大棚温室油桃穿孔病的发生及防治策略

桃树穿孔病是大棚温室油桃生产上的主要病害之一 ,在夏县桃树穿孔病分为细菌性穿孔病、真菌性霉斑穿孔病和真菌性褐斑穿孔病等 3种 ,而以细菌性穿孔病危害最甚。在多雨年份 ,排水不良 ,湿度大或红蜘蛛多时发生严重 ,常引起早期落叶、新梢枯死 ,削弱树势 ,降低果品的产量和质量。近年来在油桃产区 ,年年都有发生 ,2 0 0 2年发生面积达 333hm2 ,发病率达 30 %～ 4 0 % ,严重制约了桃树的经济效益。1　细菌性穿孔病1.1　发病症状桃细菌性穿孔病 ,主要危害叶片 ,其次是新梢和果实。1.1.1　叶片症状　叶片发病初期为水渍状浅褐色小斑点 ,其周围有…     

桃褐腐病的发生与防治

<正>近年来,随着秀美乡村建设和农业供给侧改革的推进,桃树作为景观点建设还是名特优果树产业的发展需要,我县桃树种植面积不断扩大,桃树种植面积达到3.2万亩。为保障桃树丰产和景观建设,我们密切调查关注桃树病虫害的发生情况,特别是桃树褐腐病的发生和防治。桃树褐腐病是我县上的主要病害,主要为害桃树的花、叶、枝干和果实,以为害果实为主,遇天气适宜发病的年份,若防治不力,桃果采摘前后大量烂果,造成重大损失。2014年~2017年桃     

桃细菌性穿孔病的识别与防治

<正>桃穿孔病是桃树上发生最为普遍的叶部病害,穿孔病有细菌性穿孔病和真菌性穿孔病,其中以细菌性穿孔病为害最严重。在排水不良、湿度大、红蜘蛛发生严重的桃园,最容易发生该病。发病重的,引起大量落叶,枝梢枯死,果面密布疤痕,影响果实外观,给果农造成较大的经济损失。笔者介绍该病的识别与防治方法,供生产上参考。     

温室桃树栽培情况及病虫防治技术

温室桃树栽培 ,是将桃树在各种材料建造而成的具有一定空间结构又有良好的采光、增温和保温效果的棚室设备下种植的 1种高技术栽培方式。通过这种方式 ,实现了桃树的反季节栽培 ,使开花结果提前 ,在桃果供应的淡季上市 ,从而获得较高的经济效益和社会效益。近几年温室桃树在我国北方地区发展迅速。然而 ,作者调查发现 ,在发展温室桃树栽培过程中 ,也出现一些不容忽视的问题 ,在此提出一些意见供参考。1　重视市场需求调查 ,不可盲目扩大规模邯郸市至 1 999年已营造用于桃树栽培的温室几十家 ,面积近 70ｈｍ2 。另外邯郸市农校还有 5万株成品…     

果树小蠹是桃树流胶病发生的主要原因

１９９６年以来，山东省胶东地区桃园流胶病偏重至大发生。桃树流胶病成为桃树生产的最重要病害之一。流胶病大发生的症状是大量胶体自桃树主干及枝条上的皮目等处流出，桃树树体因为大量流胶而衰弱并死亡。按照传统理论，桃树流胶病系生理性病害。也有报道系真菌性病害。１９９８年以来，通过我们系统观察，发现桃树枝干流胶的成因主要系一鞘翅目小昆虫在枝干表皮至韧皮部大量蛀食为害造成，蛀孔破坏了枝干输导组织，树液不能正常输送，自蛀孔流出，形成流胶病。据２００２年９月上旬标记观察，果树小蠹成虫为害的蛀孔２４h内流胶率达到９…     

寄主植物对桃蚜羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的诱导作用

在１９９５～１９９６年研究了寄主植物对桃蚜［Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ（Ｓｕｌｚｅｒ）］羧酸酯酶（ＣａｒＥ）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）的诱导作用。在试验的甘蓝、茄子和桃树３种寄主植物中，取食甘蓝的桃蚜种群ＣａｒＥ和ＡＣｈＥ活性最高，取食茄子和桃树的桃蚜种群ＣａｒＥ活性没有明显不同，而ＡＣｈＥ活性取食茄子的桃蚜种群明显高于取食桃树的种群。ＣａｒＥ与底物的亲和力是桃树＞茄子＞甘蓝，而ＡＣｈＥ与底物的亲和力则是甘蓝＞茄子＞桃树。ＡＣｈＥ与毒扁豆碱的双分子速率常数（Ｋｉ）值大小顺序为甘蓝＞桃树＞茄子     

内生性枯草芽孢杆菌J5对桃流胶病生防潜能的初步研究

桃流胶病是桃树栽培中的常见病害,该病发生原因复杂,目前仍缺乏有效的防控手段。本研究从健康桃树叶片中分离筛选到一株内生细菌J5,J5对桃流胶病菌可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)JMB-122菌株有较强拮抗作用。结合16S r DNA鉴定、磷脂脂肪酸鉴定以及Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的分析结果将J5鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。进一步研究发现J5可在桃树内定殖且存活至少2年以上。离体致病力测定表明J5定殖或其发酵滤液处理的桃树枝条在接种JMB-122后产生的病斑长度均较对照的小。J5定殖的桃树枝条接种7 d后病斑长度为14.0 mm,而对照枝条接种后病斑长度达到32.5 mm,表明内生细菌J5能有效抑制桃树流胶病的发生,在防治上有一定应用潜力。     

重茬连作技术 挽救衰老桃园

正四川是种桃大省,尤其在丘陵地区,桃子已成为农民增收致富的重要来源,但桃树由于其自身生长特性,超过一定年限后桃园将面临土壤毒素增多、桃子品质下降、数量减少等问题。如何破解桃园的衰老难题成为桃农们的热切期盼。1老桃园遇到新难题广汉市松林镇地处丘区,当地主栽的水果品种中桃子占到70%,桃树大多栽植在丘区二、三台地以上,主要栽植年限在2000年以前,树龄已有15年以上,60%以上桃树已进入衰老期,经济效益急剧下     

河西走廊一新病害—茄子白粉病

我省贵阳市及贵阳花溪区,毕节县、大方县等地,都有菊花叶枯线虫病,且发生较重。被害株叶片枯死,开花不好,或不能开花,重者整株枯死。1990年和1991年在花溪公园调查病株率都是100％。1990年10月17日病指(％)为72.44;1991年5月14日病指为38.57,6月15日病指为60。估计在我省发生是普遍的。     

桃树高效栽培技术要点

桃树是当前我国广泛种植的重要经济果树。本文从科学建园、肥水管理、整形修剪、病虫害防治等方面总结了桃树的栽培技术,为提升桃树栽培管理技术水平提供参考。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.