INOCULATION EFFECTS OF SUILLUS GREVILLEI ON LARCH SEEDLINGS

INTR0DUCTl0NCultivatingseedlingswithmycorrhizaistmiversallyacknowledgedasthethirdkeyelementincultivatioroffastgrowingandhigl1yeildforests.Seedlingswithmycorrhizatakenbymanycountfiesoftheworldasoneoftheeffectivcmeasurestthichcanincreaseyieldsin'agricultUreandforestry,hasbeenpaidclosedattentionextensivelyandutilizedinforestproduction.Inordertoenhancetechnologylevelofseedlingcultivationandsurvivalrateofplanta-tion,weestablishedaworkplaceintheCentraINursery,Chao3uanF0restBureautomakemycorrhi…     

Mycorrhizal and associated fungi of Sitka spruce in Irish forest mixed stands

Identity of mycorrhizas and isolation of symbionts and associated fungi from Sitka spruce growing in pure and mixed stands with either Japanese larch or Lodgepole pine are described and compared. More mycorrhizal types and sporocarps of the Agaricales were collected from mixed stands. Mycorrhizas of Lactarius rufus, Paxillus involutus and Suillus spp. were more prevalent on roots from mixed stands. The most common unidentified mycorrhizal type (type B) had features similar to synthesized mycorrhizas of two Basidiomycete isolates. Suillus grevillei and three un-identified types were associated specifically with Japanese larch. The main associating fungi were Oidiodendron sp. and Mycelium radicis atrovirens. The association of a “nurse” tree with Sitka spruce provides a more diverse mycorrhizal flora, the majority of which are shared between the tree species.     

外生菌根在高寒地区造林中的效果

1988～1990年利用引进和分离的菌根菌对落叶松Larix gmelirai和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)苗木进行人工接种及其造林试验研究。试验结果证明,造林用苗菌根化能够提高成活率和生长量。1988年秋造落叶松菌根苗平均成活率为97.7％,比对照的提高13.2％;1989年春造落叶松菌根苗的成活率平均为95.2％,比对照提高13.4％;同年春造的樟子松菌根苗成活率平均为87.2％,比对照的提高17.5％;1990年一年生落叶松菌根苗造林成活率为90％,比对照的提高40％。它们的生长能力比对照的好很多。本次试验筛选出的优良菌种有Suillus grevillei,Boletus sp.Cortinarius russus,Xerocmus chrysenteron。     

The ectomycorrhizal status of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seedlings from bare-root forest nurseries

In this paper, we report molecular investigation of an ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) community of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seedlings grown in a bare-root nursery. In total, we surveyed 32 nurseries that were each active in supplying planting stocks to restock forests and for afforestation of post-agricultural land. Sequence-based approach was used to identify EMF taxa, quantify EMF richness, and document differences in the relative abundance of individual taxa. We identified seven fungal species that might contribute to the mycorrhizal community structure of 1 to 3-year-old L. decidua seedlings. The species richness in the examined larches varied between one and four fungal taxa, depending on both the nursery stock samples (NSS) and age class of the seedlings. The average was 1.4 for 1-year-old seedlings and 2.3 for 2- and 3-year-old plants. The dominance of Ascomycota over Basidiomycota and the prevalence of two species, Wilcoxina mikolae and Suillus grevillei, as EMF partners were characteristic features of nursery-grown L. decidua seedlings. S. grevillei was the only one basidiomycetes colonized roots of tested seedlings. The rest of the mycorrhizal pool from forest nurseries was typically dominated by pioneer fungal ascomycetes. W. mikolae was the most common mycorrhizal ascomycete present at a high frequency on NSS from both age classes and with very high abundance (average 90%) on 1-year-old seedlings. Some other ascomycetes (Pezizales 1, Pezizales 2 and Pezizales 3) appeared on tested larches at a low frequency, but sometimes in high abundance. Tuber spp. appeared at a low frequency and low abundance. The relative abundance of S. grevillei was positively correlated with the age of seedlings, while W. mikolae was negatively correlated with age. Tuber sp. 1 and 2, Pezizales 2, and W. mikolae were positively associated with the basic soil pH values. However, forward selection of the environmental variables showed that only the age of the larch seedlings contributed significantly (F = 11.45, P = 0.02) to the variance in the ECF community.     

厚环乳牛肝菌对落叶松苗木的接种效应（一）

为了提高苗木质量和造林成活率，用人工生产的外生菌根真菌──厚环乳牛肝菌［Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｇｒｅｖｅｌｌｅｉ（ＫＬ．）Ｓｉｎｇ．］的菌丝体接种剂对兴安落叶松［Ｌａｒｉｘｇｍｅｌｉｎｉ（Ｒｕｐｒｉ）Ｋｕｚｅｎｅｖａ］大棚容器苗、裸根苗、移植苗及造林苗木分别进行接种。调查结果表明，该菌根对苗木具有明显的增产效果，既不但能提高出苗率，促进苗木生长，而且能大大提高造林成活率。     

The effects of canopy gaps on seedling emergence and growth of two deciduous broad-leaved species (Cornus controversa andPrunus grayana) in aCryptomeria japonica plantations

The effects of canopy gaps on seedling emergence and growth ofCornus controversa andPrunus grayana were studied in a 21-year-oldCryptomeria japonica plantation. The seeds of the two species were sown in December 1995 and their fate was followed until March 2000.P. grayana germinated in 1996, butC. controversa germinated in 1997. In both species studied, more than 70% of the seedlings survived in the forest edge until the end of the experiment, although none survived in the forest understory in the first growing season. In the gap, the survival rate was higher inP. grayana than inC. controversa. In this experiment, some trees were cut to enlarge the area of the gap, in which the growth rate increased markedly forC. controversa seedlings, but not forP. grayana seedlings after the cutting. These two species showed substantial differences in the patterns of seedling emergence, survival and growth in aCr. japonica plantation which had a canopy gap.     

A multivariate statistical approach to predicting mature tree performance based on seedling characteristics

A common objective in commercial reforestation is to plant seedlings that will produce superior adult trees. Long forest management planning horizons and life spans of most forest trees complicate the prediction of growth and performance of adult trees originating from planted seedlings of unknown genetic origin. We used multivariate statistics to identify and rank a set of seedlings characteristics that could predict the performance of mature trees in Pinus ponderosa. Results indicated that metabolic heat rate (q), a measure of total metabolism, of one-year-old foliage during the peak growth in May, was the most important seedling characteristic that predicted mature-tree performance. Increased metabolic heat rate in seedlings corresponded with greater vigor of mature trees. Additionally, seedling basal stem diameter (D), height (H), and needle length (NL), measured in November, were, in order of importance, other variables that defined the vigor class of the mature clones. However, these seedling morphological characteristics correlated negatively with vigor classification of the mature clones, contradicting the notion that greater D and/or H during the seedling stage may indicate a greater vigor at maturity.     

引进木霉菌株T43对立枯病的抑制效果及对苗木的促生作用

把从以色列引进、室内抑菌试验显示对苗木立枯病菌(立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、腐霉Pythium sp.和腐皮镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum)具有显著抑制效果的绿木霉Trichoderma virens菌株T43制成不同浓度菌剂,对落叶松Larix sp.和红松Pinus koraiensis 1年生苗木进行室外灌根处理,30 d后测定苗木生长及病害发生情况。结果表明:引进的绿木霉T43菌剂在显著控制落叶松和红松立枯病发生的同时,还显著提高苗木的生长、土壤微生物种群数量及土壤酶活性,该菌株液体菌剂适合落叶松苗木,孢子悬浮液适合红松苗木。     

6个栓皮栎种源种子形态及其幼苗生长的比较

[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.     

落叶松菌根真菌圃地接种效应

采用厚环乳牛肝菌,赭丝膜菌,灰环乳牛肝菌和彩色豆马勃４种外生菌根真菌固体纯培养接种物,对日本落叶松进行了圃地育苗接种试验。结果表明,苗高,地径,侧根数分别比较对照提高了１３．３８％－２３．５４％、１０．６５％－２４．７１％、９．９７％、－１３．７８％,苗木Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量分别比对照增加了０．７０％－１９．９６％、９．０６％－４７．８１％和１４．４５％－２１．１２％,苗木菌根感染率为６７．８２％－８３     

Survival and growth of rattan intercropped with coffee and cacao in the agroforests of Indonesia

This study investigated the intercropping of rattan, an important non-timber forest product, in coffee and cacao agroforests in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The viability of producing seedlings from seeds and vegetative cuttings with the large-diameter rattan, Calamus zollingeri Beccari, and initial seedling survival, growth and response to light and soil drainage were investigated in village nurseries and perennial farms. Over 96% of seeds and 61% of vegetative cuttings were raised to transplanting size (25 cm with two to three leaves) over 20 months. One hundred C. zollingeri seedlings produced from cuttings were transplanted into each of three coffee or cacao farms and one primary forest site and exhibited an overall survival rate of 96%, 12.7 cm of height growth and the production of 0.8 new leaves per plant after eight months. No significant differences were observed between the four sites with respect to seedling survival, growth, or leaf production and no significant differences were found between seedling survival, growth or leaf production and light intensity (based on multiple PAR measurements). However, poorly drained sites exhibited significantly reduced C. zollingeri seedling survival and growth. The cultivation of C. zollingeri rattan in coffee and cacao agroforests represents a potential means of intensifying and diversifying perennial cash crop farming systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Allocation of 14C-carbon in two species of larch seedlings infected with ectomycorrhizal fungi

The flow of labeled carbon in ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal seedlings of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.) and its F1 hybrid (Larix gmelinii Rupr. x L. kaempferi) was studied. Larch seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 110 days with larch forest soil (FM) or Suillus grevillei (SM) inoculum, or in the absence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (NM). Shoots of colonized and NM seedlings were exposed to a pulse of 14CO2 for 1 h under natural light. Seedlings were harvested following 0, 6 and 24 h of exposure to 14CO2. At the final harvest, SM seedlings of Japanese larch and hybrid larch allocated 2.6 and 2.5% more 14C, respectively, to roots than NM seedlings. In contrast, FM seedlings of Japanese larch and hybrid larch allocated 6.5 and 18.0% more 14C, respectively, to the stem than NM seedlings. Of the total 14C detected in needle, stem and root fractions, FM and SM seedlings allocated a greater proportion than NM seedlings, perhaps because FM and SM seedlings had significantly (P < 0.05) higher photosynthetic rates than NM seedlings. As a result, FM and SM seedlings had greater dry masses than NM seedlings. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in FM and SM seedlings were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in NM seedlings, as was stomatal conductance.     

Effect of animal browse protection and fertilizer application on the establishment of planted Nuttall oak seedlings

For establishment to be successful, planted oak must emerge above vegetative competition and browse level. A 3 year study was established in 2000 in a cutover bottomland hardwood forest in west Alabama to examine the influences of seedling browse protection and fertilizer use on growth of Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palm.) seedlings. The treatments included: control, 1.2 m tall wire tree shelter, and 1.2 m tall plastic tree shelter. Fertilizer (20–10–5) was applied to one-half of all seedlings at planting. Competing vegetation was controlled around all seedlings with mulch mats and herbicide. Fertilization did not affect height growth or successful establishment after 3 years. Four percent of protected seedlings (plastic and wire tree shelters combined) were browsed compared to 95% of control seedlings. After 3 years, plastic tree shelters were the most effective treatment for promoting height growth and successful seedling establishment of Nuttal oak seedlings (193 cm, 92.71% compared to 120 cm, 68.75% and 52 cm, 8.33% for wire tree shelter, and control seedlings, respectively). Animal browse protection is deemed essential for successful seedling establishment in southern bottomland forests where deer density is high (density estimated at 27 km⁻² in vicinity of study area).     

控释肥和灌溉方式对栓皮栎容器苗苗木质量及造林效果的影响

[目的]探讨控释肥和灌溉方式对栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Bl.)容器苗生长、养分含量、基质电导率(EC)及2年造林效果的影响,为培育高质量苗木提供参考。[方法]以栓皮栎容器苗为研究对象,采用双因素完全随机试验设计,设置5个施肥水平(以N元素含量为基准,5个施肥水平分别为:25、75、125、175、225 mg·株~(-1))和2种灌溉方式(上方喷灌(O)、底部渗灌(S)),测定栓皮栎容器苗形态指标、养分含量、根系生长、基质EC值及连续2年造林效果。[结果]表明:(1)施肥量和灌溉方式二者对苗木形态指标影响存在交互效应,225-O处理的苗木地径、根生物量、单株生物量最大,但根生物量、单株生物量在225-O、125-S、175-O处理之间差异不显著。225-S处理的苗高、茎生物量、茎根比最大,茎生物量在225-S与225-O之间差异不显著。(2)苗木茎、根的氮磷钾浓度和含量随施肥量的增加而增大,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根氮、磷含量及单株磷含量差异不显著。(3)增加施肥量促进苗木根系的生长,施肥量为125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根系表面积、体积差异不显著。(4)基质EC值随施肥量的增加而增大,底部渗灌显著提高了基质上层、下层的EC值,基质上层、下层的最大EC值分别为4. 69、0. 56d S·m-1,没有对苗木生长产生不利影响。(5)和上方喷灌相比,底部渗灌显著地促进造林第1年幼树的树高、地径生长;造林第1年、第2年的树高和地径均随施肥量的增加而增大,造林第2年,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的树高、地径差异不显著。[结论]底部渗灌提高了栓皮栎容器苗体内的养分含量,促进了造林第1年幼树树高、地径的生长。施加控释肥有利于苗期苗木质量的提高及造林后苗木的快速生长。综合考虑苗木质量、经济效益、环境利益,培育栓皮栎容器苗可选择底部渗灌和控释肥量为125 mg·株~(-1)的组合(以N元素含量为基准)。     

Eight-year performance of bareroot Douglas-fir and bareroot and plug western larch Seedlings following herbicide applications,northeast Oregon,USA

Plantation success in northeastern Oregon can be limited by poor survival for western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) seedlings. Vegetation management treatments may increase soil moisture availability during the dry summer months, thereby increasing the probability of seedling survival. Chemical site preparation treatments were applied in spring 2007, summer 2007, and spring 2008 to determine if such treatments would improve survival and growth of bareroot Douglas-fir and bareroot and plug western larch seedlings on three sites near Elgin, Oregon. Although some herbicide treatments significantly increased survival, results were not consistent among sites. Overall, Douglas-fir had greater survival after 7–8 years than larch seedlings. Seedling size 7–8 years after planting was also highly variable among sites and treatments with larch seedlings being taller and larger than Douglas-fir seedlings, on the average. Size for all stock types was negatively correlated with vegetative cover and positively correlated with first-year soil moisture. Macro- and microclimatic conditions, including topography and soil depth, were likely contributors to differences in survival and growth.     

Critical tidal level for forestation with hypocotyl of Rhizophora stylosa Griff along the Guangxi coast of China

From August 2004 to August 2005, three replicate experimental platforms were constructed in a section of the tidal flats in Yingluo Bay, Guangxi Province to study the growth and physiological responses of Rhizophora stylosa Griff seedlings to tidal waterlogging stress in a diurnal tidal zone. A total of eight tidal flat elevation (TFE) treatments, i.e., 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380 and 390 cm above Yellow Sea Datum (YSD), were created on each platform. The results showed that lower TFEs (320–330 cm YSD) slightly increased the seedling stem height of 1-year old seedlings, while higher TFEs (>340 cm YSD) increased the seedling growth significantly. Moderate TFEs (350–370 cm YSD) favored the development of knots. Number of leaves, leaf conservation rate and leaf area per seedling all decreased dramatically with decreasing TFE. Lower TFEs caused large damage to Chl a, but Chl b was less affected. The Chl a/b ratio decreased with decreasing TFE. Prolonged waterlogging induced higher SOD activity in roots, while moderate TFE inhibited the SOD activity in leaves. The POD activity in roots and leaves increased with decreasing TFE. Waterlogging stress decreased the biomass of individual organs and entire seedlings. With increasing waterlogging, the biomass partitioning in 1-year old seedlings increased from leaf to stem. The survival rate decreased sharply from 88.9% to 40.0% as TFE decreased, while more than 80% of the seedlings were able to survive at the TFE level of 370 cm YSD and above. We propose that the local mean sea level should be adopted as the critical tidal level for forestation with hypocotyls of R. stylosa along the Guangxi coast.     

Effect of selected forestry herbicides on ectomycorrhizal development and seedling growth of lodgepole pine and white spruce under controlled and field environment

In tests under aseptic conditions, the herbicides hexazinone (Pronone^TM5G® and Velpar L.R.®), glyphosate, and triclopyr reduced seedling growth and mycorrhizal development of Pinus contorta var. Litifolia and Picea glanca. Triclopyr was most toxic of the tour herbicide formulations. Under greenhouse condition, only 2 formulations of hexazinone (Pronone ^TM5G® and Velpar L.®) were tested. At high concentrations (2 and 4 kg/ha) it reduced growth and mycorrhizal infections significantly but showed recovery with time. No adverse effects were observed at low concentration (1 kg/ha). In general, seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus (Suillus tomentosus), were more sensitive to herbicide than the ones without mycorrhizal inoculation. Under field conditions overall effects of herbicide application were less intense. Only 4 kg/ha rates of hexazinone resulted in reductions in seedling growth and mycorrhizal infections. The nonmycorrhizal seedings planted in the field developed mycorrhizae in over 40% of short roots within 2 months after planting in all herbicide treatments.     

Seed source and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont affects growth of Juglans nigra seedlings

Seedlings of Juglans nigra from three seed sources were grown in fumigated soil without vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi or inoculated with Gigaspora margarita, Glomus deserticola or Glomus etunicatum. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development varied significantly between fungal symbionts within a black walnut source. Glomus deserticola and G. etunicatum produced the highest levels of root colonization in all sources. Significant differences in seedling shoot and root growth were attributed to root colonization by specific VAM fungi in each black walnut source. Glomus deserticola stimulated seedling leaf area and root weight 26 and 52%, respectively, in one seed source. Seedling leaf N, P and K concentrations were significantly improved by VAM in two seed sources. Juglans nigra seedlings respond favorably to VAM colonization. However, differences between seed sources suggest a strong host-symbiont interaction.     

Effect of inoculation with ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium on the growth and nitrogen fixation by black locust,Robinia pseudoacacia

Experiments were made to determine the effect of inoculation withRhizobium, the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebelomamesophasem and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomuscaledonium on the growth and nitrogen fixation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.) seedlings grown invitro and in pot culture. The results showed that both mycorrhizalfungi and Rhizobium stimulated the growth and nitrogenfixing ability of inoculated seedlings. Inoculation with all three microbestogether produced the most beneficial effects on nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizaldevelopment and seedling growth.