攀枝花苏铁种群主要功能性状对土壤有效养分的响应研究

为了解攀枝花苏铁种群主要功能性状分布特征及其对土壤有效养分的响应规律，在四川攀枝花苏铁国家级自然保护区干热河谷次生稀树灌木林内设立15个固定取样地(10 m×10 m)，采集样地内攀枝花苏铁主要功能性状(PHMAX（种群最大植株高度）、LA（小叶的叶面积）、SLA（比叶面积）、LDMC（叶片干物质含量）、土壤有效养分(AN、AP、AK)等数据，并运用Kruskal-Wallis test及多元统计分析各样地间攀枝花苏铁种群主要功能性状、土壤有效养分的分布特征及二者间关系。结果表明：攀枝花苏铁种群之间LA、LDMC、SLA以及土壤Al、AK、pH等均存在显著差异，但PHMAX、AN及AP并无显著差异。土壤有效钾AK和pH对攀枝花苏铁种群分布影响最大，攀枝花苏铁种群各主要功能性状间和各土壤有效养分间均呈现显著关联，且LA、SLA及LDMC等功能性状与AN、AP、AK均呈较微弱的正相关。攀枝花苏铁种群主要功能性状的分异主要源于土壤有效养分的异质性分布，AN、AP及AK的共同限制机制是该演替阶段森林群落内局域小尺度下攀枝花苏铁种群的主要生存压力，但随着森林进展演替的进行，相较AK而言，AN和A...     

云南普渡河攀枝花苏铁群落特征

实地调查云南省轿子山国家级自然保护区普渡河片区的攀枝花苏铁群落的物种组成,分析其种群结构及特征。结果表明,攀枝花苏铁群落生境脆弱,自然更新缓慢,群落受人为干扰强烈,藉此提出保护建议。     

攀枝花苏铁类群的种子植物区系地理研究

苏铁是一类起源古老而孑遗的裸子植物,攀枝花苏铁国家级自然保护区内所保护的攀枝花苏铁Cycas pan-zhihuaensis,是迄今为止世界上发现的纬度最高,面积最大,数量最多的野生苏铁种群。攀枝花苏铁群落共有物种82科253属318种;珍稀濒危植物除攀枝花苏铁外,还有云南梧桐Firmiana major、栌菊木Nouelia insignis和龙棕Trachycarpus nana。区系组成以热带性质为主,尤以泛热带为多。单种科、单种属和寡种属占绝对优势,表现出区系明显的古老性和残遗性现象。干热河谷区系特征明显,金沙江干热河谷特有种和标志种占到总种数的近1/3。一些残遗种或其后裔的起源和发生背景与古地中海有密切关系。结合当地的丰富的苏铁类植物和种子蕨化石植物群的发现,可以初步推断攀枝花苏铁群落是这些古生代类型的延续,其植物区系起源古老。该地区应是中国植物区系的分化中心,也很可能就是世界苏铁植物重要的起源与发展中心。     

世界上纬度最北的苏铁群

四川省攀枝花市巴关河岸的马鞍山上有一片古老珍贵的苏铁林.一秣株棕榈状、呈环形纹路的木本植物道劲挺拔;一片片雁翎似的羽状复叶,迎风轻摇.透过山间轻纱似的晨雾远远望去,俨如云端降下的只只孔雀. 苏铁俗名铁树,是一种四季常绿的多年生植物.攀枝花苏铁生长在古老的康滇古陆中段.这里自古生代时期从地中海隆起     

矿山迹地人工种植攀枝花苏铁试验简报

本文报道了在矿山迹地进行植被恢复特别是进行攀枝花苏铁恢复的技术操作.在矿山迹地进行大坑客土大苗造林,林草地表覆盖抗旱,优先恢复植被,再逐年恢复攀枝花苏铁,是矿山迹地攀枝花苏铁人工群落恢复的可行办法.     

困境中的攀枝花苏铁

攀枝花苏铁是苏铁类分布最北缘的物种,分布在四川省南部与云南北部金沙江及其支流的干旱河谷稀树灌丛石灰岩山区。上世纪70年代,人们在四川渡口（今攀枝花市）市郊,金沙江河谷海拔1100～2100米的石灰岩山坡上,发现了大片天然苏铁林,后被统一命名为攀枝花苏铁。     

神奇的攀枝花苏铁

在四川省攀枝花市市郊的苏铁山上，有大面积野生的攀枝花苏铁铁树群落，她就是神奇的攀枝花苏铁。     

楚雄州野生苏铁植物资源现状及保护

经研究判定,楚雄州分布有4种野生苏铁:攀枝花苏铁、篦齿苏铁、单羽苏铁、元江苏铁.其分布范围为金沙江流域及支流河谷、礼社江流域及支流河谷.说明了保护管理的现状,分析了存在的问题,提出了保护建议.     

“巴蜀之宝”攀枝花苏铁

正5月中旬到攀枝花市采访,市林业局孙局长建议笔者有时间去看看苏铁,说攀枝花苏铁与自贡恐龙、平武大熊猫并列为"巴蜀之宝"。笔者对于苏铁并不是太陌生。它作为一种优美的观赏树种,普遍栽培于中国大江南北,家居绿植和庭院绿化不乏苏铁身影。如果说其新奇之处,在于它开花比较难见,被称为"铁树开花"。攀枝花苏铁有什么玄妙之处,能够与熊猫、恐龙齐名呢?到达攀枝花苏铁国家级自然     

海南苏铁野生种群分布特点及种群动态研究

为摸清掌握海南苏铁(Cycas hainanensis C.J.Chen)植物资源在海南的分布规律及种群发展动态,通过56个实测点与62个样方对海南岛野生海南苏铁开展全面调查,对该省天然海南苏铁的自然种群地理分布、种群特征和种群分布格局及影响种群环境因子开展研究。结果表明:1)海南苏铁主要分布在五指山市、保亭县和琼中县等中南部山区市县和昌江县的东南部山区;2)集中分布于400～800m的中低海拔半阳坡、半阴坡和40%～60%中等偏高郁闭度的热带雨林中,地势平坦,常生于林下或林缘灌丛中及沟谷旁;3)海南苏铁种群内幼树、中树居多,但大树少,幼苗最少,更新力不强,种群结构表现为稳定型;4)静态生命表结果显示,种群死亡率整体上表现出随着龄级的增加而递增的趋势,存活曲线整体上看接近于Deevey-Ⅰ型;5)种群分布有向均匀分布转变的趋势。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。