磴口县沙冬青种群结构和空间分布格局的研究

对沙冬青的株高和冠幅进行分级,研究磴口县3个沙冬青种群的大小结构和年龄结构,应用扩散系数C、负二次指数K、平均拥挤度m*、丛生指数I、Cassie指数1/K、聚块性指数m*/m和扩散型指数Iδ7种聚集度指标确定不同生境条件下沙冬青种群的空间分布格局类型和动态,考察沙冬青种群在不同尺度上的空间分布格局.结果表明:不同生境条件下的沙冬青种群结构有差异,但都呈现衰退趋势.不同生境的沙冬青种群空间分布格局类型和聚集强度不同,聚集强度在不同尺度上表现出基本一致的变化趋势.样地2在25和100 m2的范围内集群分布, 样地3在150 m2范围内集群分布, 样地1在7个取样面积下,均成随机分布.不同发育阶段种群的分布格局为:幼龄和老龄植株均成随机分布,中龄植株呈聚集分布.环境是沙冬青种群空间分布格局形成和发展的决定因子之一.     

浙江中部七子花种群结构与空间分布格局的研究

为揭示七子花的种群特征,在浙江中部3个七子花主要分布地设置500 m2样方10个,应用相邻格子法对七子花的种群结构和空间格局进行了研究.结果表明,七子花种群结构呈纺锤型,幼苗极少,大树也不多,种群主要集中在幼树、小树和中树阶段,显示出衰退的变化趋势,不同样地的七子花种群结构特征有所差异;由于生境条件的不同,不同样地表现出复杂的分布格局,其中生境条件较差的种群集群程度较高,在人为干扰后,集群程度有减弱的趋势,而某些生境条件较好种群的集群强度较弱,甚至呈随机分布;不同发育阶段种群空间分布格局有差异,总体上有集群分布向随机分布、聚集度高向聚集度低变化的趋势;不同区组大小的七子花种群分布格局不同,不同样地之间差异不明显.     

西江中下游针阔混交林优势种群的结构及分布格局研究

以西江中下游的针阔混交林为研究对象,通过固定样地、每木调查和林下更新层调查法获得野外资料,采用径级代龄级的方法,研究主要优势树种的种群结构,以及应用方差／均值比、平均拥挤度指数、聚块指数、丛生指标、负二项式参数等5个指标分析其种群格局状况。结果表明不同优势种群的径级结构差异明显：马尾松和烟斗柯缺失或缺乏幼苗,为衰退型种群;福建青冈幼苗充足,中龄级立木占绝对优势,表现为增长型种群,但结构不稳定;鸭脚木幼苗数量丰富,径级分布呈倒J字型,为稳定的增长种群。种群的格局动态因树种和发育阶段而不同,表现为马尾松由均匀分布过渡到集群分布,福建青冈始终为群集分布,鸭脚木和烟斗柯则由幼苗的集群分布向成树阶段的随机分布转变,4个种群的格局动态呈现出聚集强度降低的扩散趋势。     

珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群结构与空间分布格局研究

为了揭示南方铁杉的种群特征,在九龙山自然保护区南方铁杉主要分布地设置400 m2样方10个,以种群年龄结构和存活曲线分析南方铁杉种群的基本数量特征,应用扩散系数、丛生指标、聚块性指数、平均拥挤度指数、负二项式分布参数、Cassie指标6种聚集强度指数和Greig-Smith和Kershaw 2种格局规模分析方法确定不同年龄阶段、不同空间尺度下的南方铁杉种群空间分布格局.结果表明:不同样地南方铁杉种群年龄结构存在一定差异,但不同种群均表现为增长型,幼年阶段的个体较丰富,成年个体数量相对较少;不同年龄阶段种群,空间分布格局差异主要体现在:幼苗和幼树阶段都为集群分布,中树和大树向随机分布发展;不同区组大小的南方铁杉种群分布格局不同,但在不同样地之间差异不明显,南方铁杉种群的聚块规模大体为8 m2和32 m ;种群环境因子的主成分分析结果表明,岩石裸露率、土壤有机质含量、郁闭度和土壤水分含量是影响南方铁杉种群结构和空间分布格局的最重要因素.     

园林植物桂花野生种群大小结构与空间分布格局特征

采用＂空间替代时间＂和扩散系数（C）等6种聚集度指数研究福建省长汀县石峰寨野生桂花种群大小结构及空间分布格局,并探讨桂花在不同生长阶段的空间格局变化过程。结果表明,桂花种群大小级结构随不同年龄阶段增长数量呈相对减少的趋势,种群结构较年轻且平稳,从幼树向中树过渡阶段存在着一个过滤筛。桂花种群在不同样地的分布格局具一定差异性,这是由于限制因子与种群适应对策综合作用的结果。不同生长阶段种群的分布格局基本上由集群型转变为随机型,聚集度不断减小,幼苗和幼树阶段的桂花种群为集群分布,到成树阶段则转变为随机分布。     

桂林岩溶石山阴香种群的空间分布格局

通过野外调查,选取6块有代表性的样地,采用点格局分析方法研究了阴香种群的空间分布格局。结果表明,6块样地中,Q1和Q5样地阴香种群多数尺度上表现为集群分布,Q2和Q3以随机分布为主,Q4和Q6样地少数尺度上为集群分布,多数尺度上呈随机分布。阴香种群的空间分布格局与物种本身的繁殖特性、生境条件以及种内种间竞争等密切相关,由岩石的覆盖而形成的小环境对种群的分布格局类型有影响。点格局分析法较好地体现了不同尺度下阴香种群的分布格局特征。     

格氏栲种群生态学研究Ⅶ.格氏栲种群分布格局的强度与纹理分析

前人都是采用样方方法对格氏栲种群数量的空间格局进行测定,而格局分布有可能受样方大小的影响,且分析过程中没有涉及聚块间密度差的问题,因而无法掌握种群的聚块大小差别及聚块内个体间的离散程度．本研究采用无样方距离法,测定不同生境的格氏栲种群空间格局,分析格氏栲种群格局的强度和纹理．强度以聚块和间隙的密度差来定义,纹理则是体现聚块内个体间的离散程度与诸聚块间的分离程度．测定结果表明,格氏栲种群格局强度从高到低排列次序为：木姜子＞蚊母树＞冬青＞茜草树＞格氏栲＞米槠＞虎皮楠＞木荷;格局纹理从粗到细的顺序是：木荷＝木姜子＞茜草树＞格氏栲＝冬青＞米槠＞蚊母树＞虎皮楠．这一测定结果与作者采用聚集度指标测定相同样地格氏栲种群空间格局的结果基本相符．因此,格氏栲空间格局类型及分布与格氏栲生物学特性及生境的关系密切     

白桂木的种群结构和空间分布格局研究

采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,对白桂木5个种群进行统计分析,编制种群的特定时间生命表,应用聚集强度指数进行种群分布格局分析.结果表明:白桂木种群结构呈纺锤形,幼苗严重不足,种群有衰退趋势;存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅡ型;种群分布格局整体呈聚集分布.     

武夷山香果树种群格局的分形特征——信息维数

采用信息维数对武夷山香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种群进行空间分布格局的分形特征分析,结果表明:香果树种群信息维数值在1.0～1.7,香果树在各种群落中信息维数呈极显著线形相关(P0.01);不同群落类型的香果树种群间分形特征差异明显,而同一类型内部各样地间差异较小;香果树种群信息维数由高到低依次为:香果树纯林阔叶林毛竹林针阔混交林;香果树信息维数随海拔高度的变化波动幅度较大,香果树在海拔1 300 m左右,信息维数达最大值,格局尺度变化强烈,是香果树种群生存较理想的环境,海拔高于1 400 m或低于1 200 m信息维数较低,种群更新较差。提出了加强保护有结实能力的香果树母树,以促进其自然更新的建议。     

海南霸王岭南亚松种群结构与分布格局

通过采用大小结构图和存活曲线分析种群动态,应用扩散系数、Lloyd的平均拥挤度、聚块性指数和Morisita指数等研究分布格局,采用Greig-Smith方法分析空间格局,对海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的南亚松(Pinus latteriMason)种群结构与分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,南亚松种群结构属于相对稳定种群,但幼苗、幼树较少;种群存活曲线趋向于DeeveyⅠ型,胸径小于2.5 cm的幼苗成活率较低,幼树存活率开始增大,中龄期种群存活率最高,成龄树期存活率开始下降,至老龄期死亡率达到最大;种群格局整体上呈聚集型;种群格局规模介于100~400 m2。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.