西藏地区马铃薯综合利用前景及发展对策

马铃薯是西藏人民颇为喜爱的作物之一。通过介绍马铃薯的营养价值、药用价值及其综合利用前景等方面,以期为改善西藏地区马铃薯生产加工现状,开发有效利用途径,增加西藏经济效益和农牧民收入作出科学指导,并提出发展对策。     

马铃薯杂种后代无性系性状的评价

西藏马铃薯种质资源丰富,但主栽品种较少,专用品种匮乏。利用西藏当地马铃薯品种做亲本配置组合,进行马铃薯杂种后代无性系性状评价,为选育适合西藏当地生态环境的马铃薯专用品种提供参考。被测无性系17个,以当地品种‘艾玛土豆’和油炸品种‘大西洋’为对照,进行植株性状、产量性状、品质性状及炸条级别的评价。试验结果表明,‘XZ07-1’产量与商品薯重均达最高,适合鲜薯食用;‘XZ25-1’淀粉含量最高18.59%,薯肉为白色,适合淀粉加工;‘XZ14-1’产量与商品薯率高,还原糖含量低于对照‘大西洋’,炸条级别为1级,适合油炸或全粉加工。另有9个无性系部分性状表现较好,可进一步评价,并对其优良特性在育种中加以利用。因此,利用西藏当地马铃薯品种资源可选育适合西藏当地生态环境的马铃薯专用新品种。     

西藏脱毒马铃薯原原种的生产技术探讨

<正>马铃薯作为四大粮食作物之一,长期以来,在西藏海拔1000～4500m的范围内都有种植,种植面积为2000～3000hm2,单产一般在1000～1500kg,该作物产量高而稳定。西藏具有适宜马铃薯生产的自然条件,发展脱毒马铃薯生产,对改进人们的食物组成,提高人们的生活水平有着重要意义。     

日喀则市马铃薯新品种引种比较试验

针对西藏马铃薯品种单一、退化严重的现状,以‘艾玛土豆’为对照,在西藏日喀则市对引进的13个马铃薯新品种(系)以及1份日喀则市农业科学研究所自主选育的品系进行品种比较试验。结果表明,各品种性状表现丰富,‘200905’、‘中薯18号’较当地对照增产明显,薯块经济性状较优,适宜在日喀则市推广种植,彩色马铃薯‘D613’产量高于‘黑美人’和‘黑金刚’。     

日喀则地区马铃薯生产现状及发展对策

日喀则地区为西藏马铃薯主产区,发展马铃薯产业具有资源、品质、品牌及出口优势,但存在品种单一,种薯体系不完善,加工能力弱,种植规模小,配套技术落后等问题。提出了加快育种步伐实现品种多元化,完善脱毒种薯推广体系,营造品牌优势,实行标准化规模化种植,重视马铃薯配套技术研究等发展措施,为发展日喀则地区马铃薯产业,促进农村经济发展提供理论参考。     

西藏高产优质马铃薯新品种筛选及稳产性研究

西藏马铃薯存在种性退化、品种单一等问题。为筛选出适合拉萨栽培的高产优质马铃薯新品种,开展了马铃薯新品种引进与筛选试验。试验以高产优质品种‘青薯9号’为对照,与引进的10个马铃薯新品种在拉萨市进行了一点两年品种比较试验。结果表明,‘青薯168’平均产量3 360 kg/667m~2,变异度9.317 8,商品薯率60%,属于高产稳产品种;‘丽薯10号’淀粉含量20.31 g/100g,还原糖含量仅0.22 g/100g,属于加工型品种;‘中薯19号’和‘陇薯10号’平均产量分别达3 703和3 287 kg/667m~2,变异度为4.664 5和5.140 3,且品质表现较好,属于高产稳产优质马铃薯品种,适宜在拉萨市推广种植。     

拉萨市引进马铃薯品种(系)对病害抗性的筛选

马铃薯在西藏的种植面积越来越大,但其产量和品质受病害影响严重。为了在拉萨市生产上推广抗性好的品种,对引进的7个马铃薯品种(系)(‘鄂薯3号’、‘鄂薯4号’、‘鄂薯5号’、‘鄂薯7号’、‘鄂薯8号’、‘HB0389-18’、‘米拉’)进行病害抗性和块茎产量评价。试验结果表明:‘米拉’和‘鄂薯7号’的植株生长旺盛、病害发生少、产量高,适合在拉萨市推广种植。     

大理州马铃薯四季种植情况

凭借大理州地形地貌及气候类型的多样性,依靠马铃薯顽强的生命力及广泛的适应性,大理州各个县市一年四季都有马铃薯种植。根据生长季节的不同,大理州马铃薯可细分为五个种植类型：大春马铃薯、小春马铃薯、秋马铃薯、冬马铃薯和早春马铃薯。从种植情况、优势及不足方面详细介绍了大理州不同季节的马铃薯生产情况,并提出了相关建议,旨在为助推大理州马铃薯产业发展建言献策。     

马铃薯薯片制品的种类及加工工艺简介

以鲜马铃薯为原料加工成的薯片制品有 :马铃薯虾片、烤马铃薯片、脱水马铃薯片、油炸马铃薯片、速冻薯片、真空油炸马铃薯脆片、低脂油炸薯片、马铃薯酥糖片、风味马铃薯脯 ;以马铃薯粉等为配料加工成的薯片制品有 :油炸成型马铃薯片、烘烤成型马铃薯片、酥香马铃薯片、风味马铃薯膨化薯片、中空薯片。这些薯片制品不但加工工艺简单 ,设备投资少 ,技术容易掌握 ,而且市场潜力巨大 ,非常适合中小型食品加工企业生产。本文介绍了14种马铃薯薯片制品及其加工工艺要点。     

美国马铃薯产业发展现状与启示

美国的马铃薯产业是在世界马铃薯产业中产业链最长、产值效益最好的区域农业之一。通过系统梳理美国30年来马铃薯产业发展的基本数据,全面介绍了美国马铃薯产业规模变化趋势、季节分布和区域分布、单产、单价及单位面积产值变化趋势,以及美国马铃薯品种布局情况。此外,还介绍了美国商品马铃薯销售情况,并对销售季节分布进行了归纳分析。最后,介绍了美国马铃薯种薯生产和销售情况。建议中国马铃薯产业需要在发展有中国特色的马铃薯加工业、推进马铃薯产业布局、加快中国马铃薯种薯标准化建设和加大马铃薯科技创新四个方面着手,保证中国马铃薯产业健康稳定发展。     

吉林省玉米秸秆资源化利用的问题与对策研究

从玉米秸秆资源总量、分布情况以及秸秆利用情况3个方面分析吉林省玉米秸秆资源的基本情况。当前吉林省在玉米秸秆利用方面存在综合利用附加值低、产业化程度不高、秸秆收集贮运体系尚未建立、农户处理秸秆成本过高及秸秆资源化利用利益机制不完善、长效机制有待健全等问题。针对吉林省玉米秸秆资源化利用中存在的问题,提出多元利用秸秆资源、推进秸秆还田、发展秸秆养畜等建议。     

新型农业经营主体玉米生产效率差异分析

新型农业经营主体是现代农业发展的主力军，维护国家粮食安全的重要力量，实施乡村振兴战略的有力保障。新型农业经营主体克服传统种植规模较小的弊端，降低了传统农业经营的风险，保证了农户的核心利益。本文实证研究种植大户与合作社玉米生产效率差异。结果表明，合作社和种植大户由于决策的自主性不同造成了在玉米生产投入产出方面存在着一定差异，合作社在要素投入利用效率方面要高于种植大户。     

恩施山区马铃薯与玉米、蔬菜立体种植模式

为了增加单位面积产值,充分利用有限的耕地,恩施州农户巧妙地将马铃薯与玉米、蔬菜进行立体种植,获得相当可观的经济效益。本研究在充分调查的基础上对这种立体种植模式进行了试验。研究方法为在海拔855m的地方采用双行玉米套种单行马铃薯,在玉米生育期内套种两季四季豆、一季白萝卜;对照为传统双行玉米套种单行马铃薯。试验结果为:立体种植模式马铃薯商品薯667m2产量达615.9kg,玉米产量达614.6kg,四季豆产量达1577.0kg,白萝卜产量达2755.0kg,667m2总产值达4149.4元,净产值达3044.9元,比传统种植模式的净产值增加509.7%。     

辽宁省农业科学院国际合作项目CFC/FIGG/32简介

项目名称：加强高粱与珍珠粟籽粒在家禽饮料业中的应用，以促进亚洲农民生活水平的提高     

稻、鳖共生高效生态种养模式探讨

为提高农田资源利用率、土地产出率和农民收入,继稻田养鱼、稻田养鸭之后,衢州市衢江区又推出稻鳖共生高效生态种养模式。经过两年的试验探索发现,该模式不但稳定发展了粮食生产,又大幅度增加了种粮农民的收入,是一条生态循环农业的新路子。     

Developing an approach to assess farmer perceptions of the value of pasture assessment technologies

Measurement and monitoring of pasture have been identified as foundations for profitable and sustainable grazing systems. The value that farmers place on pasture assessment in feed management is difficult to ascertain and has seen limited research. The objectives of this study were to test a survey to quantify the perceived value of pasture assessment and identify key criteria for design of pasture assessment technologies. An online survey methodology was piloted with 44 New Zealand farmers to assess perceptions of actual and great grazing management outcomes, good and great pasture assessment, and the value associated with moving from good to great pasture assessment. Results highlighted that many farmers perceive a small potential for improvements in their current pasture performance, whereas industry-level studies suggest that this is not the case. We found limitations with farmers linking better pasture management performance with eventual improvements in milk production. There were anomalies with assessing current and potential improved pasture performance through this type of survey methodology, with many farmers claiming very high levels of current performance, and some rating themselves as performing at more than 100% of potential. This research highlights that pasture assessment technology designers need to be aware of the high expectations of farmers regarding performance, for example measurement accuracy and data timeliness. Over, or under, specification of technology for specific tasks, such as daily allocation of pasture at a herd level, may lead to farmer dissatisfaction around costs of technology, return on investment, and if the technology is fit-for-purpose.     

麦苗营养价值研究进展

麦类作物在我国广泛种植,麦苗资源丰富,目前主要以粮食生产为主,其幼苗营养价值和药用保健机理研究不足,麦苗资源利用手段和高效益研发途径缺乏。本研究主要分析和总结了1990-2020年有关麦苗化学营养成分、医药保健功能以及麦苗相关产品等研究进展。结果表明,麦苗含有丰富的蛋白质、叶绿素、维生素、酶类、酚类、矿物质等多种营养成分,能被人体直接吸收且有益人体健康,极具开发价值。麦苗提取物具有调节人体代谢、抗衰老、抗炎症、降血脂血糖、增强免疫力等药用价值。目前关于麦苗的药理作用机制尚不十分明确,相关产品开发利用也缺乏深度和影响力。因此,现阶段需要结合作物学与药理学研究技术手段,进一步探明麦类作物幼苗药用保健机理,加大麦苗的高附加值研发力度和品牌打造。总之,加强我国麦类作物幼苗的创新利用开发能力,不仅能丰富我国绿色营养保健产品,为乡村产业发展提供新的助力与科技支撑,也将有助于农民增收。     

Social Factors Affecting Wetlands Utilization for Agriculture in Nigeria: A case study of sawah rice production

Wetlands have immense poverty-fighting potentials and in Nigeria,more and more people are dependent on wetlands for their livelihoods.To examine the social factors affecting the current status of the wetlands utilization for agriculture in Nigeria,a simple random sampling technique was used to select 200 farmers cultivating wetlands and a structured questionnaire was applied to elicit the information on the social factors.Data collected were described using frequency and percentage and a multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant variables that are determinants of wetland utilization.The results of the analysis showed that significant variables included crop preferences,farming system,culture,taste,land tenure,knowledge of wetland cultivation,perceived suitability,farmers' tribe,location of wetland,and farmers' age.It was concluded with suggestions for the right combination of policies,public awareness,and appropriate farming methods in order to improve wetland utilization in Nigeria.     

Acceptance of diffused light storage technology by potato farmers in the Benguet and Mountain Provinces of the Philippines

Improper seed potato storage was considered to be a major constraint in the Philippine highlands. For this reason a program of introducing diffused light storage technology was launched in early 1978 to resolve the problem. Scattered reports indicated a rapid adoption of the technology by the farmers; however no follow-up had been done to determine the extent of adoption. Hence, a survey was conducted from July to December 1983 to assess the impact of the diffuse light storage (DLS) technology among potato farmers. Of the 1412 farmers interviewed 42% have adopted the DLS technology. Nearly all adopters have simply modified existing structures to permit diffuse light to enter and store tubers in thin layers. Only 1.5% have constructed simple storages. Generally the farmers who accepted the technology are close to the main access road and are the more progressive farmers. Most reported better quality seed and subsequent higher yields as a result of the technology. Conversely, 35% of the respondents, primarily in remote areas, were not even aware of the DLS technology. Another 27% of the respondents planned to accept the technology by improving their traditional storages. To increase the utilization of the technology, more extension effort needs to be put forth demonstrating the benefits of the DLS by improving existing storage structures found in remote areas where potato production is not well developed.     

产粮大省玉米秸秆综合利用的困局与对策研究

农作物秸秆作为"另一半农业",是一种重要的可供开发和综合利用的生物质资源。以吉林省2005~2014年间玉米产量为基础,测算出吉林省玉米秸秆理论资源量和可收集量,对该地区玉米秸秆综合利用途径现状和障碍因素进行简要评价。促使玉米秸秆综合利用得到更好的发展应该重视宣传引导,努力转变农民对秸秆综合利用的认识;加大政府财政支持力度,优化机制;建立秸秆技术研发体系,促进产业发展,以项目带动产业发展规模化;搞好示范推广作用,积极挖掘秸秆文化产业等。