基于图像符号的岭南传统私家园林表意研究

园林的表意与符号有着紧密的联系。文章借助符号学相关理论对岭南传统私家园林装饰图案及其文化意义进行了系统分类研究,并总结与江南私家园林的差异及形成机制。对岭南传统私家园林表意手法的解读,一方面是为了加强人们对岭南私家园林的认识;另一方面则是希望能为当代园林设计的传统文化传承上提供依据。     

中西对比视角下的广西近代乡村庄园研究

城市之外的乡村山水园与郊野园林同样是中国历史园林体系中与当代中国风景园林设计一脉相承的重要组成部分。其中以民国军阀为造园主体的广西近代乡村庄园是岭南传统私家园林重要类型之一,通过将广西近代乡村庄园与文艺复兴时期的意大利庄园对比分析,总结出两者在时代背景、庄园主身份、相地择址、空间格局、功能性及防御性上的共性与差异,一方面是为了加强对广西近代乡村庄园的全面认识;另一方面则以期能补充及完善岭南传统私家园林体系。     

明清时期山东境内私家园林地域特征探析

中国古典园林文化博大精深,不同时期和不同地域的私家园林都有其独特性。山东作为早期中国古典园林的发源地之一,不论造园水平、文化内涵还是地域风貌都有其鲜明特色,是中国古典园林文化的重要组成部分。明清时期是私家园林建造的兴盛时期,留下大量的可供考证史迹文献,然而大量传统的山东园林现今都已经荒废,少数幸存的私家园林被北方皇家园林和江南私家园林的声誉所掩,山东地区私家园林渐渐销声在历史的长河,研究工作刻不容缓。本文通过研究明清时期的古籍文献和实地调研,对明清时期山东私家园林进行分析,总结其造园要素、选址布局等特点,挖掘造园艺术上的文化特色、建筑特色、石水特色和植物特色,为保护山东私家园林的地域性特征提供理论依据,对山东园林文化的传承与发展具有重要意义。     

岭南园林与岭南新园林——新时期岭南地区园林建设的精品意识和文化品位

本文以两广为研究对象,对岭南地区(重点是广西)三十年来公园绿地建设态势与走向作了分析,认为岭南新园林的建设与发展须借鉴传统"岭南园林"的人文风格和艺术特点,使之适应新时期大众化的需求,又不失文化艺术品位,要质量并重,走精品园林的道路.     

广州花地醉观园构景意蕴探究

明清时期,经济水平的逐步上升和海外文化的频繁交流,使岭南园林在技艺、审美等方面兼收并蓄,开放灵活,于中国古典园林独树一帜。乾隆年间,广州一口通商,贸易与时代的需求使行商庭园大势崛起,成为岭南园林近代转型的重要例证。与此同时,广州花地亦涌现出大量兼具观赏和售卖花木之用的私家园林。以醉观园为例,其颇具规模的水池、建筑半围绕布局并有亭、桥、廊联通的线性游径是对行商庭园构景手法的承袭;而园中水形盘曲、花木丰盈、叠石奇巧又呈现出岭南传统水石景的精粹。作为城市历史景观,醉观园于空间营造与意蕴表达之间触发地域文化感知,随之而来的山水审美体验也极富粤中特色。     

岭南园林在现代居住地产园林中的继承和发展——以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例

以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例,说明岭南园林在现代居住地产园林项目中的继承和发展现状.佛山中海万锦公馆项目采用"一轴、三园、六院、三进、九井"的空间院落形制,还原传统造园模式"一池三山",以现代手段和方法营造岭南建筑风格、营造岭南园林植物景观、提炼岭南传统符号、应用传统岭南色彩等岭南元素,并用现代的技术和材料进行了园林铺装...     

中国传统园林的现代意义

中国传统园林是指以江南私家园林和北方皇家园林为代表的中国山水园林形式,在世界园林发展史上独树一帜,是全人类宝贵的历史文化遗产。然而,目前风景园林界对待中国传统园林有两种截然不同的态度：其一是传统园林休矣论;其二是传统园林复兴论。前者将传统园林看作是无法融人现实社会的死物,否认发扬传统的积极意义;后者从弘扬民族文化的高度出发,     

浅析岭南古典园林造园艺术——以江南园林为比较

江南园林和岭南园林在中国历史长河中,发展成为两大不同地域风格的园林。概括性地回顾岭南发展历程,比较江南园林与岭南园林,从自然条件、社会经济、文化思想、造园师及园主人四个方面分析岭南园林风格形成的原因,并总结了岭南园林的造园艺术特征。     

岭南园林植物的特点

岭南地区具丰富的园林观赏植物资源,岭南园林中对植物的选择运用与地理位置、自然环境、历史文化、风俗习惯、社会经济及宗教信仰等方面分不开的,形成了独特的本土风格。本文通过对岭南园林中运用的植物进行调查和分析,总结出岭南园林植物应用具热带性、乡土性、实用性、观赏性、兼容性、开放性及宗教性等特点。并对今后岭南园林建设中植物选择的原则和方法提出了建议。     

简析清代北方私家园林与江南私家园林造园艺术异同

受自然及人文环境差异的影响,并同时作为中国古典园林的重要组成部分,清代北方私家园林与江南私家园林各具特色又颇有共性,生动地体现了中国古典园林"一法多式"的造园思想.以几个具有代表性的清代私家园林为例,通过对造园要素的调查分析,对两者造园艺术的不同点进行对比,并从形式手法、意境追求和细节处理等方面探讨总结了两者造园艺术的相同之处,为进一步研究中国古典园林的地域差异及历史文化提供基础资料.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。