南海珊瑚礁海域鱼类分类多样性大尺度分布格局

珊瑚礁区生物多样性是当今生态学研究热点之一,为更全面地了解南海诸岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类物种多样性分布格局,系统整理了20世纪70年代以来南海东沙、西沙和中沙及南沙群岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类资源调查的历史资料,研究了南海珊瑚礁鱼类分类学多样性.种类统计结果表明,目前东沙记录鱼类种类514种,西沙和中沙632种,南沙548种;各礁区记录鱼类物种数目少于预测数目,也少于全球其他生境相似的海域记录的鱼类种数.估算了南海珊瑚礁鱼类平均分类差异指数△+和分类差异变异指数∧+,结果显示,东沙△+和∧+分别为55.1、121;西沙、中沙△+为60.2,∧+为164;南沙△+为56.6、∧+为150;各礁区海域鱼类△+值均小于东海陆架海域,而∧+值均高于东海陆架海域.在种和科的分类水平上,计算了南海珊瑚礁海域与卡拉棉群岛、米尔恩湾、南沙群岛西南陆架和南海北部陆架海域鱼类的相似性系数,结果表明,西、中沙群岛与其他礁区海域鱼类在种级分类阶元上的相似性系数相差较大,所有珊瑚礁海域鱼类在科级分类阶元上的相似性系数较为接近;另外,所有珊瑚礁海域鱼类种(科)间相似性均高于其与陆架海域鱼类种(科)间相似性.对南海珊瑚礁、卡拉棉群岛和米尔恩湾等海域典型礁栖性鱼类的科的物种相对丰富度进行了Kruskal-Wallis检验,结果表明,其差异均不显著(P＞0.05).结论认为,物种多样性较高而分类多样性较低是南海珊瑚礁鱼类多样性大尺度分布格局的主要特征.     

团头鲂3个地理种群杂交效果的配合力和微卫星标记预测

根据南沙群岛西南部陆架海域鱼类调查研究的历史资料, 采用Nelson分类系统对鱼类物种组成进行了系统整理, 并从不同的分类阶元上分析了南沙群岛西南部陆架海域鱼类的多样性。分类阶元包含指数(TINCLi), 分类多样性指数(△+和∧+), 目级和科级水平丰富度(Rr)以及目级和科级水平相似性系数(C)为本研究的主要研究指数。结果显示, 南沙群岛西南部陆架海域共记录鱼类20目110科206属, 以鲈形目(Perciformes)种类居绝对优势。采用分类阶元包含指数分析, 南沙群岛西南部陆架海域鱼类组成目、科、属所分别拥有的(科、属、种), (属、种)和(种)的平均数目分别为(5.5、10.30、14.85), (1.87、2.70)和(1.44); 在目级水平上, 比高纬度的东海陆架、大亚湾和东沙群岛海域高, 并且与纬度梯度成反比, 证明低纬度海域的鱼类分类多样性低, 种类组成主要集中分布于较少数的分类类群。使用PRIMER5.2软件计算了平均分类差异指数△+和分类差异变异指数∧+, 数值分别为65.8和110.0, 其中△+接近于东海陆架(65.7), 高于东沙群岛(55.2)和大亚湾海域(62.2), 说明南沙群岛西南部陆架海域鱼类的亲缘关系接近于东海陆架海域鱼类, 比东沙群岛和大亚湾海域鱼类的远。与三个海区的相似性系数比较结果显示, 在目级和科级水平上, 南沙群岛西南部陆架海域鱼类组成同大亚湾海域更为接近。     

东山湾及其邻近海域鱼类物种分类多样性

根据2009年11月至2010年8月东山湾及其邻近海域鱼类调查资料,系统分析了其鱼类物种组成,计算了该海域的分类阶元包涵指数(TINCLi)、分类多样性指数(△+和∧+)以及各物种的相对重要性指数(IRI),并对东山湾海域物种季节变化进行了探讨。结果显示,东山湾共记录鱼类114种,分属15目57科87属,以鲈形目种类占绝对优势。分类阶元包涵指数分析结果显示,东山湾及其邻近海域鱼类种类组成中,其目、科、属所分别拥有的(科、属、种)、(属、种)和(种)的平均数目分别为(3.80、5.40、7.60)、(1.42、2.00)和(1.41),均低于东海陆架区、大亚湾、东沙群岛,说明东山湾海域的鱼类多样性比其余海域高,种类组成较为分散。使用PRIMER 5.2软件计算的平均分类差异指数△+和分类差异变异指数∧+分别为65.8和129.5,其中△+均高于其余3个海域,说明东山湾海域鱼类的亲缘关系比其余3个海域要远,而且分布不均匀。相对重要性指数分析结果显示,当采用IRI>1 000标准定义优势种时,秋季的优势种有3种,冬季只有1种,春季有2种,夏季最多有4种,说明不同季节的优势鱼种存在较大变化,主要鱼种季节更替明显。本研究在种以上的分类阶元分析了东山湾及其周边海域的鱼类组成及其分布特点,为东山湾鱼类资源的可持续开发、利用和保护提供了重要的参考依据。     

南沙群岛渚碧礁鱼类分类多样性研究

根据1999-2018年南沙群岛渚碧礁礁栖鱼类流刺网和手钓调查资料,分析了渚碧礁礁栖鱼类物种组成及分类多样性,计算了其平均分类差异指数(Δ^+)及分类差异变异指数(Λ^+)。结果显示,渚碧礁礁区共记录礁栖鱼类11目43科93属152种,其中鲈形目鱼类占绝对优势(76%);渚碧礁鱼类的Δ^+为58.75,Λ^+为102.60。与国内外其他生态系统鱼类群落组成的对比发现,渚碧礁鱼类的Δ^+高于赵述岛、米尔恩湾和圣何塞岛,低于东海陆架、南沙群岛西南陆架、北部湾和大亚湾,而Λ^+则均低于其他群岛。研究表明渚碧礁鱼类群落物种间的亲缘关系比东海陆架、南沙群岛西南陆架、北部湾和大亚湾更为接近,但比赵述岛、米尔恩湾和圣何塞岛远。物种多样性较高而分类多样性较低是渚碧礁礁栖鱼类多样性分布格局的主要特征。但该礁易受到人类活动的干扰,应及时给予保护。     

西沙群岛七连屿礁栖鱼类物种和分类多样性

为探讨以西沙群岛七连屿（16°55''N~17°00''N,112°12''E~112°21''E）为代表的典型小尺度范围内珊瑚礁生态系统的物种组成及分类多样性,本文以20世纪70年代、2018—2019年南海七连屿鱼类调查资料为基础,总结七连屿礁栖鱼类物种组成,并利用分类学多样性指数和（科级）多样性测度指数对七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类物种组成及分类多样性进行研究。结果显示,七连屿海域礁栖鱼类隶属于8目33科70属175种,其中鲈形目（Perciformes）鱼类占绝对优势,占比81%;平均分类差异指数（Δ⁺）约为54.19,分类差异变异指数（低于东海陆架、大亚湾和渚碧礁;其G-指数）平均值为3.09,标准化的F-指数、指数综合来看,七连屿礁栖性鱼类物种多样性较高,且其科、属的分布在历史上较为合理,但2018—2019年科属多样性显著降低,建议对其及时予以保护。     

大亚湾海域鱼类分类多样性研究

根据20世纪80年代起大亚湾海域鱼类调查研究的历史资料,采用Nelson分类系统对鱼类物种组成进行了系统整理,从不同分类阶元分析了大亚湾海域鱼类的多样性。分类阶元包含指数(TINCL_i),分类多样性指数(Δ⁺和∧⁺),目级和科级水平丰富度(R)以及目级和科级水平相似性系数(C)为本研究的主要研究指数,其中分类阶元包含指数TINCL_i为本文首次提出。结果显示,大亚湾海域共记录鱼类22目94科206属,以鲈形目种类居绝对优势。采用分类阶元包含指数分析,大亚湾海域鱼类组成目、科、属所分别拥有的(科、属、种),(属、种)和(种)的平均数目分别为(4.27、9.36、14.55),(2.19、3.40)和(1.55),高于东海陆架,而低于东沙群岛海域,并且与纬度梯度成反比,证明低纬度海域的鱼类分类多样性低,种类组成主要集中分布于较少数的分类类群。使用PRIMER 5.2软件计算了平均分类差异指数Δ⁺和分类差异变异指数∧⁺,数值分别为62.2和110.0,其中Δ⁺低于东海陆架区(65.7),高于东沙群岛海域(55.2),说明大亚湾海域鱼类的亲缘关系比东海陆架区海域鱼类近,比东沙群岛海域鱼类的远,并且分布较不均匀。3个海区的相似性系数比较结果显示,在目级水平上,大亚湾海域鱼类组成同东沙群岛接近,而科级水平上同东海陆架区更为接近。本研究在种以上的分类阶元审视大亚湾海域鱼类组成,以期增加对大亚湾鱼类多样性的认识,为该区域鱼类资源的开发、利用和保护提供参考依据。     

西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类分类学多样性

为评价南中国海西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类分类学多样性和更好地保护其鱼类,根据西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类物种组成的历史资料对西沙群岛及其16座岛礁的珊瑚礁水域鱼类物种数目、平均分类差异指数和16座岛礁的G-F多样性指数作了分析。结果显示,西沙共记录鱼类661种,隶属于25目、93科、305属。其中,永兴岛(351种),华光礁(173种),东岛(160种)记录鱼类物种数目较多。西沙鱼类平均分类差异指数(Δ⁺)约为60.2,各岛礁的Δ⁺与物种数目无关。中建岛、晋卿岛、玉琢礁等岛礁鱼类平均Δ⁺显著低于西沙鱼类Δ⁺。西沙鱼类Δ⁺小于陆架和河口区鱼类Δ⁺,说明珊瑚礁海域鱼类亲缘关系比陆架和河口区域的都要接近,此外大尺度上,一般纬度越低,中国海洋鱼类Δ⁺越小。但G-F多样性测度各指数由物种数目的大小决定,一般物种数目较大的岛礁G-F多样性各指数也相对较高,而R_G-F指数更适合该海域鱼类多样性的测度。以石岛为例初步探讨了G-F指数为负的原因,一是物种数目较少,二是多样性测度的关键函数Y=-XLnX并不是单调函数所致;物种数目较大的岛礁如永兴岛、华光礁、东岛等应该成为西沙珊瑚礁海域鱼类保护的重点区域。     

长江口鱼类群落分类学多样性变动的分析

为研究长江口鱼类群落分类学多样性值（平均分类差异指数△+与分类变异差异指数∧+）的长期变动,根据1985~1986年、2004年及2010~2011年3个时期共12个航次长江口鱼类调查资料,分别计算了反映鱼类群落不同物种亲缘关系△+和亲缘关系均匀性∧+值。结果显示,2004年4个航次及2010~2011年3个航次鱼类△+均位于长江口鱼类群落总名录△+95%置信区间以下,与1985~1986年相比,2004年及2010~2011年各航次平均△+均较低;∧+的分布格局则与△+有所不同,主要表现为12个航次的∧+均在95%置信区间内。长江口鱼类群落△+的降低跟过度捕捞、环境污染、生境破坏等有关,其下降也反映出群落种类组成在形态亲缘关系上更加接近。     

福建台山列岛周边海域鱼类群落分类多样性研究

根据2012年~2013年在台山列岛周边海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查资料,并结合该海域的历史资料系统整理了台山列岛周边海域鱼类总名录,使用PRIMER 5.0软件计算了该海域鱼类的分类多样性指数,研究了分类多样性指数的季节变化。结果显示,台山列岛周边海域共记录鱼类2纲20目81科150属208种,以鲈形目种类占绝对优势;2012年~2013年调查记录到鱼类2纲11目40科63属77种。台山列岛周边海域鱼类的平均分类差异指数(△~+)和分类差异变异指数(∧~+)的理论平均值分别为63.14和378.4。鱼类分类多样性指数(△)秋季最高,春、夏季次之,冬季最低;鱼类分类差异指数(△~*)秋季最高,春季次之,夏、冬季较低。研究结果表明,春季鱼类种类数最多,夏、秋季次之,冬季最少,水温和饵料决定了研究海域鱼类种类组成。     

海南岛近岸海域鱼类物种组成和多样性的季节变动

根据2006年～2007年间在海南岛近岸海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查资料,分析了该海域鱼类物种组成和生物多样性特征。发现该海域鱼类种类较为丰富,调查共采集到鱼类292种,隶属于21目100科172属;其中暖水性种类数占83.32%,暖温性种类数占16.78%;与中国黄渤海共有种76种,与东海共有种220种,与南海大陆架、大陆坡和南海诸岛海域共有种分别为279种、42种和51种。鱼类优势种[相对重要性指数（IRI）〉500]依次为发光鲷（Acropoma japonicum）、斑鳍天竺鱼（Apogonichthys carinatus）、黄斑鲾（Leiognathus bindus）、皮氏叫姑鱼（Johnius belengeri）、大头白姑鱼（Argyrosomus macrocephalus）、（Therapon theraps）、棕斑腹刺鲀（Gas-trophysus spadiceus）和麦氏犀鳕（Bregmaceros macclellandi）。以生物量为基础采用5个指数研究了该海域鱼类多样性现状,并采用季节更替指数（AI）和迁移指数（MI）对各季节鱼类群落的稳定性进行了分析。结果显示,该海域鱼类多样性水平较高,相邻季节的鱼类物种相似性也较高,随着鱼类的洄游,群落的稳定性出现较大波动。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).