Eating and ruminating behavior of sheep. 2. Experiments in pregnant and lactating ewes fed with a straw-concentrate mixture

Fertility oriented ewes in the late stage of gestation and during the lactation period received 19 feeding regimes on the basis of straw-concentrate mixtures, which essentially differed in the feedstuff structure. The ewes fed ad libitum on average used between 5 and 6 hours per day feed intake in the 86 measuring periods. The average daily ruminating time ranged from 398 to 502 minutes. An increasing straw content resulted in significantly longer ruminating periods and a higher number of masticatory movements, additional quotas of long straw had non effect. But even the most unfavourable feeding variants (straw-concentrate mixtures with 40% straw meal treated with NaOH) elicited 21 100 ruminating masticatory movements in 5 hours of ruminating. There were no significant differences between the absolute consumption and ruminating activities in the late stage of gestation and the lactation period; with reference to feed and crude fibre intake the ruminating expenditure in the late stage of gestation was always significantly higher. Rations with a low structural effect resulted in a more unbalanced distribution of consumption and ruminating activities in the course of the day than well structured rations.     

秸秆制粒对肉牛反刍、消化、瘤胃发酵及体增重的影响

本研究测定分析了秸秆制粒饲喂肉牛对其采食、反刍、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵和增重的影响,以丰富秸秆饲料化利用方式。试验选取30头18月龄左右、活重接近的西杂肉牛,随机分成3组(每组10头),分别饲喂粉碎玉米秸秆(对照组)、玉米秸秆颗粒饲料(试验Ⅰ组)及玉米秸秆精粗饲料颗粒(试验Ⅱ组)。结果表明,1)秸秆制粒饲喂肉牛,其采食、反刍、咀嚼时间均有所缩短,且每食团咀嚼时间显著少于对照组(P=0.004),而试验Ⅱ组采食时长显著低于对照组(P=0.032)。2)除试验Ⅰ组中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率显著低于对照组外(P<0.05),3组肉牛其他养分的表观消化率均无显著差异。3)秸秆粉碎制料后饲喂肉牛影响瘤胃发酵,与对照组比较,试验Ⅰ组瘤胃pH值及丁酸含量显著下降(P<0.05),而乙酸含量和乙酸/丙酸显著升高(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组瘤胃液丁酸含量显著下降(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸及NH₃-N含量显著升高(P<0.05)。4)秸秆粉碎制粒饲喂肉牛能显著增加日增重和饲料转化率(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅱ组日增重较对照组分别高出0.36和0.38 kg,饲料转化率(料重比)分别提高27.86%和29.09%。     

对妊娠后期甘肃高山细毛羊补饲秸秆全价颗粒饲料效果的研究

试验采用放牧+补饲的方式,分别利用玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆全价颗粒饲料在冷季对妊娠后期甘肃高山细毛羊进行补饲,测定妊娠后期母羊体重、血清生化指标、瘤胃液发酵参数及羔羊初生重。试验选取体况相近且健康的妊娠后期母羊60只,随机分为3组,每组20只。试验组补饲营养量根据中国美利奴羊妊娠后期母羊的饲养标准确定（扣除放牧采食量）,试验组Ⅰ补饲小麦秸秆全价颗粒饲料（1.19 kg/（只·d））,试验组Ⅱ补饲玉米秸秆全价颗粒饲料（1.19 kg/（只·d））,对照组按牧民传统方式（玉米0.05 kg/（只·d）、燕麦草0.2 kg/（只·d））补饲,正试期60 d。结果表明,试验组妊娠母羊的平均日增重、羔羊初生重均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,而两试验组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;试验组妊娠母羊血液总蛋白、白蛋白、葡萄糖、总胆固醇浓度及谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;试验组妊娠母羊瘤胃液中总氮、蛋白氮、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸摩尔比均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,而乙酸摩尔比显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。综上所述,补饲小麦秸秆或玉米秸秆全价颗粒饲料均可改善妊娠后期甘肃高山细毛羊营养状况,促进羔羊的生长发育。     

Studies on rumen fermentation with special reference to the volatile fatty acid production rate in ewes during reproduction. 2. Production rate of volatile fatty acids and rumen volume

Methods and results of the measuring of the rumen volume and the passage rate as well as the dependence of the production of volatile fatty acids on the parameters mentioned are described. The correlative relations between rumen volume on the one hand and feed passage on the other hand to the production quotas are investigated. Passage rates and rumen volumes were determined with the help of the isotope dilution method. In the course of reproduction rumen volumes of 7.81, 6.41, 8.91, 7.11 in experiment 1 and 5.41, 5.81, 9.51 and 4.71 in experiment 2 were measured in the sequence early stage of gestation, late stage of gestation, lactation and the period between pregnancies. The average total production of volatile fatty acids within 12 hours amounted to 475 mmol, 265 mmol, 313 mmol and 351 mmol in experiment 1 and 155 mmol, 175 mmol, 271 mmol and 144 mmol in experiment 2 in the same sequence. The average passage duration of the feed through the digestive tract of the ewes was 32.4 h in experiment 1 and 33.6 h in experiment 2. The relatively high feed intake of the ewes resulted in a short passage duration and could be a cause of the low production quotas of the volatile fatty acids.     

Effects of wood kraft pulp feeding on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black steer in the middle fattening stage

We investigated the effects of wood kraft pulp (KP) feeding on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black (JB) steer in the middle fattening stage. The feeding experiment was carried out a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design using six JB steers (16.2 ± 0.8 months of age). Steers were fed rice straw and three concentrated feeds: commercial formula feed (control), formula feed containing 7.5% KP on a dry matter (DM) basis (7.5% KP), and formula feed containing 15% KP on a DM basis (15% KP). Feed digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters were recorded for 3 days during the measurement period, after an adaptation phase of 11 days. There was no significant difference in DM intake per day among diets. A slightly higher digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was observed in steers fed 15% KP, compared with those fed other diets (P = 0.059). The butyric acid ratio in rumen fluid was higher in steers fed KP diets than in steers fed control (P = 0.083). The average ruminal pH was unaffected by KP diets. This study suggests that replacing 15% of concentrated feed with KP has little effect on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation in JB fattening steer.     

Feed intake of ewes in the perinatal period

8 individual feeding experiments served the ascertainment of the consumption performance of ewes in the perinatal phase. In 6 experiments with a total of 176 fertility oriented ewes the daily intake of pelleted straw-concentrate mixtures between the 4th week ante partum and the 6th week post partum was determined. On average the ewes consumed 1701 g dry matter in the last phase of gestation and 2271 g DM during lactation per animal and day. Intense grinding and NaOH-treatment increased feed intake; high straw content, limited duration of feeding and NH3-treatment decreased it. A higher number of lambs had, in the last phase of gestation, a decreasing and during lactation an increasing effect on consumption. Maize silage in the last phase of gestation resulted in very low feed intake. In contra to this, rations of alfalfa hay and maize silage were consumed well during lactation. There were no significant differences due to species or age with regard to consumption performance.     

平菇处理水稻秸秆在乳山羊上的应用潜力

文章旨在评估用平菇和水稻秸秆混合培养的饲料原料替代常规牧草资源苜蓿草对乳山羊泌乳性能、养分消化、瘤胃发酵及乳成分的影响。试验选择产后5?d,平均体重为（24.21±0.23）kg的泌乳山羊36头,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头。对照组饲喂60%浓缩料+40%苜蓿草,T1和T2组用40%和80%平菇发酵水稻秸秆替代苜蓿草,试验为期4周。结果：对照组乳山羊牧草采食量较T2组显著提高了10.74%（P＜0.05）,T1组干物质和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率分别较对照组显著提高了7.49%和7.23%（P＜0.05）,而对照组有机物、粗蛋白质表观消化率分别较T2组显著提高了14.71%和13.44%（P＜0.05）。对照组血清球蛋白、肌酸酐、葡萄糖和胆固醇浓度最高（P＜0.05）,而T1组血清白蛋白浓度最高（P＜0.05）。处理组瘤胃pH较对照组显著提高了2.94%和3.10%（P＜0.05）。对照组瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸、氨氮、总氮和非蛋白氮浓度均显著高于处理组（P＜0.05）。T2组乳中脂肪含量较对照组显著提高了13.62%（P＜0.05）,对照组与T1组乳山羊的饲料效率（能量校正乳/采食量）较T2组显著提高了32.29%和36.46%（P＜0.05）。结论：乳山羊日粮中用40%平菇发酵水稻秸秆可以提高干物质和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率,改善瘤胃微生物蛋蛋白的合成。 [关键词]平菇|水稻秸秆|乳山羊     

甘肃高山细毛羊母羊妊娠后期补饲效果研究

根据甘肃高山细毛羊母羊妊娠后期营养缺乏状况,配制出中等能量中等蛋白质补饲料 Ⅰ、低能量高蛋白质补饲料 Ⅱ和高能量低蛋白质补饲料 Ⅲ 3种补饲料。选择健康、体重相近的妊娠后期母羊60只,随机分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组15只,每个重复1只羊,A、B、C组为试验组,分别补饲饲料Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ;D组为对照组,按牧民传统方式饲养,试验期共68 d。试验结果表明,A、B、C补饲组母羊平均日增重分别为102、109和114 g/d;A、B、C补饲组羔羊初生重分别为4.09、3.91和 4.40 kg,均显著高于对照组。补饲料Ⅲ对试验羊血清葡萄糖(glucose)、甘油三酯 (triglyceride)和尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen)浓度有显著影响(P<0.05);补饲料Ⅱ对试验羊血清总蛋白(total protein)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase)浓度有显著影响。补饲组试羊瘤胃液总氮、瘤胃液蛋白氮含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)且A组显著高于其他各组,B组瘤胃液尿素氮浓度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。试验组瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid)浓度和丙酸摩尔比显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组瘤胃液中乙酸/丙酸显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3种补饲料对试验羊瘤胃液pH和瘤胃液氨态氮影响均不显著(P>0.05)。     

益生素对梅花鹿仔鹿和羔羊日粮营养物质消化率的影响

4只5月龄梅花鹿仔鹿和3只7月龄安装永久瘤胃瘿管的小尾寒羊,先后饲喂基础日粮(定量颗粒饲料和自由采食玉米秸秆;对照组)和基础日粮添加4 g益生素(BioLac;试验组),观察添加益生素不同动物干物质采食量,日粮营养物质的消化率和秸秆在小尾寒羊瘤胃中的降解情况。结果表明,添加益生素可显著提高仔鹿和羔羊干物质的采食量,仔鹿干物质采食量由未添加益生素的441.4 g/d提高到506.0 g/d;羔羊的干物质采食量由未添加益生素的598.8 g/d提高到719.6 g/d。但试验组干物质、有机物、粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维的消化率(仔鹿分别为:49.3％、52.1％、57.4％和49.3％;羊分别为:53.6％、56.7％、47.9％和53.0％)显著低于对照组(仔鹿分别为:56.4％、58.7％、65.0％和56.4％;羊分别为:61.0％、64.0％、58.8％和61.0％)。结果仔鹿可消化干物质的采食量在对照组(248.9 g/d)和试验组(249.1 g/d)间无显著差异,试验组羔羊可消化干物质采食量(384.9 g/d)略高于对照组(365.7 g/d)。瘤胃降解试验结果表明,秸秆干物质,有机物质和中性洗涤纤维2-48 h,在饲喂益生素的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率均略高于未添加益生素的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率,粗蛋白在饲喂试验日粮的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率在2 h时高于在饲喂对照日粮的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率,其他时间低于在饲?     

Intake energy, energy retention and heat production in lambs from birth to 24 weeks of age

Intake energy (IE), metabolizable energy intake (MEI), energy retention (ER) and heat production (HP) were estimated in twelve male and six female suckling lambs from birth to 4 wk of age and in nine of these male lambs after weaning from 9 to 24 wk of age. Intake energy and MEI were estimated from the milk intake and combustible energy of the milk in the suckling lambs and from digestibility trials and energy content of feed and feces in the weaned lambs. Energy retention was estimated from body composition changes and HP was calculated from MEI - ER and from the rate of O2 consumption. The O2 consumption of the ewes was also measured during late pregnancy and during lactation. In the suckling lambs, daily MEI was 277 kcal/kg.75 and ER was 112 kcal/kg.75 and as calculated from O2 consumption was 168 kcal/kg.75. Daily HP as calculated by MEI - ER was 165 kcal/kg.75. Daily maintenance HP was equal to 121 kcal/kg.75 and the efficiency of utilization of energy for ER was 70.7%. In the weaned lambs, HP as measured from O2 consumption was 10% lower than that estimated using MEI and ER. Comparison of 9- to 16-wk-old with 17- to 24-wk-old lambs, showed daily increases in MEI from 212 to 228 kcal/kg.75, in ER from 54 to 95 kcal/kg.75 and in HP from 158 to 194 kcal/kg.75, whereas there was a daily decrease in maintenance HP from 101 to 90 kcal/kg.75. Efficiency of utilization of energy for production was similar in the two postweaning periods (48.8 and 46.5%, respectively). The O2 consumption of the ewes (/kg.75) was increased over that of nonpregnant, nonlactating controls by 30% in late pregnancy, by 62% in the first month of lactation and by 50% in the second month of lactation.     

The effect of copper and cobalt supplementation on the digestibility of fibrous feed in sheep]

The effects of an addition of copper, cobalt, and copper + cobalt on the in vitro digestibility of hay, treated beech sawdust and cellulose by the rumen fluid of sheep fed a complete food ration, complete food ration with 15% treated beech sawdust and a diet consisting of 80% hay and 20% barley were investigated, respectively. The rumen fluid obtained from animals fed a complete food ration showed the significantly higher digestibility of hay (Tab. I) when Cu (P less than 0.05), Co, or Cu + Co (P less than 0.001) had been added into the rumen. The cellulose digestibility increased only after Co application (P less than 0.05). The microelements supplementation in all three forms had a very significant effect on the digestibility of treated beech sawdust by the rumen fluid of sheep fed a diet with 15% sawdust content, although the initial digestibility by the rumen fluid in the control animals (without microelements) was only 44.9%. A similar trend was also observed in the cellulose digestibility, but after Co application this increase was not significant. The rumen fluid of animals fed hay (80%) and barley (20%) showed the highest digestibility. The digestibility of sawdust reached 60% and the of cellulose 95.9% without microelements supplementation (control). In this case the effect of microelement supplementation on the sawdust digestibility was manifested only in the case of cobalt by the digestibility decrease (P less than 0.001). The cellulose digestibility also decreased after administration of Cu (P less than 0.01) and Co (P less than 0.05). The Cu + Co supplementation did not influence its digestibility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

甘蔗品种及收割期对生长期肉牛采食量和瘤胃参数的影响

本试验旨在研究甘蔗青贮饲料的基因型和成熟期对肉牛瘤胃纤维消化率、采食量、瘤胃发酵、瘤胃动力学和瘤胃细菌数量的影响。试验采用2×2因子设计,即两个基因型(高和低中性洗涤纤维消化率)和2个收割期(早熟和晚熟)。试验日粮以40%青贮甘蔗饲料为试验料。结果:饲喂早熟甘蔗青贮饲料时干物质采食量较大,但仅表现在低中性洗涤纤维消化率基因型(P<0.05)。早熟甘蔗日粮较晚熟甘蔗日粮显著提高了中性洗涤纤维摄入量(P<0.05)。饲喂低中性洗涤纤维基因型饲粮时,瘤胃池干物质、中性洗涤纤维和不可消化中性洗涤纤维含量更高(P<0.05)。饲喂高中性洗涤纤维消化率品种的青贮甘蔗时,中性洗涤纤维和不可消化中性洗涤纤维过瘤胃速率更高(P<0.05)。饲喂早熟青贮甘蔗饲料的肉牛瘤胃pH较大,但表现在高中性洗涤纤维消化率品种组(P<0.05)。饲喂早熟青贮甘蔗饲料时,低中性洗涤纤维消化率品种组肉牛瘤胃短链脂肪酸总浓度较高(P<0.05)。晚熟期青贮甘蔗较早熟期显著提高了埃氏巨球型菌相对含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,采用高中性洗涤纤维消化率品种的青贮甘蔗饲喂生长期肉牛,可以通过更快的纤维过瘤胃速率和纤维周转对瘤胃池产生积极影响,这可能有利于提高采食量。     

Performance of sheep offered ammonia, or urea-calcium hydroxide treated rice straw as an only feed

The effect of ammonia (AS) and urea‐calcium hydroxide (US) treated rice straw as a sole diet on the voluntary intake, digestibility of feed components, nitrogen retention, rumen parameters and microbial nitrogen yield of Suffolk ewes, were compared in a double 2 × 2 latin square design. The digestibility of feed components was not differed in sheep offered either AS or US. Dry matter intake was higher in AS (28 g/kg BW^0.75) than US (22 g/kg BW^0.75). Although there was high nitrogen intake in sheep given AS diet, this did not result in higher nitrogen retention compared with US diet. No difference was observed in purine derivatives or microbial nitrogen supply between the two groups. The rumen ammonia‐N of sheep offered AS or US exhibited a similar trend in diurnal change with the peak at 1.5–2.5 h after feeding and decline gradually thereafter. However, volatile fatty acid production peaked at approximately 8 h after evening feed and then steadily declined. AS and US diets led sheep to lose weight. In conclusion, urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw can be used for sheep as an alternative to ammonia treated straw. Without supplementation, ammonia or urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw was not sufficient even for the maintenance of sheep.     

Effect of feeding wood kraft pulp on the growth performance,feed digestibility,blood components,and rumen fermentation in Japanese Black fattening steers

This study aimed to examine the effects of feeding kraft pulp (KP) on the growth performance, feed digestibility, and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black fattening steers. Ten Japanese Black fattening steers (aged 26 months) were randomly divided into control and KP groups. The control group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed without KP, and the KP group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed containing 10% KP. Both the groups were provided rice straw as roughage. The experiment was conducted over a period of 12 weeks. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake, daily body weight gain, and nutrient digestibility between both groups. No difference was observed in the ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids among the groups. At weeks 8 and 12 after the onset of the experiment, the acetate‐to‐propionate ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The average daily pH of ruminal fluid and activity of ruminal lipopolysaccharide did not differ between the groups. Our results suggested that the growth performance and feed digestibility in the Japanese Black fattening steers were not influenced by replacing concentrate feed with KP.     

Effects of feeding buffering mineral mixture on subacute rumen acidosis and some production traits in dairy cows

This trial was designed in order to evaluate the incidence of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) during early lactation and to investigate the possibilities for its prevention by use of a buffering mineral mixture. On the beginning of the trial it was found that the pH value of rumen fluid in 4 animals was lower than normal (pH < 6.0) and that 20% of animals have had SARA. The control and the experimental group of cows were fed the same meal with exception of concentrated feed which in the experimental group contained the mineral mix with buffering activity in amount of 1%. Continuous addition of buffering mineral mixture in the amount of 1% in concentrated feed for early lactation cows successfully prevents SARA formation and leads to increased milk production, as well as increased milk fat and protein content.     

Comparative study on the regulation of body fluids and mammary circulation at different stages of lactation in crossbred Holstein cattle feeding on different types of roughage

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of prolonged feeding of urea‐treated rice straw, compared with feeding of hay, on the regulation of body fluids, milk yield and mammary circulation at early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid‐lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum) in crossbred Holstein Friesians. Sixteen first lactating crossbred Holstein Friesians (HF), consisting of eight animals of two breed types, 87.5%HF and 50%HF, were selected and each breed was randomly allocated into two groups. Each group, consisting of four animals from the same breed, was fed either 5% urea‐treated rice straw or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage in combination with a similar concentrate throughout the experiments. During the course of lactation there were no significant differences in body weight, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, plasma osmolality, plasma volume and blood volume among groups of 87.5%HF animals and 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. Water turnover rate, total body water space and total body water as a percentage of body weight of 50%HF animals were significantly higher than those of 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The packed cell volume was significantly higher in all lactating periods of both groups of 50%HF animals in comparison with 87.5%HF animals. The ratio of DM intake to milk production for 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw was significantly lower than that of 50%HF animals in early lactation. The udder blood flow and milk secretion of 87.5%HF were significantly higher in early lactation and markedly declined when lactation advanced in comparison with those of 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The ratio of mammary blood flow to milk yield for all groups was in a similar range during early lactation although it significantly increased in mid‐ and late lactation for both groups of 87.5%HF animals. From these results it can be concluded that both 50%HF and 87.5%HF animals feeding on urea‐treated rice straw as a roughage source do not show any undernutritional effects in comparison with those fed with hay during the course of lactation. The physiological response differences between breeds are that 87.5%HF animals, which have a genetic makeup closer to the exotic bos taurus breed and a high milk yield, show a poor adjustment to the tropical environment and poorer lactation persistency in comparison with 50%HF animals.     

Rumen fermentation and digestibility of nutrients studied by the addition of Ca soaps of palm oil fatty acids and their analogous fatty acids in the sheep model

The ruminally fistulated sheep was used as a model to study the effects of fat supplementation (Ca-soaps and free long chain fatty acids from palm oil) on rumen physiology and digestibility of the nutrients. The animals were fed with a typical ration of hay and concentrate supplying nutrients according to maintenance levels. The following results should be pointed out: The addition of free fatty acids and their Ca-soaps induced a retarded recovery of postprandially decreased pH-values in ruminal fluid. This retardation was more pronounced after addition of free long chain fatty acids than with their Ca-soap-analogous acids. Compared to the control, the concentration of short chain fatty acids was depressed by fat addition in the period 2 hours after feed intake. The release of ammonia in the first period after feed intake was reduced by fat addition. A lack of synchronity could be observed in this post-prandial period in ruminal fluid between concentration of short chain fatty acids and ammonia. This effect was most obvious with supplementation of unprotected fatty acids. This might be one reason for the better tolerance of Ca soaps from palm oil fatty acids. Formation of hydrides, branched chains and transforms proceeds more effectively with free fatty acids than with their analogous forms of Ca-soaps. The well-known effect of depression of digestibility of nutrients due to fat supplementation was--under present conditions--quite low. This might be different in lactating dairy cows with higher levels of feed intake. With high feed intake, passage time is reduced. This will affect digestibility and interactions with fat supplementation.     

油菜秆颗粒料对湖羊生产性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血液生化指标的影响

本试验探索了油菜秆颗粒料对湖羊生产性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血液生化指标的影响。试验选取30只6月龄体重为(32.33±1.65) kg的健康公湖羊,按体重配对设计分为2组,对照组和试验组分别饲喂花生藤颗粒饲料和油菜秆颗粒饲料,试验期52 d。测定了日增重、饲料转化效率、瘤胃发酵参数、饲料表观消化率及血液生化指标。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组湖羊的干物质采食量(1.37 kg对1.47 kg)显著低于对照组(P<0.05),日增重基本一致(147 g对143 g);试验组瘤胃液中总VFA(102.27 mmol/L对90.44 mmol/L)(P<0.05)、丙酸(17.08 mmol/L对13.79 mmol/L)(P<0.01)、丁酸(11.97 mmol/L对10.31 mmol/L)(P<0.01)、氨态氮浓度(15.90 mg/dL对11.33 mg/dL)(P<0.01)的含量显著升高,乙丙比(P<0.01)(3.96对4.33)显著降低;中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率有升高的趋势(54.75%对51.50%)(P=0.09);血液中葡萄糖浓度显著升高(3.77 mmol/L对2.97 mmol/L)(P<0.05),尿素氮浓度(11.01 mmol/L对12.80 mmol/L)(P<0.01)、游离脂肪酸(133.07 umol/L对144.50 umol/L)(P<0.05)、谷丙转氨酶(14.85 U/L对19.23 U/L)(P<0.05)和高密度脂蛋白(0.92 mmol/L对1.05 mmol/L)(P<0.05)浓度显著降低;每kg增重饲料成本试验组比对照组降低了5.87元。结果表明,以油菜秆为主的颗粒料饲喂生长湖羊,对其健康无不良影响,可降低饲料成本,增加养殖效益,是丰富南方地区湖羊粗饲料来源、减少区域油菜秆污染的可行途径。     

The effect of pelleting cereal straw with NaOH-addition on rumen fermentation in cows]

Experiments with rumen-fistulated dairy cows were performed to study the effect of NaOH-addition to cereal pellets. Compared to straw-concentrate rations in which the straw pellets were free of NaOH, cereal straw pellets containing 2.4 kg NaOH per 100 kg straw caused the rumenal pH to go up from 6.21 to 6.47, the cellulotlytic activity to rise by some 20%, and the passage turnover rate of dry matter to increase from 0,039 to 0,056. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids and the fermentation patterns were not influenced by the NaOH-content of the pellets. It is concluded that NaOH-addition during straw pelleting has a favourable effect on digestion in the bovine rumen.     

Use of partially hydrolyzed and untreated straw meal in the feeding of breeding sows. 3. Nutrient digestibility, feed passage time and mineral balance with the addition of variously treated straw materials compared to concentrate feeding alone

In studies with 16 breeding sows of the country species the feed value of straw materials and their fitness for use were ascertained in a long-term experiment. On the feeding basis of a concentrate ration (IV) untreated (I), HCl treated (II = HCl treatment without steaming) and partly hydrolysed straw meal (III = HCl treatment with subsequent steaming) were tested. In the course of the experiment and at a nutrient level of 1 (maintenance requirement), the digestibility of the organic matter of the ration and that of some major and trace elements, N and mineral balances as well as feed passage rate and water excretion in faeces were ascertained at selected measuring times. The following mean results were achieved: The integration of all straw materials tested lead to a significant reduction of the digestibility of the organic matter of the total ration, the least negative effect was caused by partly hydrolysed straw meal (III). The fractions crude protein, crude fibre and N-free extracts were mainly affected. Straw meal integration had a gravidity-conditioned influence on the daily N balance. Increased N excretion in faeces could only be compensated by non-pregnant animals by a decreased N excretion in urine. The mineral balance (Ca, P, Na, Cu and Mn) remained largely uninfluenced by the straw supplement. The feed passage rate was reduced by the use of all straw meal variants to ca. 50% of the value measured after the sole feeding of concentrate (IV). Feed passage rate and water excretion in faeces were approximately reciprocal. The digestibility of the organic matter of the straw materials ascertained according to the difference method amounted to 7.4 (I), 18.1 (II) and 27.9% (III); that of the N-free extracts in the same sequence to 10.0, 22.0 and 34.9%. The calculated energetic feed value was for I = 70.7, for II = 154.9 and for III = 240.7 EFUpig/kg DM.