利用分子标记技术聚合2个白叶枯病基因改良华占的白叶枯病抗性

以镇084和IRBB5为白叶枯病抗性基因的供体亲本,华占为受体亲本,通过杂交、二次回交,再进行一次复交,在分离世代利用分子标记辅助选择技术、白叶枯病菌接种鉴定和农艺性状筛选等措施,育成携带xa5、Xa7和xa5+Xa7基因的改良株系各1个,并对改良株系进行了抗白叶枯病鉴定。结果表明,分别携带xa5、Xa7基因的改良株系B1和B2对菌株PXO99均表现为高感,对其他4个菌株都表现为高抗或抗;携带xa5+Xa7基因的株系B3对PXO99表现为中感,对其他4个菌株都表现为高抗,抗性水平明显好于仅携带单基因的B1和B2。     

水稻光温敏核不育系龙S的稻瘟病抗性及其遗传分析

2007和2008年对水稻光温敏核不育系龙S及其后代进行稻瘟病菌苗期接种鉴定,结果表明:龙S对稻瘟病菌的抗谱较广,对供试26个菌株均表现为高抗,其稻瘟病抗性强于广谱抗瘟基因Pi9的携带亲本75 -1 - 127;龙S的稻瘟病抗性由主效显性基因控制,无论配组所使用的父本品系对接种菌株表现抗、感或高感,龙S的杂种F1代均表现高抗;龙S对菌株RB13的抗性表现为由1对核基因控制的显性遗传.     

小麦航天诱变抗条锈病突变体的筛选与鉴定

航天诱变后代遗传变异评价和表型鉴定对航天诱变育种材料的筛选具有重要意义。为了从小麦品种兰天15和郑麦9023的航天诱变后代中筛选出抗条锈病突变体,采用21对核心引物对其航天诱变后代与亲本的遗传相似性进行评估,用条锈菌菌株CYR32、CYR33和V26/G22对航天诱变后代进行苗期和成株期抗病性鉴定。结果表明,兰天15的航天诱变衍生系与亲本间差异标记数量较多,且抗条锈性和芒的有无等性状发生了遗传分离,推测可能存在异花授粉导致的遗传重组;郑麦9023的航天诱变衍生系与亲本差异标记数量均不超过2个,且苗期抗病性等绝大部分性状均与亲本相同,仅成株期抗病性较其亲本有明显提高,推测成株期抗病性变异可能来自航天诱变。结果表明,郑麦9023部分具有成株期抗病性的优良选系,可用于小麦抗条锈育种。     

小麦骨干亲本“洛夫林10号”1BL/1RS在衍生品种中的遗传分析

为了探讨小麦骨干亲本“洛夫林10号”1BL/1RS在衍生品种中的遗传特征,利用小麦1B染色体上的17对SSR引物,对以洛夫林10号为亲本衍生的1～3个世代的14个代表性小麦品种进行了分析。结果表明,除“洛夫林10号”衍生一代的“丰抗9号”和衍生二代的“京411”和“京437”很可能丢失了1RS外,其余的11个衍生品种极可能携带1RS,但各个品种携带的1RS在遗传构成上表现不同,说明在育种选择过程中1RS并非作为一个完整的单元遗传,而是与小麦的染色体发生了遗传重组。值得注意的是,“洛夫林10号”位于1BL上的Xgwm259~Xwmc728、Xwmc416~Xgwm153~Xwmc44~Xgwm259~Xwmc728和位于1RS上的Xwmc619~Xgwm413表现为区段遗传,进一步分析发现一些区段具有丰富的优异基因簇。这一结果提示,骨干亲本之所以能够在育种中发挥重要的作用,很可能是因为其具有区段遗传效应。深入探讨骨干亲本在衍生品种中的区段遗传效应对提高育种效率具有重要意义。     

三个小麦-华山新麦草二体附加系分子细胞遗传学的初步鉴定

华山新麦草是我国华山地区特有小麦近缘物种，具有抗逆、早熟、优质等特点，对小麦的白粉病、条锈病、赤霉病也具有良好的抗性，是小麦重要的三级基因库。为进一步更好地发挥华山新麦草基因资源的作用，本研究利用细胞学方法、原位杂交技术、分子标记技术、农艺性状评估和抗病性鉴定对普通小麦-华山新麦草衍生后代材料进行鉴定，并获得了 20H11、17H21、18H28 三个小麦-华山新麦草衍生系。结果表明，20H11、17H21 和 18H28 的染色体数都是 44 条，均携带2 条属于华山新麦草的 Ns 染色体和 42 条普通小麦染色体。利用华山新麦草的特异分子标记进行检测，证明 20H11、17H21 和 18H28分别为 3Ns、4Ns和 2Ns二体附加系。通过农艺性状调查，3个试验异染色体系与亲本7182相比，株高和小穗粒数的差异不显著；分蘖数目与亲本7182有显著差异；20H11的穗长显著短于亲本7182；17H21的分蘖数显著少于亲本7182。经条锈病抗性鉴定，18H28 高抗条锈病小种 CYR32 和 CYR34。因此，这三个华山新麦草衍生系可作为中间材料用于小麦遗传育种研究。     

杂交稻对稻瘟菌的抗性谱及亲本抗性的遗传研究

分别采用４０～５１个不同致病类型的稻瘟菌株，对８个不育系、１６个恢复系和２２个杂 交种进行单菌株接种。结果表明，供测恢复系抗谱较广，不育系抗谱狭窄。杂种Ｆ１的抗性水平 略低于抗性较高的亲本（恢复系）；亲本抗性对杂种Ｆ１的遗传８０．８３％为显性，提高不育系的抗 性水平可扩大杂种Ｆ１的抗性谱。     

普通小麦 华山新麦草衍生后代H18和0841的SSR标记鉴定

为了明确普通小麦华山新麦草衍生后代材料中所携带的外源遗传物质,利用SSR标记对普通小麦-华山新麦草衍生后代H18和0841进行了鉴定.SSR标记结果表明,331个SSR标记中有271个在亲本华山新麦草和普通小麦7182间具有多态性;85个在华山新麦草中具有清晰且明亮的特异条带,其中9个标记在H18衍生的8个单株中(2n=51～54)具有华山新麦草特征条带.0841的染色体数目为42条,利用筛选的9个标记对其鉴定,发现定位于小麦3D染色体上的标记Xbarc71在0841中具有华山新麦草的特异条带,同时缺失小麦亲本7182的特异条带,推测0841可能是华山新麦草的3Ns染色体代换了小麦的3D染色体.条锈病抗性鉴定显示,0841中抗至高抗条锈菌条中31号和条中32号混合小种.     

抗锈高产花生品种汕油27在育种中的应用

花生品种汕油27具有突出的丰产性与抗锈性、优良的生态株型与广泛的适应性，是珍珠豆型花生抗锈高产育种上可成功利用的中心亲本。我国南方利用汕油27作亲本材料已育成了30多个花生品种，其中通过国家和省级审定品种19个。这些衍生品种主要应用于南方春秋两熟花生区，推广面积较大的品种有汕油523、汕油71、粤油223、粤油79和湛油30等。     

Lr1基因在四个小麦骨干亲本衍生系中的分布及选择效应

为了解Lr1基因在小麦育种中的利用情况,通过PCR分子标记技术检测了小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr1在小麦骨干亲本南大2419、阿夫、燕大1817和碧蚂4号及其328个衍生品种中的分布情况。结果显示,Lr1基因在4个骨干亲本衍生品种中的频率为:燕大1817(80.0%)阿夫(78.1%)南大2419(54.3%)碧蚂4号(32.4%);Lr1基因在各个亲本衍生后代的最高频率分别是:阿夫子三代90.0%,燕大1817子三代100.0%,南大2419子五代100.0%,碧蚂4号子三代45.0%。Lr1基因的分布频率呈现出从冬小麦区到春小麦区上升的趋势。研究表明骨干亲本的选用更注重其综合性状而非是否含有Lr1基因,环境条件、亲本和杂交方式的选择及其相互作用影响了Lr1基因在骨干亲本衍生品种中的分布形势,其基因的表现型可能与选择牵连效应有关。     

大豆种质5621对所衍生品种的遗传贡献

自1961年辽宁大豆种质5621育成后，由5621作为直接亲本先后衍生出7个优良大豆品种，进而由这7个大豆品种衍生出26个品种，在这33个大豆品种中，有15个曾获国家级或省部级科技成果奖励。5621对其衍生品种的遗传贡献主要来自细胞核，仅有6个品种承带5621的细胞质，细胞质的遗传贡献较小。     

Biosurfactants Produced by Marine Microorganisms with Therapeutic Applications

Marine microorganisms possess unique metabolic and physiological features and are an important source of new biomolecules, such as biosurfactants. Some of these surface-active compounds synthesized by marine microorganisms exhibit antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity against a broad spectrum of human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogens), and could be used instead of existing drugs to treat infections caused by them. In other cases, these biosurfactants show anti-cancer activity, which could be envisaged as an alternative to conventional therapies. However, marine biosurfactants have not been widely explored, mainly due to the difficulties associated with the isolation and growth of their producing microorganisms. Culture-independent techniques (metagenomics) constitute a promising approach to study the genetic resources of otherwise inaccessible marine microorganisms without the requirement of culturing them, and can contribute to the discovery of novel biosurfactants with significant biological activities. This paper reviews the most relevant biosurfactants produced by marine microorganisms with potential therapeutic applications and discusses future perspectives and opportunities to discover novel molecules from marine environments.     

Metabolites of Marine Sediment-Derived Fungi: Actual Trends of Biological Activity Studies

Marine sediments are characterized by intense degradation of sedimenting organic matter in the water column and near surface sediments, combined with characteristically low temperatures and elevated pressures. Fungi are less represented in the microbial communities of sediments than bacteria and archaea and their relationships are competitive. This results in wide variety of secondary metabolites produced by marine sediment-derived fungi both for environmental adaptation and for interspecies interactions. Earlier marine fungal metabolites were investigated mainly for their antibacterial and antifungal activities, but now also as anticancer and cytoprotective drug candidates. This review aims to describe low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites of marine sediment-derived fungi in the context of their biological activity and covers research articles published between January 2016 and November 2020.     

椰子油的生理活性(Ⅲ)：抗氧化活性

椰子油的功能一直是国内外研究的热点,其中抗氧化活性受到越来越多的关注。综述近年来椰子油的体外和体内抗氧化活性研究进展,为椰子油中抗氧化活性物质的深度开发和利用提供依据。     

Potential of Exopolysaccharide from Porphyridium marinum to Contend with Bacterial Proliferation,Biofilm Formation,and Breast Cancer

Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from marine microalgae are promising sources of a new generation of drugs. However, lot of them remain to be discovered and tested. In this study, EPS produced by Porphyridium marinum and its oligomers prepared by High Pressure Homogenizer have been tested for different biological activities, i.e., antibacterial, anti-fungal and antibiofilm activities on Candida albicans, as well as for their effects on the viability of murine breast cancer cells. Results have shown that all EPS samples present some biological activity. For antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, the native EPS exhibited a better efficiency with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) from 62.5 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL depending on the bacterial strain. For Candida albicans, the biofilm formation was reduced by about 90% by using only a 31.3 µg/mL concentration. Concerning breast cancer cells, lower molar masses fractions appeared to be more efficient, with a reduction of viability of up to 55%. Finally, analyses of polymers composition and viscosity measurements were conducted on all samples, in order to propose hypotheses involving the activities caused by the intrinsic properties of polymers.     

Deep-Sea Anemones Are Prospective Source of New Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Compounds

The peculiarities of the survival and adaptation of deep-sea organisms raise interest in the study of their metabolites as promising drugs. In this work, the hemolytic, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibitory activities of tentacle extracts from five species of sea anemones (Cnidaria, orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) collected near the Kuril and Commander Islands of the Far East of Russia were evaluated for the first time. The extracts of Liponema brevicorne and Actinostola callosa demonstrated maximal hemolytic activity, while high cytotoxic activity against murine splenocytes and Ehrlich carcinoma cells was found in the extract of Actinostola faeculenta. The extracts of Corallimorphus cf. pilatus demonstrated the greatest activity against Ehrlich carcinoma cells but were not toxic to mouse spleen cells. Sea anemones C. cf. pilatus and Stomphia coccinea are promising sources of antimicrobial and antifungal compounds, being active against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast Candida albicans. Moreover, all sea anemones contain α-galactosidase inhibitors. Peptide mass fingerprinting of L. brevicorne and C. cf. pilatus extracts provided a wide range of peptides, predominantly with molecular masses of 4000–5900 Da, which may belong to a known or new structural class of toxins. The obtained data allow concluding that deep-sea anemones are a promising source of compounds for drug discovery.     

Isolation,Characterization and Bioactive Properties of Alkali-Extracted Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera

Four new purified polysaccharides (PAP) were isolated and purified from the Enteromorpha prolifera by alkali extraction, and further characterization was investigated. Their average molecular weights of PAP-1, PAP-2, PAP-3, and PAP-4 were estimated as 3.44 × 10⁴, 6.42 × 10⁴, 1.20 × 10⁵, and 4.82 × 10⁴ Da, respectively. The results from monosaccharide analysis indicated that PAP-1, PAP-2, PAP-3 were acidic polysaccharides and PAP-4 was a neutral polysaccharide. PAP-1 and PAP-2 mainly consist of galacturonic acid, while PAP-3 and PAP-4 mainly contained rhamnose. Congo red test showed that no triple helical structure was detected in the four polysaccharides. The antioxidant activities were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Superoxide, and 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical assay. In vitro antitumor activities were evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. PAP-1 exhibited relatively stronger antioxidant activities among the four polysaccharides in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 1.00 mg/mL, the antioxidant activities of PAP-1 on the DPPH radical scavenging rate, superoxide anion radical scavenging rate, and ABTS radical rate at 1.00 mg/mL were 56.40%, 54.27%, and 42.07%, respectively. They also showed no significant inhibitory activity against MGC-803, HepG2, T24, and Bel-7402 cells. These investigations of polysaccharides provide a scientific basis for the use of E. prolifera as an ingredient in functional foods and medicines.     

Recombinant Expression of a Modified Shrimp Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor Gene in Pichia pastoris GS115 and Its Characteristic Analysis

Anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) with a LPS-binding domain (LBD) are considered to have broad spectrum antimicrobial activities and certain antiviral properties in crustaceans. FcALF2 was one isoform of ALFs isolated from the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Our previous study showed that a modified LBD domain (named LBDv) of FcALF2 exhibited a highly enhanced antimicrobial activity. In the present study, a modified FcALF2 gene (mFcALF2), in which the LBD was substituted by LBDv, was designed and synthesized. This gene was successfully expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris GS115 eukaryotic expression system, and the characteristics of the recombinant protein mFcALF2 were analyzed. mFcALF2 exhibited apparent antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In addition, mFcALF2 could reduce the propagation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in vivo by pre-incubation with virus. The present study paves the way for developing antimicrobial drugs in aquaculture.     

Rare Chromone Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Penicillium citrinum with Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Three new and rare chromone derivatives, epiremisporine C (1), epiremisporine D (2), and epiremisporine E (3), were isolated from marine-derived Penicillium citrinum, together with four known compounds, epiremisporine B (4), penicitrinone A (5), 8-hydroxy-1-methoxycarbonyl-6-methylxanthone (6), and isoconiochaetone C (7). Among the isolated compounds, compounds 2–5 significantly decreased fMLP-induced superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils, with IC₅₀ values of 6.39 ± 0.40, 8.28 ± 0.29, 3.62 ± 0.61, and 2.67 ± 0.10 μM, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited cytotoxic activities with IC₅₀ values of 43.82 ± 6.33 and 32.29 ± 4.83 μM, respectively, against non-small lung cancer cell (A549), and Western blot assay confirmed that compounds 3 and 4 markedly induced apoptosis of A549 cells, through Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 signaling cascades.     

Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Three New Chromone Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Penicillium citrinum

Three new and uncommon chromone analogs, epiremisporine F (1), epiremisporine G (2), and epiremisporine H (3), were isolated from marine-origin Penicillium citrinum. Among the isolated compounds, compounds 2–3 remarkably suppressed fMLP-induced superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils, with IC₅₀ values of 31.68 ± 2.53, and 33.52 ± 0.42 μM, respectively. Compound 3 exhibited cytotoxic activities against human colon carcinoma (HT-29) and non-small lung cancer cell (A549) with IC₅₀ values of 21.17 ± 4.89 and 31.43 ± 3.01 μM, respectively, and Western blot assay confirmed that compound 3 obviously induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells, via Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 signaling cascades.     

黄淮麦区(南片)小麦新品系脂肪氧化酶活性分析及其等位基因检测

小麦籽粒脂肪氧化酶（Lipoxygenase,Lox）是影响小麦面粉色泽的重要因素之一。为了解Lox活性及其等位基因在黄淮麦区（南片）小麦新品系中的分布情况,以及明确不同等位基因与Lox活性之间的关系。本研究以94份黄淮麦区（南片）小麦新品系为试验材料,利用功能标记Lox16、Lox18和Lox-B23对其 TaLox-B1、 TaLox-B2和 TaLox-B3位点上的等位基因进行分子检测,同时利用分光光度计对供试材料的Lox活性进行测定。结果表明,在 TaLox-B1位点,共检测到 TaLox-B1a和 TaLox-B1b两种等位基因,分布频率分别为18.1%和81.9%, TaLox-B1a等位基因的Lox活性显著高于 TaLox-B1b等位基因;在 TaLox-B2位点,共检测到 TaLox-B2a和 TaLox-B2b两种等位基因,分布频率分别为88.3%和  11.7%, TaLox-B2a等位基因的Lox活性显著高于 TaLox-B2b等位基因;在 TaLox-B3位点,共检测到 TaLox-B3a和 TaLox-B3b两种等位基因,分布频率分别为67.0%和33.0%, TaLox-B3a等位基因的Lox活性显著高于 TaLox-B3b等位基因。共检测到 TaLox-B1a/ TaLox-B2a/ TaLox-B3a、 TaLox-B1b/ TaLox-B2a/ TaLox-B3a、 TaLox-B1a/ TaLox-B2a/ TaLox-B3b、 TaLox-B1b/ TaLox-B2a/ TaLox-B3b、 TaLox-B1a/ TaLox-B2b/ TaLox-B3b和 TaLox-B1b/ TaLox-B2b/ TaLox-B3b六种等位基因组合,分布频率分别为10.6%、56.4%、5.3%、16.0%、2.1%和9.6%,含有 TaLox-B1a/ TaLox-B2a/ TaLox-B3a等位基因组合材料的Lox活性显著高于其余五种等位基因组合;含有 TaLox-B1b/ TaLox-B2b/ TaLox-B3b等位基因组合材料的Lox活性显著低于其余5种等位基因组合。