有着负面的影响作用.因此,找到一种有效的缓解措施对畜禽的健康生产有着重要的感义.硫辛酸、茶多酚、VE等抗氧化剂在缓解氧化应激方面有显著的作用.作者就氧化应激对肉鸡产生的影响及其缓解技术对其改善作用的研究作一概述.     

Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition:a review

This paper summarizes the current knowledge regarding the possible modes of action and nutritional factors involved in the use of essential oils(EOs) for swine and poultry.EOs have recently attracted increased interest as feed additives to be fed to swine and poultry,possibly replacing the use of antibiotic growth promoters which have been prohibited in the European Union since 2006.In general,EOs enhance the production of digestive secretions and nutrient absorption,reduce pathogenic stress in the gut,exert antioxidant properties and reinforce the animal's immune status,which help to explain the enhanced performance observed in swine and poultry.However,the mechanisms involved in causing this growth promotion are far from being elucidated,since data on the complex gut ecosystem,gut function,in vivo oxidative status and immune system are still lacking.In addition,limited information is available regarding the interaction between EOs and feed ingredients or other feed additives(especially pro- or prebiotics and organic acids).This knowledge may help feed formulators to better utilize EOs when they formulate diets for poultry and swine.     

Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review

This paper summarizes the current knowledge regarding the possible modes of action and nutritional factors involved in the use of essential oils (EOs) for swine and poultry. EOs have recently attracted increased interest as feed additives to be fed to swine and poultry, possibly replacing the use of antibiotic growth promoters which have been prohibited in the European Union since 2006. In general, EOs enhance the production of digestive secretions and nutrient absorption, reduce pathogenic stress in the gut, exert antioxidant properties and reinforce the animal’s immune status, which help to explain the enhanced performance observed in swine and poultry. However, the mechanisms involved in causing this growth promotion are far from being elucidated, since data on the complex gut ecosystem, gut function, in vivo oxidative status and immune system are still lacking. In addition, limited information is available regarding the interaction between EOs and feed ingredients or other feed additives (especially pro- or prebiotics and organic acids). This knowledge may help feed formulators to better utilize EOs when they formulate diets for poultry and swine.     

Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路及其在畜禽抗氧化中的研究进展

正常生理状态下，动物体内自由基的产生和清除处于稳定的动态平衡，但发生氧化应激时，体内自由基产生的量超过自身清除能力，引起氧化系统和抗氧化系统的失衡，造成氧化损伤。而Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路的激活在预防氧化应激引起的细胞和组织损伤、维持氧化还原平衡和蛋白质稳态以及调节炎症方面具有关键作用。Keap1是Nrf2的胞浆抑制蛋白，在正常生理状态下，Nrf2与Keap1结合而发生泛素化和蛋白酶体降解，使细胞核内Nrf2的含量维持在一个相对较低的水平。在氧化应激条件下，Keap1对Nrf2的泛素化和降解的能力减弱，细胞核中Nrf2积聚，Nrf2与抗氧化反应元件（ARE）结合后启动下游一系列保护性基因的表达，使机体从氧化应激状态恢复到正常的生理状态。氧化应激参与多种病理生理变化，对畜禽的生产性能、生长发育、繁殖性能、肉品质等有负面影响，Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路是细胞内最重要的抗氧化应激通路之一，对动物的健康保护极其重要。作者总结了Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号通路的基本结构和活化机制及其在畜禽抗氧化中的研究进展，阐述了其在提高畜禽的抗氧化、抗炎能力和在肉品质中的重要作用，以期为缓解当前畜禽业中严重的氧化应激和炎症提供理论依据。     

畜禽精液冷冻损伤保护研究进展

精液冷冻过程中液体冰晶化造成的机械损伤和氧化自由基造成的氧化损伤是畜禽冷冻精液产业化的主要限制因素。在冻精中添加外源抗氧化剂维持氧化还原平衡状态以此减轻氧化损伤、通过添加抗冻剂和控制冷冻速率来减少冰晶产生和减轻机械损伤成为畜禽冻精技术研究的重点。本文从不同种类抗氧化剂的抗氧化机理及其在冻精中的应用现状、添加抗冻剂和控制冷冻速率等方面减少机械损伤进行综述,以期为畜禽精液冷冻技术提供理论和技术参考。     

热应激畜禽的营养调控

夏季高温环境下,畜禽极易发生热应激。畜禽发生热应激后其生产性能降低,严重影响养殖效益。营养调控措施是根据畜禽的发育规律,通过调配适宜的营养成分和含量,降低热应激对畜禽的生长过程的影响,使畜禽养殖朝着健康、绿色、持续、高效的方向发展。从调节电解质、矿物质、维生素等营养调控的角度综述了热应激防控的最新研究进展,以期为防控热应激和寻找新的措施、最大限度地降低畜牧业生产损失提供有益的思路。