啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈复配对草莓灰霉病菌的室内毒力测定及田间防效

采用生长速率法测定了啶酰菌胺、咯菌腈及其复配物对草莓灰霉病菌的室内毒力,通过Wadley法进行增效作用评价,并验证了复配物对草莓灰霉病的田间防效。结果表明:啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈以质量比1∶1、5∶1、3∶1、2:1、3∶2复配对草莓灰霉病菌表现增效作用,以质量比1∶3、1∶4、1∶5、4∶1复配则表现相加作用。其中3∶1复配的增效作用最明显,增效系数为4.47,田间对草莓灰霉病的最佳防效可达74.40%。     

氟吡菌酰胺与啶菌噁唑混配对灰葡萄孢的联合毒力

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了氟吡菌酰胺与啶菌噁唑不同配比(质量比2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4)混配对灰葡萄孢XSZH1的联合毒力,以及最佳增效配比对XSHF6、XSHF2、17RC12和XSHF7等4株灰葡萄孢的联合毒力,并在田间验证了最佳组合对番茄灰霉病的防治效果。结果显示,氟吡菌酰胺与啶菌噁唑以质量比2∶1和1∶4混配时,对灰葡萄孢XSZH1具有毒力增效作用,前者的增效作用最明显,增效系数为1.69。氟吡菌酰胺与啶菌噁唑以质量比2∶1混配时对其他4株灰葡萄孢菌株也显示出毒力增效作用,且在田间有效剂量为150～250g·hm-2时,对番茄灰霉病的防治效果为80.50%～90.13%。可见氟吡菌酰胺与啶菌噁唑以质量比2∶1混配可以有效地控制番茄灰霉病,适合在田间应用推广。     

荧光假单胞菌YG-1与杀菌剂复配对番茄灰霉病的联合毒力

采用室内毒力测定方法,明确了8种化学杀菌剂和荧光假单胞菌YG-1对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力作用,并利用平板计数法测定8种杀菌剂与YG-1菌株的生物相容性,筛选生防菌株与杀菌剂复配的最佳配比,通过盆栽试验进一步验证荧光假单胞菌株YG-1与杀菌剂复配对番茄灰霉病的防治效果。研究结果表明,8种杀菌剂中啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力作用较强,EC_(50)值分别为0.081、0.075 mg · L~(-1),其中啶酰菌胺与荧光假单胞菌YG-1菌株有较好的生物相容性。1.97 × 10~(8 )CFU · mL~(-1)荧光假单胞菌YG-1菌悬液与0.081 mg · L~(-1)啶酰菌胺复配最佳配比为体积比5∶5,对番茄灰霉病菌的毒性比率为1.411?2,表现为增效作用,且盆栽防治试验防效达到71.31%,极显著高于单剂防效。可见荧光假单胞菌YG-1与啶酰菌胺复配对番茄灰霉病菌的防治具有增效作用,同时啶酰菌胺的施用量降低了50%,有效减少了杀菌剂的使用量。     

啶酰菌胺与吡唑醚菌酯混配对番茄叶霉病菌的联合毒力

以番茄叶霉病菌为靶标,采用孢子萌发法,研究了啶酰菌胺与吡唑醚菌酯混配对番茄叶霉病菌毒力的影响,并对该混合物进行了田间试验。结果表明:啶酰菌胺与吡唑醚菌酯以质量比2∶1混配后,对叶霉病菌具有显著的毒力增效作用,增效系数为1.94;在田间试验中,该组合(2∶1)在240~300g a.i.·hm~(-2)的剂量下,对番茄叶霉病也表现出良好的防治效果,防效为81.96%~89.09%,与对照药剂10%苯醚甲环唑WG 120g a.i.·hm~(-2)相比对番茄叶霉病的防效没有显著差异。这2种药剂的混用能够发挥不同药剂的作用特点,增强杀菌活性,对延缓抗药性的发展具有重要作用。     

辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性研究

为明确辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.)对氟啶胺的敏感性及其与不同杀菌剂的交互抗性,从辽宁省番茄产区采集、分离纯化获得206株单孢菌株,采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对氟啶胺的敏感基线。结果表明,辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对氟啶胺的EC_(50)值在 0.001 3～0.073 1 μg·mL~(-1)之间,平均值为(0.022 7±0.014 5)μg·mL~(-1),敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线,符合正态分布,因此可将EC_(50)平均值(0.022 7±0.014 5) μg·mL~(-1)作为辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对氟啶胺的敏感基线,用于田间抗药性监测。从206 株菌株中选取对氟啶胺敏感性不同的39株菌株,测定其对嘧霉胺、异菌脲、腐霉利、啶酰菌胺及咯菌腈的敏感性。结果表明,供试6种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制活性依次为氟啶胺咯菌腈啶酰菌胺异菌脲腐霉利嘧霉胺,氟啶胺与嘧霉胺、异菌脲、腐霉利、啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈之间均不存在交互抗性。     

高效、低毒药剂对黄瓜灰霉病的防治试验

为保证黄瓜的品质和安全,明确3种杀菌剂对黄瓜灰霉病的田间防治效果,进行田间防效试验。结果显示:化学药剂25%啶酰·咯菌腈悬浮剂、20%嘧霉胺悬浮剂防治黄瓜灰霉病速效性较好,第1次施药后7 d防效分别为83.0%和78.6%,生物药剂1 000亿CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂具有较好的持效性,第3次施药后14 d防效为65.2%。建议黄瓜灰霉病发生初期可优先使用生物药剂防治,田间危害严重时使用25%啶酰·咯菌腈悬浮剂、20%嘧霉胺悬浮剂,同时轮换使用其他药剂,防止产生抗药性。     

5种杀菌剂对桃炭疽病菌的毒力测定

以桃炭疽病菌为试验菌,采用生长速率法,测定5种杀菌剂对病菌的毒力,结果表明:咪鲜胺锰盐、氟啶胺、多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑和吡唑醚菌酯5种杀菌剂都具有较高的毒力。咪鲜胺锰盐与氟啶胺的联合毒力测定结果表明:咪鲜胺锰盐和氟啶胺按3∶1和6∶1复配表现为增效作用,咪鲜胺锰盐和氟啶胺按1∶6、1∶3和1∶1复配表现为相加作用。     

杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌的室内毒力及田间防效

为解决生产中缺少防治马铃薯黑痣病的有效化学药剂问题,采用生长速率法测定了10种药剂对供试马铃薯黑痣病菌立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)菌株的室内毒力,并选择活性较好的5种药剂进行田间防效试验。结果表明,50%咪鲜胺铜盐SC、20%吡噻菌胺SC、42.8%氟菌·肟菌脂SC、25 g·L~(-1)咯菌腈FS以及50%异菌脲WP毒力较强,EC_(50)值分别为0.076 2、0.689 9、0.722 1、0.900 3和0.925 1μg·mL~(-1);这5种药剂对马铃薯黑痣病也具有一定的防效,其中50%咪鲜胺铜盐SC和25 g·L~(-1)咯菌腈FS对马铃薯黑痣病的防效较好,对马铃薯植株和薯块黑痣病的防效均在78%以上。     

几种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力及田间防效

以番茄灰霉病菌田间发病叶片为试材,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了11种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的影响,选择其中较好的8种药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明:室内毒力测定中25%咪酰胺EC对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力最强,其EC50值为0.0397μg/mL;40%嘧霉胺SC、40%百菌清SC和80%代森锰锌WP对番茄灰霉病菌也具有较好的抑制效果。田间试验结果中25%咪酰胺EC、28%烯肟·多菌灵WP、50%啶酰菌胺WG和50%异菌脲SC对番茄灰霉病表现较高的防效,防效分别为85.57%、82.68%、80.92%和73.34%。该试验筛选出了对番茄灰霉病具有较好防效的药剂,对番茄灰霉病的药剂防治具有重要的指导意义。     

丁香菌酯与辛菌胺混配对桃枝枯病的防治研究

为筛选防治桃枝枯病的杀菌剂,测定了丁香菌酯、辛菌胺单剂以及不同比例的混配制剂对病原菌的毒力和联合毒力,并选择具有显著协同增效作用的混配药剂进行田间防效试验。结果表明:丁香菌酯与辛菌胺的配比在1∶2~1∶45之间时,对桃枝枯病菌的协同增效作用显著;配比在1∶10~1∶20之间时,对桃枝枯病菌的协同增效作用更显著。20%丁香菌酯·辛菌胺水分散粒剂有效成分浓度为133.3~333.3mg/kg时,对桃枝枯病的防治效果为91.05%~93.39%,显著优于其他处理的防治效果。分析认为,丁香菌酯、辛菌胺的混配制剂可望作为桃枝枯病防治效果较好的药剂。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量