苜蓿原生质体电融合适宜条件的筛选

为改良培育苜蓿(Medicago)新品种,拟建立苜蓿原生质体融合体系.通过电融合方法,使俄罗斯杂花苜蓿(M.varia)原生质体和甘农4号紫花苜蓿(M.sativa‘Gannong No.4’)原生质体进行非对称融合,获得了杂交细胞,研究不同失活处理条件、电场条件、原生质体密度对苜蓿原生质体融合的影响.结果表明:经过紫外灯辐射5min的俄罗斯杂花苜蓿原生质体和6 mmol· L-1 IOA处理的甘农4号紫花苜蓿原生质体,密度调至3×105～5×105个·mL-1,以交流电场强度15～20 V·cm-1、交流频率2000～2500 kHz,直流脉冲场强200～250 V·cm-1、脉冲宽幅40 μs、脉冲个数为3的条件为最适电融合条件,此时一对一有效融合率最高可达13.8％.     

甘肃野生草地早熟禾原生质体分离与培养研究

建立高效的原生质体再生体系是通过原生质体融合技术培育草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)新品种的重要前提。以甘肃陇西野生草地早熟禾(LX)和定西野生草地早熟禾(DX)胚性愈伤组织为材料,探索其原生质体游离和培养条件。结果表明,LX和DX原生质体分离的最佳酶液组合为1.5%纤维素酶R-10+0.5%果胶酶Y-23+1.0%离析酶R-10+0.3%崩溃酶;酶解时间为16 h;LX原生质体最适宜的甘露醇浓度为0.6 mol·L-1,而DX原生质体的最适甘露醇浓度为0.5 mol·L-1。LX原生质体的产量最高可达6.59×106个·g-1,DX可达5.95×106个·g-1。DX原生质体培养的最适密度为3.0×105个·m L-1,最适2,4-D浓度为1.0 mg·L-1,此时,DX原生质体再生细胞的分裂频率可达9.56%,植板率为4.62%。     

糙皮侧耳与酿酒酵母原生质体电融合条件的研究

为构建兼取木质素降解能力强和生长速度快的新型菌株,以糙皮侧耳和酿酒酵母原生质体为亲本,采用双亲灭活标记方法,通过L16(45)正交试验研究交变电压、交变电场频率、脉冲场强、脉冲个数和脉冲间隔对两亲本电融合率的影响,利用拮抗试验和菌丝形态学比较方法对再生菌株进行筛选,RAPD分子标记方法对疑似融合株进行鉴定。结果表明:糙皮侧耳和酿酒酵母原生质体的最佳融合条件为交变电压30 V,交变电场频率1100 k Hz,脉冲场强6 k V/cm,脉冲次数4个,脉冲间隔10μs,融合率达到4.396×10-5。筛选出的3株疑似融合株均为亲本原生质体融合产物。     

不同培养方式和pH对草地早熟禾原生质体分裂和生长的影响

以3个草地早熟禾品种午夜Ⅱ号、新格莱德和橄榄球Ⅱ号继代培养20次的愈伤组织为材料,设置不同的pH水平,通过2种培养方式进行了原生质体培养,观测其原生质体的分裂和生长状况。结果表明:3个草地早熟禾品种原生质体最适宜的培养方式为固液双层培养,固液双层培养中液相pH为5.8(新格莱德pH6.0)时原生质体分裂率达最高值,午夜2号42.8%、新格莱德50.1%和橄榄球2号29.4%。基因型的差异对于原生质体培养成功与否有着密切的关系。     

津奥啉诱导草地早熟禾雄性不育的初步研究

通过津奥啉(SC2053)化学杀雄剂诱导草地早熟禾雄性不育试验的结果表明:供试的3个草地早熟禾品种在生育期幼穗长0.5～1.2cm时分别喷施剂量为5ml/L,6ml/L和7ml/L的SC2053化学杀雄剂,山峰草地早熟禾雄性不育率分别为90%,94%和97%;公园草地早熟禾分别为98%,100%和100%;巴润草地早熟禾分别为95%,98.5%和100%。除在7ml/L的剂量下,巴润草地早熟禾的小穗数与其他处理差异显著外,3个供试品种在不同剂量下穗长与小穗数差异均不显著。     

猪去核无透明带卵母细胞电融合参数的探讨

试验通过采用不同场强、电场时程和脉冲次数对去核的猪体外成熟卵母细胞电融合参数进行比较研究,观察细胞融合情况。结果表明,在电场时程30 μs、1次直流脉冲（DC）的情况下,电场强度0.8 kV/cm 时卵母细胞的融合率为94.7%,显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）;当电场强度为0.8 kV/cm、1次直流脉冲的情况下,电场时程60和90 μs时,卵母细胞融合率为86.5%和83.8%,差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著低于30 μs时的电融合效率（P<0.05）;在电场强度为0.8 kV/cm,电场时程为30 μs的情况下,1次电脉冲激活卵母细胞的融合率（94.7%）和2次电脉冲的融合率（95.6%）无显著差异（P>0.05）,但两者显著高于3次电脉冲的融合率（81.7%）（P<0.05）。通过对各组进行比较,在电场强度为0.8 kV/cm、电场时程为30 μs、1次直流脉冲的电刺激可以对体外成熟的猪卵母细胞取得较好的融合效果。     

不同方法对滩羊卵母细胞孤雌激活及重构胚发育影响的研究

旨在探索宁夏滩羊卵母细胞孤雌激活及胚胎培养条件,并建立转Cherry基因滩羊体细胞重构胚的融合与体外培养体系。试验分析了3种激活方法即电激活、Ionomycin结合6-DMAP与电激活结合6-DMAP对成熟的滩羊卵母细胞激活的影响,以及3种胚胎培养液mSOFaa、M16和KSOM的培养筛选,并优化了滩羊体细胞重构胚的融合与体外培养条件。结果表明:在卵母细胞孤雌激活中,最适电压为1 600V/cm,获得卵裂率和囊胚率分别为58.5%和19.5%;5μmol离子霉素结合2 mmol 6-DMAP能有效地激活成熟的滩羊卵母细胞,卵裂率为81.0%,囊胚率为26.2%;并发现mSOFaa胚胎培养液的卵裂率和囊胚显著优于M16和KSOM培养液;在转基因重构胚融合中发现在电压1 800V/cm、脉冲时间10μs、脉冲次数2次和间隔时间为1s的条件下,卵裂率和囊胚率为40.0%、21.4%。本试验建立的滩羊孤雌激活和转基因重构胚融合与体外培养体系为宁夏滩羊的分子育种奠定了基础。     

"黑土型"退化草地人工植被早熟禾属10种牧草的适应性评价

在青南牧区“黑土型”退化草地上引种10个早熟禾品种,波伐早熟禾、青海扁茎早熟禾、冷地早熟禾、草地早熟禾、高山早熟禾、高寒肯塔基早熟禾和草地早熟禾巴林、康尼、肯塔基、超优异,通过3年的观测,除波伐早熟禾、青海扁茎早熟禾、冷地早熟禾和草地早熟禾4个品种能适应本区高寒气候,越冬率达80%以上,其余6个品种越冬率差,不能适应本区高寒气候。波伐早熟禾、青海扁茎早熟禾、冷地早熟禾、草地早熟禾4个品种第2年开始能完成完整的生殖生长,并在第2、3年产草量最高,第2年达到种子产量高峰。综合评比,波伐早熟禾、冷地早熟禾、草地早熟禾适应性好,产量较高,可作为本区“黑土型”退化草地植被恢复适宜的草种。     

草地早熟禾午夜2号植株再生研究

以草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)品种午夜2号成熟种子为外植体,进行植株再生研究,建立高频再生体系,为草地早熟禾进行原生质体培养和细胞融合奠定基础。结果表明:诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+2,4-D(1mg/L)+6-BA(0.1 mg/L)+3%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂,其诱导率为52.3%;最佳继代培养基为MS+2,4-D(1mg/L)+6-BA(0.3mg/L)+3%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂;最佳分化培养基为MS+NAA(0.5 mg/L)+6-BA(1 mg/L)+3%蔗糖+0.6%琼脂、分化率为57.5%;生根培养基同分化培养基,供体材料经100d的培养后获得再生植株。     

天津滨海区草坪草净光合与蒸腾速率日变化特征

研究晴天条件下4种草坪草在不同供水处理下净光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化特点。结果表明:草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)和日本结缕草(Zoysia japonica)的净光合速率日变化曲线为双峰型,而高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)为3峰型。草地早熟禾、高羊茅、匍匐翦股颖在供水处理间净光合速率差异极显著,而日本结缕草差异不显著;4种草坪草蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为双峰型;草地早熟禾、高羊茅在供水处理间蒸腾速率差异极显著,匍匐翦股颖差异显著,日本结缕草差异不显著;草地早熟禾与高羊茅水分条件宜在(70%~55%)W,日本结缕草和匍匐翦股颖以(55%~40%)W为宜。     

高压脉冲电场对牛乳杀菌效果的研究

以牛乳为试验材料,经场强50-100 kV/cm、脉冲数400-1200的高压脉冲电场进行杀菌处理后用倾注法进行菌落总数测定,发现高压脉冲电场对牛乳有一定的杀菌效果,得出杀菌率与电场条件优化的二次回归方程.分析表明,杀菌率与电场强度和脉冲数正相关,电场强度的通径系数和灵敏度高于脉冲数的通径系数和灵敏度.说明场强与脉冲数是影响杀菌效果的重要因素,场强的影响效果更为明显.     

牛卵母细胞电激活研究

采用高场强单次脉冲（1600V/cm,80μs）及低场强3次脉冲（400V/cm,20μs,每次间隔20min）刺激体外成熟牛卵母细胞（成熟26h）,激活率分别为86.5%（167/193）和92.7%（101/109）,差异不显著（P>0.05）,其中多原核率分别为8.3%（16/193）和59.6%（65/109）,差异极显著（P<0.01）,但发育率差异不显著（20.6％和23.3％）。实验表明,电脉冲能显著提高牛成熟卵母细胞的激活率;多次电激会造成很大比例的多原核,但对卵母细胞的发育影响不大。     

Head-only electrical stunning of poultry using a waterbath: a feasibility study

1. The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of head only waterbath stunning as a means of generating immediate and long lasting unconsciousness while preventing wing flapping and avoiding carcass damage. 2. EEG measurements showed that immersion of the heads of the broilers for one second in a waterbath containing water of conductivity 2 x 5 mS/cm and a 50 Hz electric field of 10 V/cm resulted in immediate unconsciousness, and that increasing the electric field strength extended the duration of unconsciousness. 3. The passage of a 25-30 mA alternating current of frequency 2000 Hz through the broilers' bodies suppressed the wing flapping that followed a stun. 4. When the body current and electric field were applied simultaneously, wing flapping was prevented and EEG signals were suppressed for over 30 seconds indicating that the immediate unconsciousness lasted long enough to facilitate humane slaughter.     

Effects of duration of electric pulse on in vitro development of cloned cat embryos with human artificial chromosome vector

The current applications for cat cloning include production of models for the study of human and animal diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the optimal fusion protocol on in vitro development of transgenic cloned cat embryos by comparing duration of electric pulse. Cat fibroblast cells containing a human artificial chromosome (HAC) vector were used as genetically modified nuclear donor cells. Couplets were fused and activated simultaneously with a single DC pulse of 3.0 kV/cm for either 30 or 60 μs. Low rates of fusion and embryo development to the blastocyst stage were observed in the reconstructed HAC‐transchromosomic embryos, when the duration of fusion was prolonged to 60 μs. In contrast, the prolongation of electric pulse duration improved the embryo development and quality in the reconstructed control embryos without HAC vector. Our results suggested that the optimal parameters of electric pulses for fusion in cat somatic cell nuclear transfer vary among the types used for donor cells.     

Soft tissue sarcoma in dogs: A treatment review and a novel approach using electrochemotherapy in a case series

Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are locally invasive mesenchymal neoplasms. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an antitumour local ablative treatment that uses electric pulses to enhance the intracellular delivery of cytotoxic drugs. The aim of this retrospective study was to review the current treatment for STSs and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ECT with bleomycin in canine STSs. Fifty‐two dogs with 54 STSs were included. Three groups were arranged: (a) ECT alone, (b) intra‐operative ECT and (c) adjuvant ECT. Signalment, tumour size, location, histological grade and margins and ECT parameters were collected. Recurrence rate (RR) and disease‐free interval (DFI) were calculated. Treatment toxicity was assessed using a 6‐point scale. STSs were mostly located on limbs (77.8%). Median tumour size was 4.3 cm (range 0.4‐17.0 cm). Most STSs were grade I (47.7%) and II (50.0%), and histological margins were incomplete in 94.5% of cases. Two complete remissions, one partial remission and one stable disease were recorded in group 1. Group 2 and 3 were similar for tumour location, size and grade, histological margins, treatment toxicity, pulse frequency and voltage. Moreover, RR and DFI were similar between group 2 and 3 (23% and 25%, 81.5 and 243 days, respectively). Local toxicity post ECT was mild (score ≤ 2) in 66.7% of cases. Higher toxicity score was associated with higher pulse voltage (1200 vs 1000 V/cm) (P = 0.0473). ECT coupled with bleomycin resulted safe and efficient in tumour local control and should be considered as an option for treatment of canine STSs.     

Attempt to produce nuclear transferred primordial germ cells using electrofusion in domestic chicken

As a step to develop a somatic nuclear transfer technique for avian species, an attempt to produce somatic nuclear transferred primordial germ cells (PGC) in the domestic chicken was carried out. Primordial germ cells and embryonic blood cells (EBC) were collected from 2‐day‐old embryos and the nuclei were transferred from EBC into PGC by electrofusion. The most efficient pearl chain was developed when a 350‐V/cm AC field was applied for 60 s. Cell fusion between PGC and EBC was most effective when 4‐kV/cm DC pulses, 60 µs pulse width, were applied three times to a cell suspension dispersed in 0.2 or 0.25 mol/L saccharose solution. The present results provide basic information for the production of somatic cell nuclear transferred chickens using PGC as the nuclear recipient.     

电激活参数与渗透压阶段培养法对孤雌胚胎发育能力的影响

试验旨在摸索猪卵母细胞孤雌激活的电场强度和脉冲时间,并探索渗透压阶段培养法对孤雌胚胎后期发育的影响。猪卵母细胞成熟培养42~44 h后,分别在电场强度2.1、2.3、2.5 kV/mm和脉冲时间30、60、90 μs的9组电激活参数下进行孤雌激活试验;卵母细胞在2.1 kV/mm和30 μs的参数下进行孤雌激活后,分别培养于渗透压为271、280、290、302 mOsm的PZM-3中,48 h后移入渗透压280 mOsm的PZM-3中继续培养96 h;孤雌胚胎于电激活后先在含2 mmol/L 6-DMAP的PZM-3中培养4~6 h,然后移入不含6-DMAP的PZM-3中继续培养。试验结果表明,电场强度和脉冲时间两个参数间无显著的交互作用(P>0.05),脉冲时间相同条件下,卵裂率在不同电场强度条件下均无显著差异(P>0.05),2.1和2.5 kV/mm的电场强度条件下,脉冲时间为30 μs时的卵裂率显著高于60和90 μs(P<0.05),而2.3 kV/mm电场强度下3个脉冲时间试验组的卵裂率无显著差异(P>0.05),各试验组的囊胚率无显著差异(P>0.05);孤雌胚胎在渗透压为290~310 mOsm的PZM-3中培养48 h,卵裂率得到显著提高(P<0.05),渗透压对囊胚率无显著影响(P>0.05);6-DMAP对孤雌胚胎卵裂率无显著影响(P>0.05),但可以显著提高囊胚率(P<0.05)。结果提示,猪卵母细胞孤雌激活需要较高的电场强度(2.1~2.3 kV/mm)而脉冲时间不宜过长(30 SymbolmA@s);48 h的高渗培养和6-DMAP的辅助激活有助于孤雌胚胎的后期发育。     

猪源A组轮状病毒Vp4基因工程乳酸菌电转化条件的优化

为了提高pW425et-Vp4基因工程乳酸菌的转化效率,对影响电转化效率的主要因素进行研究,以得到最佳的电转化条件。试验结果表明,猪轮状病毒Vp4基因工程乳酸菌电转化的最佳条件为:当感受态细胞的D_{600 nm}值为0.4时,在MRS培养基中加入1%甘氨酸＋0.3 mol/L蔗糖,电场强度为11 kV/cm,脉冲时间为3.8 ms,电击后细胞复苏3~4 h等条件时,得到较高的转化效率,最高可达3.8×10⁴ CFU/μg DNA。     

电穿孔导入绿色荧光蛋白基因于绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞研究

本文应用质粒pEGFP Cl带有水母绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)基因和新霉素抗性基因 (Neor)两种报告基因转染胎儿成纤维细胞 ,进行转染条件优化。首先 ,通过成活率确定转染脉冲时程和场强 ,发现有三种组合是最适的组合 ,它们分别为 :时程 5ms,场强 1.2 5～ 1.5kV/cm ;时程 15ms时 ,场强 1.0～ 1.2 5kV/cm ;时程 2 5ms时 ,场强 0 .75～ 1.0kV/cm。接着采用场强 1.2 5kV/cm ,时程 15ms ,研究转染的温度、电导介质、细胞状态、DNA用量和细胞密度对转染效率的影响 ,结果表明电导介质为Dhanks,DNA用量为 4 μg/mL ,对数期细胞密度为 1× 10 6～ 1× 10 7个 /mL ,电击前后在 4℃下各静置 10min时 ,能获得最佳转染效率。