The killing fields: Science and politics at Berkeley, California, USA

Over the past several decades, a group of scholars at the Berkeley campus of the University of California have frequently challenged many of the dominant themes of contemporary agricultural research. In their work, they have organized curricula questioning the assumptions of conventional agriculture and its sciences while encouraging the development of alternative agricultural practices based on principles of ecology. Their collective critique has stimulated an intellectual climate calling forth a scrutiny of the university's role in the production of knowledge and the social consequences of its works. The result of this intellectual project has been a group that has also largely challenged the dominant themes of the modern university. In place of a setting where ideas are a passive currency, the modern university is a place where knowledge and power are manifest in a dialectic that is revealed not simply by the production of knowledge, but its destruction as well. It is in this context that the recent history of a group of scholars at the University of California provides a striking testimony concerning the disturbing character of science in the modern university. The ecological and social dimensions of “killing fields” that captures the contemporary hazards of food and fiber production in California is also reflected in the gradual demise of a group of researchers at Berkeley who have endeavored to provide an alternative vision of agriculture.     

The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge

We have used 19.9 million papers over 5 decades and 2.1 million patents to demonstrate that teams increasingly dominate solo authors in the production of knowledge. Research is increasingly done in teams across nearly all fields. Teams typically produce more frequently cited research than individuals do, and this advantage has been increasing over time. Teams now also produce the exceptionally high-impact research, even where that distinction was once the domain of solo authors. These results are detailed for sciences and engineering, social sciences, arts and humanities, and patents, suggesting that the process of knowledge creation has fundamentally changed.     

The Two Cultures of Science： Implications for University-Industry Relationships in the U.S. Agriculture Biotechnology

Partnerships between U.S. universities and industries have existed for several decades and in recent years have become generally more varied, wider in scope, more aggressive and experimental and higher in public visibility. In addition, in the last few decades, public and private interests have advocated for government policies and laws to globally promote the commercialization of university science. This paper examines the persistence or convergence of the two cultures of science and the implications of this commercialization for university-industry relationships in agriculture biotechnology. The perceptions and values of over 200 U.S. university and industry scientists, managers and administrators who participate in or oversee research collaborations in agricultural biotechnology were analyzed. The findings revealed that the participants in these research relationships continue to perceive very distinct cultures of science and identify a wide range of concerns and disadvantages of these partnerships. Several actions were discussed to ensure that the two cultures serve complementary roles and that they maximize the public benefits from these increasing collaborations.     

Can crop science really help us to produce more better-quality food while reducing the world-wide environmental footprint of agriculture?

This paper reviews recent developments in crop science that can be the basis of a revolution in the global food system but it is also emphasized that such a revolution requires more than changes in food production and supply. We must more effectively feed a growing global population with a healthy diet while also defining and delivering the kinds of sustainable food systems that will minimise damage to our planet. There are exciting new developments in crop production biology but much existing crop science can be exploited to increase yields with the aid of a knowledge exchange (KE) framework requiring the use of new technology now available to most people across the globe. We discuss novel approaches at both the plant and the crop level that will enhance nutrient and water productivity and we also outline ways in which energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced and labor shortages combatted. Exploitation of new biology and new engineering opportunities will require development of public-private partnerships and collaborations across the disciplines to allow us to move effectively from discovery science to practical application. It is also important that consumers contribute to the debate over proposed changes to food and farming and so effective KE mechanisms are required between all relevant communities.     

高校图书馆为科技型中小企业发展服务的探讨与实践——以天津外国语大学图书馆提供信息援助服务为例

以高校图书馆提高为社会服务能力为出发,以学科馆员专业水平为基础,为科技型中小企业的创新发展提供服务,从而满足它们对专业知识的诉求,提高高校图书馆信息资源的社会利用率。创造有益和谐发展的社会效益,促进社会信息服务均等化。     

关于农业院校开设农业技术法学课程的思考

农业技术法学是研究农业技术研究、推广和应用活动所涉及的法律问题的学科,属于法学和农业技术的交叉学科。在农业院校开设该课程,对培养既有专业知识和技能,又有相关法律知识的复合型人才,以及充分发挥农业院校社会服务功能和强化农业院校学校及其法学学科特色具有积极意义。农业院校可采取讲座、选修课等形式开设该门课程,对学生进行多种形式的农业技术法学教育。     

Alternative modes of governance: organic as civic engagement

A major strategy in the creation of sustainable economies is the establishment of alternative market institutions, such as fair trade and local market systems. However, the dynamics of these alternative markets are poorly understood. What are the rules of behavior by which these markets function? How do these markets maintain their separate identity as “alternative”: apart from the conventional (“free”) market system? Building on Lyson’s notion of civic agriculture, we argue that alternative markets maintain themselves through civic engagement. However, we argue that the civically-engaged practices of alternative markets are poorly understood. We seek, therefore, to begin a conversation about the everyday forms of civic engagement in alternative practice and to do this we introduce a few useful conceptual tools. Building upon ideas in science studies about the collaboration of scientists (Hess, Alternative pathways in science and industry, 2007) we argue that civic markets have their own “market fields” and “modes of governance” (Bulkeley et al., Environment and Planning A 39:2733–2753, 2007), their own fields of social interaction in which rules of behavior become stabilized and determine how the market works. The creation of a social field also requires the demarcation of boundaries, referred to in the science studies literature as “boundary work” (Gieryn, Cultural boundaries of science: Credibility on the line, 1999). We apply the idea of boundary work to understand how alternative market actors maintain boundaries between alternative and conventional markets. Finally, studies of collaboration in science have often centered on the object created through these interactions, an object that is partially material and partially a product of knowledge, what (Rheinberger, Toward a history of epistemic things: Synthesizing proteins in the test tube, 1997) calls an “epistemic object.” We use this idea to understand that the creation of alternative objects of exchange, such as organic food, are epistemic objects in that they combine both particular materialities and particular ways of knowing. Using these concepts, we will carry out a close analysis of the mode of governance in the national organic market, looking specifically a recent governance crisis in organic agriculture known as the Harvey lawsuit.     

基于CNKI的湖南中医药大学已发表医药卫生科技类期刊论文统计分析与评价

以湖南中医药大学发表的期刊论文为研究对象,利用情报学、文献计量学的统计方法及CNKI平台的比较分析功能,评价该校医药卫生科技类的发文数量、基金资助、学科分布、论文作者、合作情况以及被引频次等科研成果。结果显示：发文数量总体呈上升趋势;基金论文获资助渠道较多,但国际型基金较少;高被引频次的论文主要为针灸推拿、中药药理,中药化学、微生物学研究等。建议继续加强中医药学科的研究,加强科研团队建设,增强国际科研合作,提高论文质量等。     

高校食品专业大学生撰写文献综述探讨

撰写文献综述是高校食品专业大学生完成理论课程论文和进行科研实验的重要组成部分。从文献搜集、文献阅读、撰写文献综述3大方面有针对性地进行分析,探讨了食品专业大学生撰写文献综述过程中存在的错误,提出文献综述中概括归纳的方法,为提高食品专业大学生文献综述能力提供参考。     

国内期刊引证分析图书情报学论文的引文分布研究

以CSSCI收录的图书情报学相关期刊为研究数据来源,从国内期刊引证的角度,采用了引文分析法和社会网络分析法,统计分析了当前国内期刊引用和被引用的情况,以此分析图书情报学论文分布及知识交流情况。     

中国农艺科技论文流向国外SCI期刊的情况及对期刊发展的警示

针对中国优秀科技论文外流,中国科技期刊质量未能全面反映出中国科技发展真实水平的情况,以SCI收录的国外农艺类期刊以及国内农艺类核心期刊发表的科技论文为研究对象,通过数据库检索定量分析中国优秀科技论文外流的程度及产生的原因。结果表明:中国优秀农艺类期刊论文外流篇数和比例呈逐年上升的趋势,截至2012年外流篇数和比例分别达到930和17.54%,是2003年的5倍和3.2倍,且大多流向同领域的优秀国际期刊。进一步分析论文外流的原因及对其产生的不良影响提出警示,以期对国内期刊的发展提供参考。     

开展创业教育提高农林院校人才培养质量——以动物科学专业为例

农林院校学生普遍具有创业意愿,但创业知识、创业能力、创业意识和创业心理品质培养普遍缺乏。开展创业教育符合时代要求,不仅有助于以创业带动就业,对调整经济结构以促发展亦有重要的累积效应。本文以其代表性专业之一的动物科学专业为例,着力阐释开展创业教育对于提高农林院校人才培养质量的重要作用和意义。     

论高校社科学报编辑的综合素质

我们面临的时代,是知识经济时代.在这个时代,社会经济日益信息化、知识化、高科技产业化,因而,对出版事业的发展提出了新的要求.据此对高校社科学报编辑的素质问题进行了初步探讨。     

Gender,ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya

Sustainable development and biodiversity initiatives increasingly include ethnoscience, yet the gendered nature of rural people's knowledge goes largely unrecognized. The paper notes the current resurgence of ethnoscience research and states the case for including gendered knowledge and skills, supported by a brief review of relevant cultural ecology and ecofeminist field studies. The author argues the case from the point of view of better, more complete science as well as from the ethical imperative to serve women's interests as the “daily managers of the living environment”. In the interests of both objectives the paper advocates an ethnoscience research approach based on empowerment of rural people, rather than simple extraction of their knowledge. The Kenyan case study of women's agroforestry work follows their response to the drought and famine of 1985 and chronicles the unfolding discovery of women's ecological, political, and social science as gendered survival skills. The case is re-counted as a story, in keeping with an explicit choice to learn through participation and to report through storytelling. The experience of rural women and researchers during the drought provides several lessons for both groups about their respective knowledge systems, their agroforestry work, and the relationship of both to local and national political economy.     

利用先进知识服务工具助推图书馆服务转型研究

2016年—2010年是高校图书馆发展面临的重要转型期,面临环境变化和角色转变,高校图书馆的用户培训工作有了新的使命和要求。从先进知识服务工具培训的角度入手,对C9高校图书馆的培训工作进行了网络调研,通过分析得出结论：先进知识服务工具培训立足科研范式变革的新内涵,变革传统的内容和形式,适应知识生产模式转型的新趋势,围绕科研范式转变和用户信息行为变化两个维度,对图书馆服务转型有起重要的需求引领和创新驱动作用。     

大学农业科技推广模式的探索和实践

积极探索以大学为依托的农业科技推广模式是充分发挥大学科技资源,促进大学科技成果进村入户,推进大学融入社会经济发展,引领社会主义新农村建设的战略选择。西北农林科技大学积极探索大学科技成果进村入户的新机制,构建了以农业试验示范站为基础,以农业科技示范基地为核心,以信息咨询服务网络和农业科技培训体系为支撑,以农民科技示范户为切入点,以农村经济合作组织为结合点,联合地方农业科技推广部门,开展农业新技术推广的以大学为依托的现代农业科技推广新模式,创建了大学科技成果进村入户的绿色通道。     

《四川农业大学学报》2003～2007年载文学术质量分析

应用文献计量学的方法,按照期刊评价体系中的学术水平指标对2003~2007年5年间《四川农业大学学报》载文的地区分布、学科分布、合著情况、论文基金资助情况、出版时滞、影响因子、立即指数、引文情况等进行统计分析,结果表明:四川农业大学学报的出版时滞大大降低,公共基础学科研究增长快速,基金论文的比例逐年增高,论文地区越来越广,合著率呈上升趋势。在此基础上,进一步提出提高《四川农业大学学报》学术质量的一些建议,以推动本刊的不断发展。     

利用生物文献知识源促进大学生全面发展

生物科学知识蕴含着丰富的人文教育内容.论述了高校图书馆结合大学生的学习生活,充分挖掘生物文献中生物科学知识蕴舍的丰富的人文教育内容,利用生物文献知识源并巧妙地通过生物文献的阅读启迪大学生成长,促进大学生发展的实践.     

学校图书馆工作初探

在现代社会中,科技成为一国经济发展与国际竞争力的重要基础,而科技的发展又在于教育,学校图书馆在教育中的地位与作用越来越受到人们的高度关注。就学校图书馆的性质、任务、馆舍建设、藏书建设与管理、读者服务工作等方面作了较为系统的讨论。     

高校思想政治课教学中完善社会主义核心价值体系教育研究

社会主义核心价值体系教育是高校思想政治教育的重要任务。在社会转型时期,高校思想政治课教学中的社会主义核心价值体系教育存在很多亟待解决的问题。要把握社会主义核心价值体系教育应遵循的原则：坚持自由性与引导性有机结合、主导性与多样性的有机结合。应采取措施完善社会主义核心价值体系教育：实现教学理念和方式的转化———从＂知识教学...