吉林地区1969—2004年森林火灾释放碳量的估算

根据吉林地区1969-2004年的森林火灾统计数据.估算出吉林地区森林火灾年平均损失乔木地上生物量为2 359.94～3146.59 t.年均释放碳量为1 903.19～2 537.58 t,约占吉林省年均森林火灾排放碳的8.65%.用排放比法得出吉林地区年平均森林火灾释放的CO、CO、CH4量分别为6 280.51～8 374.02 t、456.93～609.25 t和154.34～205.78 t.     

吉林省1969-2004年森林火灾释放碳量的估算

根据吉林省196912004年的森林火灾统计数据,计算出吉林省森林年平均森林火灾损失乔木地上生物量27 285.31 ～36 380.41 t,占全国的0.45%～0.61%.年均释放碳22 004.38～29 339.17 t,约占全国年均森林火灾排放碳的1.05%.用排放比法得出吉林省年平均森林火灾释放的CO2,CO,CH4量分别为72 614.45～96 819.27,5 283.01～7 044.02和1 784.40～2 379.20 t.     

延边地区森林火灾释放碳量的估算

根据延边地区1969-2004年的森林火灾统计数据,计算出延边地区森林火灾年平均损失乔木地上生物量6157.54～8210.05t,年均释放碳量4965.78～6621.04t;用排放比法得出延边地区年平均森林火灾释放的CO2、CO、CH4量分别为16387.07～21849.44、1192.23～1589.64和402.52～563.77t。     

中国森林火灾释放的CO_2、CO和CH_4研究

在对各省火灾统计资料和生物量估计的数据基础上 ,用排放因子法和排放比法 ,得出中国森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 年平均分别为 8 96TgC/a、1 1 2TgC/a和 0 1 0 9TgC/a,其中林下植物和地表枯落物的贡献分别为 39%、4 7%和 4 0 %。各省年平均森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 量主要是由火灾受害面积决定的 ,森林火灾较多的黑龙江、云南和内蒙古的这 3种气体的排放量占全国的 80 %以上。森林火灾释放的CO2 和CH4 分别为全国所有源排放的 1 2 %和 0 35%。中国年平均森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 量分别为全球森林火灾排放量的 0 3 %、0 5%和 0 0 1 %。     

大兴安岭1980-1999年乔木燃烧释放碳量研究

在黑龙江省大兴安岭森林火灾时空格局研究的基础上,通过野外调查采样和室内试验分析相结合的方法研究主要乔木树种1980-1999年间的碳释放量.结果表明:1)大兴安岭林区20 a间各林型过火面积分别为:兴安落叶松林437 947.34 hm2,樟子松林20 938.70 hm2,针阔混交林142 526.95 hm2,白桦林168 531.57 hm2,蒙古栎林1 374.97 hm2.2)通过MultiC/N3000测定得出各树种地上部分含碳率平均数值,兴安落叶松为42.34%,樟子松为41.20%,白桦为42.01%,山杨为39.21%,蒙古栎为39.79%,2种针叶树平均含碳率为41.77%,3种阔叶树种林分平均含碳率为40.30%.主要乔木树种地上部分平均含碳率值均小于目前国际通用的0.45. 3)大兴安岭林区20 a间各类型森林火灾乔木损失生物量为7.31×106～11.57×106 t.其中,落叶松林乔木损失量占总损失生物量的61.80%～62.38%;其次为白桦林,占总损失生物量的26.53%～26.81%.4)大兴安岭林区20 a森林火灾乔木释放碳量为3.04×106～4.78×106 t,平均每年释放碳量为1.52×106～2.39×106 t,占全国森林火灾释放碳量的7.51%～11.81%.各乔木树种中落叶松火灾释放碳的比例最高,约占总释放量的2/3左右;其次为白桦,占总释放量的1/4左右;其他树种释放较少,共占1/12左右.研究结果将为正确认识大兴安岭森林火灾碳平衡及评价森林火灾对全球生态环境影响提供科学依据.     

大兴安岭森林火灾NO和SO_2释放量的估算

在黑龙江省大兴安岭林区森林火灾时空格局研究的基础上,通过野外调查采样和室内试验相结合,应用排放因子法,估算大兴安岭林区7种主要林型乔木、灌木、草本及地被可燃物层1980—2005年间有毒气体的释放量。结果表明:大兴安岭25年间主要乔木、灌木、草本及地被可燃物层NO的释放量为0.14~0.17 Tg,平均每年释放0.005~0.007 Tg,占黑龙江省生物质燃烧NOx年均释放量的15.0%~18.3%;SO2的释放量为0.25~0.27 Tg,平均每年释放0.010~0.011 Tg,占黑龙江省生物质燃烧SO2年均释放量的58.8%~64.7%,是黑龙江省农业秸秆燃烧SO2年均释放量的1.25~1.38倍。由此可见,黑龙江省生物质燃烧导致SO2污染森林火灾贡献率最大。     

江西千烟洲人工林生态系统的碳蓄积特征

基于测树学及遥感技术研究了江西千烟洲试验站人工林的碳蓄积特征.使用林木各器官的相对生长模型,结合林分调查,估算了标准木器官生物量和碳储量分布,进而获得单位面积及整个小流域森林的生物量和碳储量;利用IKONOS遥感图像进行目视判读,计算不同类型人工林的面积.林龄19年的马尾松、湿地松、杉木的单株标准木地上部分碳含量分别为29.0、25.6和23.3 kg;杉木林、马尾松林、湿地松林、木荷林、针阔混交林地上部分生物量分别为14 088、8 768、7 542、13 215和8 359 g·m-2;人工林地上部分平均生物量和碳储量分别为8 257和3 979 g·m-2;遥感估算的千烟洲面积为207.96 hm2,其中78.8%为森林和柑橘园;全区地上部分总生物量和活体碳储量分别是13 291和6 336 t;人工林碳储量占总碳储量的79.24%, 是千烟洲试验区最大的碳库;研究区地上生物量从1983年的256 g·m-2增长到2005年的6 391 g·m-2,增长了25倍.人工造林显著地固定了大气中的碳.     

1987年大兴安岭林火碳释放及火后NPP恢复

以大兴安岭地区1985年一类森林资源连续清查资料和1987年林火资料为数据基础,结合GIS技术,进行大兴安岭1987年林火碳释放及火后净初级生产力(NPP,net primary productivity)恢复的研究.通过对1987年火烧迹地林火发生前各树种的生物量的估算,得出在1987年林火中大兴安岭林区森林释放的碳量约为1.97×10~6～2.47×10~6 t;同时分别比较火烧中各树种的碳释放量和不同火烧等级下的碳释放量.结果表明:落叶松在1987年林火中释放碳量约0.96×10~6～1.19×10~6 t,占碳释放总量的49%左右;重度火灾中碳释放量占总碳释放量的99.4%.火后乔木层的NPP恢复在21年间成逐渐增加的趋势,并且恢复趋势表明在火后23～24年的时候中度火灾后的乔木层NPP可达到未过火林地的水平.     

湖南省2010年 LUCF 温室气体排放清单编制研究

利用湖南省森林资源清查数据,运用生物量法,从森林和其它木质生物质生物量碳储量变化及森林转化碳排放两方面对省级 LUCF 温室气体排放清单编制进行研究。结果表明：湖南省2010年 LUCF 净吸收温室气体1720．54万 t CO2当量,其中森林和其它木质生物质生物量碳储量变化净吸收温室气体1764．54万 t CO2当量,森林转化净排放温室气体44．0万 t CO2当量;通过增加乔木林碳储量,相当于吸收 CO24195．64万 t 。湖南省2008年的特大冰灾导致2010年 LUCF 活动吸收温室气体量比2005年减少了30．93％。     

蜀南苦竹林生态系统碳储量与碳汇能力估测

科学准确的碳计量是评价森林减缓大气CO2浓度增加、应对气候变化能力的关键,而竹林特殊的生物学与生态学特性使得竹林碳汇计量较其他森林生态系统更为复杂。采用生物量法研究蜀南苦竹林生态系统的碳密度、碳储量及其空间分配格局,并对苦竹林生态系统碳汇能力进行估算。结果表明:1)立竹平均含碳率为450.792g·kg-1,不同龄级苦竹各器官含碳率差异不显著。土壤有机碳含量为19.410g·kg-1,不同土层差异极显著;2)苦竹林生态系统总碳储量为156.823t·hm-2,其中土壤碳库是最大的碳库,为132.568t·hm-2,占总碳储量的84.53%,枯落物碳库为最小的碳库(4.823t·hm-2),只占总碳储量的3.08%;3)苦竹立竹碳储量为19.432t·hm-2,占总碳储量12.39%,其中近半(49.13%)贮藏于竹秆中。竹秆、竹枝、竹叶3部分地上碳储量总计达13.346t·hm-2,占立竹总碳储量的68.68%,地上部分碳储量为地下部分碳储量的2.19倍;4)苦竹林生态系统植被层年固碳量为8.262t·hm-2,相当于每年固定30.294t·hm-2CO2,固碳能力强于毛竹。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.