章古台沙地人工林大型土壤动物群落特征

对章古台沙地典型人工林的大型土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获大型土壤动物59类,1689只,隶属于2门4纲14目43科,优势类群为蚁科和金龟子科(幼虫),常见类群7类,稀有类群50类。不同人工林大型土壤动物的数量及种类组成差异很大,通常,群落的生境条件越优越,土壤动物的个体数量和种类越多。各群落土壤动物多样性指数排序为油松(2.5313)>小叶杨(2.3319)>樟子松(1.6423)>赤松(1.4651)。土壤动物的个体数量、种类、生物量及多样性指数具有较明显的时间动态变化。     

大兴安岭冻土区土壤动物功能类群对地温变化的响应

对大兴安岭不同冻土带土壤动物进行的研究,将该区土壤动物划分为植食性、腐食性和捕食性三个功能类群。土壤动物功能类群的水平分布与地温的相关性表明,不同冻土带腐食性土壤动物总的生物量和地温的相关系数为-0.999,呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);不同冻土带捕食性土壤动物总的生物量和地温的相关系数为-0.997,呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。土壤动物功能类群的垂直分布与地温的相关性表明,岛状融区冻土带土壤动物功能类群的垂直分布与8月份地温值呈显著正相关,岛状融区冻土带的腐食性动物的垂直分布与8月份地温呈显著正相关。各功能类群的个体数量相关分析结果表明,腐食性动物和捕食性动物相关系数为0.8723,呈显著正相关(P<0.05);生物量相关分析结果表明,腐食性动物和捕食性动物相关系数为0.7551,呈著正相关(P<0.01)。     

扎龙自然保护区大型土壤动物的群落结构

在扎龙国家自然保护区,选择了羊草、星星草、寸草苔和芦苇4种群落,对大型土壤动物生态特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,在四种群落中,共获得大型土壤动物75类,4359只,隶属于3门、7纲、21目、50科。优势类群是蚁科、棘跳虫科。大型土壤动物的类群数:芦苇群落=星星草群落>羊草群落>寸草苔群落,个体数:芦苇群落>星星草群落>羊草群落>寸草苔群落,寸草苔群落的生境条件最差,大型土壤动物的水平分布具有不均匀性;大型土壤动物的垂直分布基本都随土层深度的增加而递减,表现出明显的表聚性。大型土壤动物的季节动态表现为,类群数:夏季>秋季>春季;个体数:夏季>秋季>春季,春季不论是类群数还是个体数都是最低的。大型土壤动物的多样性表现为,寸草苔群落=星星草群落>芦苇群落>羊草群落。     

不同耕作方式下黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落特征

[目的]研究中小型土壤动物群落组成、多样性、动态特征及垂直分布情况,反映土壤环境状况,为探索黑土区农田适宜的耕作方式提供参考依据。[方法]采用改良干漏斗(modified tullgren)法分离中小型土壤动物,分析比较了不同耕作方式下中小型土壤动物的群落结构及分布特征。[结果]从研究样地共捕获中小型土壤动物3 749只,隶属47个类群。其中四奥甲螨科(Quadroppiidae)和等节■科(Isotomidae)为试验区的优势类群。3种耕作方式下,0—10 cm土层中小型土壤动物个体数占总个体数的71%,在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性。深松处理下中小型土壤动物个体数最多(1 671),CK处理下类群数最多(41)。CK处理下中小型土壤动物多样性指数和丰富度指数最高,分别为(2.81)和(3.81);深松处理下中小型土壤动物优势度指数最高(0.15)。不同耕作方式下土壤渗透总量表现为深松CK免耕;土壤含水量和土壤温度表现为深松免耕CK;土壤容重表现为免耕CK深松。中小型土壤动物个体数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物丰富度指数与土壤有机质呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物均匀度指数与土壤渗透总量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。[结论]耕作方式对中小型土壤动物的群落结构有明显的影响,深松耕作后显著提高中小型土壤动物个体数,能够有效改善土壤环境,比免耕和传统耕作更有利于中小型土壤动物的生存与繁殖。     

大兴安岭北部森林生态系统土壤动物组成与多样性分析

对大兴安岭北部7个代表性森林群落土壤动物进行调查,共捕获湿生土壤动物20216只,大、中小型土壤动物87类,19577只,隶属于4门9纲23目66科。大、中小型土壤动物的优势类群为螨类和节跳虫科,常见类群4类,两者占总捕获量的92.22%。各群落土壤动物的数量和种类组成有一定差异,其中杨落Ⅱ和白桦Ⅲ的数量和种类最多,柳草Ⅶ最少。7个群落共有类群23类,共优类群为螨类中的前气门亚目和中气门亚目,共有的常见类群2类:山跳虫科和线蚓科。7个群落间相似程度均较大,大多为中等相似。各群落土壤动物数量和种类在土壤各层的垂直分布上具有明显表聚性。在多样性分析中,各群落多样性指数H′大小为柳草Ⅶ>白桦Ⅲ>杨落Ⅱ>落沼Ⅳ>樟子松Ⅵ>桦杜Ⅰ>蒙古栎Ⅴ。大部分群落多样性指数的动态变化是8月>6月>10月。     

金华北山阔叶林大型土壤动物群落的初步研究

2003年10~11月,对金华北山落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林大型土壤动物进行了调查,共获得大型土壤动物1445只,隶属3门,7纲,18目。其中近孔寡毛目(线蚓科)、鞘翅目为优势类群,正蚓目、弹尾目、膜翅目、双翅目、蜘蛛目、蜱螨目为常见类群。通过对两个样地大型土壤动物的对比分析,落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林的大型土壤动物优势类群、常见类群组成成分及类群数基本相同,群落多样性和均匀性指数差异不大。在垂直分布上,两者的变化基本一致,类群数和个体数量随土层的加深呈递减趋势,且表聚现象明显。土壤养分和pH值与大型土壤动物群落组成和结构密切相关。     

大兴安岭北部森林生态系统土壤动物的功能类群及其生态分布

对大兴安岭北部塔河县7个森林群落的土壤动物进行研究,将该区土壤动物划分为腐食性、植食性和捕食性动物三个功能类群,无论个体数量还是生物量,腐食性动物所占比例都最大,而植食性和捕食性动物所占比例较小。土壤动物各功能类群在组成、个体数量和生物量等方面均具有相对稳定性,并在一定程度上反映了环境质量。土壤环境条件优越的群落,腐食性动物的个体数量及生物量所占比例相应较大。与小兴安岭森林土壤动物相比,大兴安岭地区腐食性动物所占比例减小,植食性和捕食性动物所占比例相应增加。各地区的共有类群反映了大环境的相似程度,而特有类群则反映出各自局地环境的特殊性,它们对生态系统具有指示作用。     

四川紫色土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下大型土壤动物群落结构

为了解不同利用方式土地大型土壤动物群落结构,于2006年冬季和2007年春季对四川紫色土丘陵区农田边界、农田、果园和退耕林地进行了大型土壤动物调查,采用野外手捡法共采集大型土壤动物2 838只,隶属于3门9纲24类.研究结果表明:不同土地利用方式大型土壤动物群落的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数存在差异.冬季,农田边界的个体密度显著高于其他土地利用方式,类群数和DG多样性指数显著高于退耕林地和农田;农田的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数明显处于最低水平.大型土壤动物群落的个体密度和类群数在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性.Jaccard相似性系数和Grower系数表明农田边界、果园与退耕林地三者间相似程度较高,农田与农田边界、退耕林地、果园之间相似程度较低.研究认为土地利用方式对大型土壤动物的群落结构有明显影响,农田边界的存在对大型土壤动物生物多样性的保护具有重要意义.     

玉米间作种植对黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落的影响

中小型土壤动物对环境变化反应敏感,不同种植方式导致农田土壤空间格局改变将影响中小型土壤动物群落多样性和功能。本文通过玉米单作和间作种植,在玉米生长季的不同月份调查取样,研究玉米单作和间作种植对土壤动物的个体数量、类群数、多样性和不同功能群的影响。结果表明:从试验样地共捕获中小型土壤动物1 473只,隶属于40个类群;玉米间作种植显著降低中小型土壤动物的个体数(P 0. 05),玉米间作种植降低中小型土壤动物类群数,未达到显著水平(P 0. 05),这种降低趋势在不同月份和土层中均表现出来;玉米单作和间作种植下中小型土壤动物总体趋势为腐食性杂食性捕食性+植食性的个体数(P 0. 05);玉米间作种植增加了优势度指数,降低了多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数(P 0. 05);玉米间作种植改变了不同食性中小型土壤动物的个体数和类群数,腐食性、杂食性和捕食性+植食性土壤动物数量降低,杂食性和捕食性+植食性的土壤动物类群数增加,腐食性土壤动物类群数降低,但个体数和类群数的变化未达到显著水平(P 0. 05)。     

扎龙湿地苔藓群落土壤动物的分布及多样性

2007年4—5月份和2008年4—5月份,对扎龙湿地苔藓群落土壤动物进行了调查。通过对扎龙湿地苔藓群落土壤动物生态特征的研究,共捕获土壤动物22类、7384只,隶属于4门7纲17目25科;包括大型种类2788只,中小型种类4596只。优势类群为线虫纲、线蚓科和蚁科;常见类群有轮虫纲、鞘翅目、鞘翅目幼虫、蜱螨目、双翅目幼虫、疣跳虫科、盲蛛目。土壤动物的垂直分布表现出明显的表聚性;多样性的各项指数2007年均高于2008年,但2008年的种类和数量明显高于2007年。多样性指数与丰富度指数反映一致的变化规律;均匀性指数和优势度指数则表现不明显。     

米亚罗林区冬季大型土壤动物的空间分布特征

土壤动物是陆地生态系统的组成部分,对多种地下生态过程具有重要的作用[1-2]。近些年,对土壤动物多样性及其功能的研究已成为生态学领域的一个新兴前沿[3-4]。土壤动物群落组成对植被变化有明显的依赖性,不同植被类型有着与其相适应的土壤动物群落[5-7]。但植被类型的变化常与海拔     

左家自然保护区坡地土壤动物物种-多度分布格局研究

要根据对吉林省左家自然保护区坡地不同坡位土壤动物的调查，以物种多度为指标，运用对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型和分割线段模型综合研究了各坡位大型土壤动物群落和中小型土壤动物群落的物种-多度分布格局。结果表明，对数级数分布模型和对数正态分布模型能较好地拟合土壤动物群落物种-多度分布，形成富集种少，稀有种多的格局。但该区土壤动物物种-多度分布不符合分割线段模型。整体上来说，物种与多度呈正相关关系，对数级数分布模型是最优物种-多度模式。     

Soil fauna alter the effects of litter composition on nitrogen cycling in a mineral soil

Plant chemical composition and the soil community are known to influence litter and soil organic matter decomposition. Although these two factors are likely to interact, their mechanisms and outcomes of interaction are not well understood. Studies of their interactive effects are rare and usually focus on carbon dynamics of litter, while nutrient dynamics in the underlying soil have been ignored. A potential mechanism of interaction stems from the role fauna plays in regulating availability of litter-derived materials in the mineral soil. We investigated the role of soil fauna (meso, macro) in determining the effect of surface-litter chemical composition on nitrogen mineralization and on the micro-food web in mineral soils. In a field setting we exposed mineral soil to six types of surface-applied litter spanning wide ranges of multiple quality parameters and restricted the access of larger soil animals to the soils underlying these litters. Over six months we assessed litter mass and nitrogen loss, nitrogen mineralization rates in the mineral soils, and soil microbes and microfauna. We found evidence that the structure of the soil community can alter the effect of surface-litter chemical composition on nitrogen dynamics in the mineral soil. In particular, we found that the presence of members of the meso- and macrofauna can magnify the control of nitrogen mineralization by litter quality and that this effect is time dependent. While fauna were able to affect the size of the micro-food web they did not impact the effect of litter composition on the abundance of the members of the micro-food web. By enhancing the strength of the impact of litter quality on nitrogen dynamics, the larger fauna can alter nitrogen availability and its temporal dynamics which, in turn, can have important implications for ecosystem productivity. These findings contribute to evidence demonstrating that soil fauna shape plant litter effects on ecosystem function.     

西双版纳热带人工林与次生林土壤动物群落结构时空变化初查

在西双版纳热带雨林地区,对３类人工林和１类次生林土壤动物群落结构的时空变化进行了调查。结果表明;蜱螨目和弹尾目在所查４类林地中为常年优势类群;４类林地中,土壤动物类群数和个体数均呈相同的季节消长规律,干热季（４月）〉雨季（８月）〉干凉季（１月）,各林地优势类群的种群数量在４月呈现剧增;次生林土壤动物群落类群数,个人本数及多样性在全年高于人工林,林地表层土壤动物拓全年明显多于底层。     

Enclosing decomposer food web: implications for community structure and function

We designed a field experiment to evaluate how restriction of soil faunal movements affects decomposer community structure, food web architecture, and decomposition of organic matter. Intact soil cores (3cm thick, diameter 16cm) were placed either in “open” (mesh size 1mm, allowing all meso- and microfauna to move through) or “closed” (27μm, animal movement prevented except for the smallest microfauna) mesh bags in early May. Before being buried in the forest floor of a mixed spruce stand, hay litter was placed in the mesh bags in separate litter bags. The samplings took place 2 and 6 months after establishing the experiment. Additional “field samples” were taken from the adjacent soil to determine possible side effects of the mesh-bags. Physicochemical conditions, decomposition rate of hay litter, and total respiration of soil cores were identical in the two bag treatments. Enchytraeids increased significantly in the closed treatment, while macrofauna, such Coleoptera larvae and dipteran larvae, went close to extinction in the closed bags. The elevated enchytraeid number is in accordance with the findings of closed microcosm studies, and is best explained by reduced predation by macrofauna. Although a set of 14 mite taxa was found to distinctively reflect the degree of isolation, neither the total number of individuals nor the number of microarthropod taxa differed between the bag treatments, or between the bags and the field samples. It is concluded that in the time-span of one growing season, reduction in the spatial scale does not necessarily reduce the diversity of fauna but can significantly change the decomposer food-web architecture. Received: 5 February 1997     

Soil fauna abundance and diversity in a secondary semi-evergreen forest in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles): influence of soil type and dominant tree species

The importance of secondary tropical forests regarding the maintenance of soil fauna abundance and diversity is poorly known. The aims of this study were (1) to describe soil fauna abundance and diversity and (2) to assess the determinants of soil fauna abundance and diversity in two stands of a tropical semi-evergreen secondary forest. Soil macrofauna and microarthropod abundance and soil macrofauna diversity were described at two sites developed on different soils and with different site histories: (1) a natural secondary stand (natural forest) under two dominant tree species, Pisonia subcordata and Bursera simaruba, and (2) a planted secondary forest (planted forest) under three tree species, B. simaruba, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia heterophylla. The effects of both soil and main tree species’ litter quality were assessed to explain soil fauna abundance and diversity. The abundance of soil macrofauna was significantly higher in the soil under the planted forest, and soil fauna communities were contrasted between the two sites. In the planted forest, a soil-dwelling macrofauna community developed (mainly consisting of the anecic earthworm Polypheretima elongata). In the natural forest, soil macrofauna and microarthropod communities were located at the soil surface. The effect of plant litter quality varied according to each dominant tree species and was superimposed to soil effect. The lowest macrofauna abundance was associated with B. simaruba in the natural forest. T. heterophylla supported a much greater macrofauna community than the two other tree species studied at the same soil, and it appears likely that this is due to the palatability of its leaves compared with the other trees (low lignin, tannins, soluble phenols).     

豫东黄河故道大型土壤动物群落组成及多样性研究

为查明故道湿地大型土壤动物类群对不同湿地类型的响应,于2014年对豫东黄河故道的盐碱滩地、湿草地、芦苇湿地和林地4种类型湿地的大型土壤动物群落进行了调查。结果表明:豫东黄河故道不同湿地类型大型土壤动物群落的类群数和优势类群均存在显著差异,优势类群和主要类群的差异也反映出不同湿地类型环境的异质性。季节变化对大型土壤动物群落类群数、密度和多样性指数均有显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),且不同湿地类型大型土壤动物对季节变化的响应存在差异。湿地不同的土壤环境因子,尤其是土壤有机质、氮磷和土壤微生物生物量碳氮的含量与大型土壤动物类群数、密度和多样性间存在显著相关关系(P0.05或P0.01)。     

Connectivity of litter islands remaining after a fire and unburnt forest determines the recovery of soil fauna

Forest wildfires can dramatically affect soil communities and reduce abundance and diversity of soil fauna. The recovery of soil animals after a fire depends both on immigration from the unburnt forest and on local survival in less-burnt spots, but the relative importance of these mechanisms is poorly known. Therefore, these factors were studied with regard to soil macrofauna and soil mites seven years after a wildfire occurring in a pine forest area with shallow soil in 2001 in central Sweden. Three replicate transects, each consisting of four plots were studied. The plots were located in (i) the unburnt forest close to the fire edge; (ii) slightly burnt patches directly attached to the unburnt forest; (iii) slightly burnt patches surrounded by bare rock but connected to the unburnt forest edge by a corridor with mostly unburnt litter and vegetation; and (iv) island patches not connected with a corridor to the unburnt forest edge. The hypothesis was that that soil animals would particularly disperse from the unburnt forest to moderately burnt plots inside a burnt area via the network of less-burnt corridors. Poor dispersers would be especially few in the island patches lacking connection to the “mainland”, whereas good dispersers would be independent of gaps in connectivity. As expected, the highest abundance of both macrofauna and oribatid mites was found in the unburnt forest. Resident soil macro- and mesofauna representatives had half the abundance in the edge and corridor plots as compared to the control, but their abundance was not lower in the island plots than in the corridor plots indicating on-site survival and recovery. Mobile mesostigmatid mites did not show any significant reduction of abundance in any of the plots. The abundance of soil-dwelling oribatid mites did not differ between islands and unburnt forest, but mobile aboveground oribatids had significantly lower abundance on the islands than in the unburnt forest. The opposite was observed for aboveground and belowground oribatid mite species richness. In conclusion, belowground animals showed mainly local survival and seemed to be independent of corridors presence, whereas most aboveground and mobile macro- and mesofauna seemed to be more responsive to isolation induced by forest fires. Soil and litter corridors connecting unburnt patches inside the burnt forests with the unburnt edges were important mainly for less mobile groups of soil macrofauna. This supports the idea that there is a relatively slow process of soil ecosystem recovery and that external colonization of the burnt areas dominates over the local survival and recovery from refuges.