卵泡刺激素(FSH)的研究进展

卵泡刺激素(FSH)是一种糖蛋白激素,其主要的生理作用是促进雌性动物子宫内膜生长、排卵、刺激多卵泡发育及刺激雄性动物精子发生。本文综述了近年来在FSH的分子结构、理化性质和作用机理等方面的研究进展及其在超数排卵、卵母细胞体外成熟和治疗人类相关生殖疾病方面的应用前景。     

玉米蛋白粉在水产饲料中应用的研究进展

介绍了玉米蛋白粉的营养价值,综述了在饲料中使用玉米蛋白粉对水产动物生长、原料表观消化率、饲料适口性、饲料氨基酸平衡、鱼体生化指标、肌肉成分以及养殖水环境的影响,初步探讨了改善水产动物对玉米蛋白粉利用率的途径,提出应加强不同水产动物就玉米蛋白粉在体内的代谢、对养殖水环境的影响、对机体抗病免疫力和肌肉风味的影响以及玉米蛋白粉对除鱼粉外的动物蛋白源的替代研究。     

粪肠球菌累积对虾夷扇贝免疫酶活性的影响

定量分析了粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)在虾夷扇贝(Pactinopecten yessoensis)中的累积及其组织分布,以及扇贝血淋巴中2种免疫相关酶的活性变化.采用接触染毒法,将扇贝浸泡于含105个细菌细胞/mL的海水中处理2周,采用平板计数法测定了在不同暴露时间和不同扇贝组织中细菌累积数量的变化,并抽取扇贝血淋巴测定了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性.发现处理第7天时,扇贝中含菌量达到最高,为5.20 lg(CFU/g),第14天时又降低到与第3天相当的水平.而累积速率(RA)在第1天时最高,此后均逐渐降低.结果表明,随着在细菌中暴露时间的延长,扇贝累积的细菌数量增长明显减缓.消化道以及外套膜和鳃中细菌含量最高,比软组织平均值高1个数量级以上;而在血淋巴中含量极低,比软组织平均值低2个数量级以上.血淋巴中SOD和ACP酶活性均有先升高后降低的趋势,第7天时2种酶活性均达到最大.实验期间,扇贝血淋巴中免疫酶活性与体内累积的细菌数量变化趋势一致.血清中的可溶性免疫因子对细菌侵染更敏感,2种酶活性与扇贝组织中累积的细菌数量具有明显相关性,但在血细胞中则不明显,由此推测血清可能是扇贝杀灭和消化入侵细菌的茸要场所.     

Developmental stages of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus Bate, susceptible to baculoviral mid-gut gland necrosis (BMN) virus

Abstract. The stages of kuruma shrimp susceptible to BMNV were determined by water-borne infection at the fertilized egg, nauplius, zoea, mysis, and 2-day (P-2), 4-day (P-4), 6-day (P-6), 8-day (P-8) and 10-day-old (P-10) post-larval stages. Susceptibility to infection tended to decrease with advancing stages of development from zoea to P-10. The stages from zoea to P-4 were very susceptible, with much higher mortality and lower growth rates in virus inoculated animals compared to controls. P-6 shrimp were also highly susceptible with all inoculated animals becoming infected with the virus. However, this group grew only slightly less well than controls and no mortality was observed. P-8 and P-10 post-larvae were refractory to the disease showing no mortality and no loss of growth, even though some were slightly infected with the virus. Fertilized eggs and nauplii did not become infected with the virus using water-borne inoculation.     

Recovery of yellow-pigmented bacteria from dead and moribund fish during outbreaks of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fry syndrome in England

Abstract. During Autumn 1990, the possible presence of microbial pathogens was investigated in two discrete populations of anaemic (rainbow trout fry syndrome; RTFS) rainbow trout fry. Dense pure culture growth of three types of yellow pigmentcd bacteria were recovered from moribund and dead animals on low nutrient media. The cultures were identified as coryneforms. Cytophaga columnaris and Janthinobacterium sp. All taxa induced clinical disease (with similarities to RTFS) in rainbow trout fry.     

Epidemiological Investigation of Brackish Water Culture Systems in West Bengal,India

An epidemiological investigation was done in brackish water culture systems in three coastal districts of West Bengal. A total of 198 farms were randomly surveyed with a structured questionnaire. The data showed that there was a significant difference in outbreak of white spot disease (WSD) (p < 0.01), shell-associated problems (p < 0.01), and gill-associated problems (p < 0.05) among the culture systems. Among all systems, stunted and uneven growth and white fecal disease (only in shrimp monoculture) were the dominant emerging disorders. WSD remained the most prevalent disease. Some farms tested (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) positive for WSD, but the animals were apparently healthy. Chlorination, use of PCR screening, application of immunostimulants, and strict bio-security measures play major roles in containing disease outbreaks.     

Breeding for improved resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus): Quantitative genetic parameters

Bacillary necrosis of Pangasius (BNP), caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, is one of the most devastating diseases in striped catfish farming. To date, quantitative genetic inheritance of BNP resistance is not known in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The main aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for BNP resistance in a breeding population of striped catfish undergoing four generations of selection for high growth. Specifically, the study examined whether BNP resistance is heritable to enable family selection and whether genetic improvement for enhanced BNP resistance may have detrimental effects on growth and survival rate. To test these hypotheses, 720 full‐ and half‐sib families were challenged with E. ictaluri pathogen using injection and cohabitation methods over four years, from 2010 to 2012 and 2015. In total, the data included 398,234 animals in the pedigree, from which 18,849 animals had disease challenge test records and 39,103 siblings had growth performance. Both univariate and bivariate sire–dam linear and threshold mixed models were used to estimate (co)variance components for BNP resistance, survivals and growth traits. The estimates of heritability for the BNP resistance recorded as death or survival were low regardless of models used (0.10–0.16), whereas survival time (days post‐challenge test) showed moderate heritability (0.35). The survival rate during hapa rearing had medium heritability (0.33–0.52). The genetic correlations of BNP resistance with body weight and survival were all positive (0.03–0.53), suggesting that selection of increased BNP resistance may have positive impacts on growth and survival traits, and these traits could be easily improved simultaneously in the selective breeding programme for striped catfish.     

Multiple enchondromatosis in dogs. Pathologico-anatomic and histologic findings, discussion of pathogenesis

Data is presented of the post-mortem macroscopic and microscopic examination of two Toy Poodles with multiple enchondromatosis (Ollier syndrome). In both animals opening and maturation disorders of the growth plates were found in several skeletal locations. Due to the dogs' age difference at necropsy (14 and 4 months), some variation was also present in occurrence and appearance of primary and secondary alterations, which gave rise to some conclusions regarding development and progression of the disease. Chondrodysplasia, a characteristic of several breeds, is considered to be the essential factor in the pathogenesis of multiple enchondromatosis in the described cases.     

Erratum to: I. M. Suthers and D. Rissik (eds): Plankton: A guide to their ecology and monitoring for water quality CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia, 2009, XVI + 256pp., ￡30 (Paperback), ISBN: 9780643090583 (Distributed by eurospan@turpin-distribution.com)

Compensatory growth refers to an animal’s ability to grow extremely rapidly after it has experienced a period of reduced growth. It is also widely held that the growth trajectories of animals showing compensatory growth converge towards those followed by conspecifics that have experienced favorable growth conditions throughout their lives. In other words, it is often assumed that animals undergoing compensatory growth also show some recovery, and thereby exhibit catch-up growth. This belief has resulted in the terms compensatory growth, recovery growth, and catch-up growth being used as synonyms, and has also created some problems with regard to data analysis and interpretation. Following a discussion of methods of analysis and their limitations, a series of growth simulations is presented to illustrate why the terms should not be used as synonyms. The simulations, based upon the assumption that compensatory growth results in a restoration of body composition (using condition index as a surrogate), show that compensatory growth is not always accompanied by a convergence of growth trajectories. Compensatory growth can occur in the absence of catch-up growth, and the simultaneous observation of compensatory growth and a recovery of body mass is a special combination of events. Further, it is possible for growth trajectories to converge even when animals that have experienced a period of reduced growth do not display compensatory growth. Definitions are proposed that distinguish between the terms compensatory growth, recovery growth, and catch-up growth, and guidelines are given relating to the analysis of the results of fish compensatory growth studies.     

对虾微量元素研究进展

微量元素作为多种酶的辅助因子或结构成分,参与机体多种新陈代谢过程,在维持动物健康和正常生理功能中发挥着极其重要的作用。动物对微量元素营养需求极少,但缺乏、过量或摄入不平衡都会对动物机体生长代谢、免疫、繁殖等带来严重不良影响。本文较详细、系统地总结了国内外关于微量元素在对虾生长代谢、免疫、疾病预防、性腺发育等方面的作用,以及对虾对无机和有机微量元素的吸收、转运和代谢机理,为今后开展对虾优质配合饲料研发提供理论依据。     

Are compensatory growth and catch-up growth two sides of the same coin?

Compensatory growth refers to an animal’s ability to grow extremely rapidly after it has experienced a period of reduced growth. It is also widely held that the growth trajectories of animals showing compensatory growth converge towards those followed by conspecifics that have experienced favorable growth conditions throughout their lives. In other words, it is often assumed that animals undergoing compensatory growth also show some recovery, and thereby exhibit catch-up growth. This belief has resulted in the terms compensatory growth, recovery growth, and catch-up growth being used as synonyms, and has also created some problems with regard to data analysis and interpretation. Following a discussion of methods of analysis and their limitations, a series of growth simulations is presented to illustrate why the terms should not be used as synonyms. The simulations, based upon the assumption that compensatory growth results in a restoration of body composition (using condition index as a surrogate), show that compensatory growth is not always accompanied by a convergence of growth trajectories. Compensatory growth can occur in the absence of catch-up growth, and the simultaneous observation of compensatory growth and a recovery of body mass is a special combination of events. Further, it is possible for growth trajectories to converge even when animals that have experienced a period of reduced growth do not display compensatory growth. Definitions are proposed that distinguish between the terms compensatory growth, recovery growth, and catch-up growth, and guidelines are given relating to the analysis of the results of fish compensatory growth studies.     

Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility.     

Dietary supplement of fructooligosaccharides and Bacillus subtilis enhances the growth rate and disease resistance of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

The effects of two dietary supplements, entrapped fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and microencapsulated Bacillus subtilis, on the growth and disease resistance of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were investigated. Sea cucumbers (a total of 810 animals, with initial weight of 3.72 ± 0.16 g each) were fed with basal diet only or basal diet supplemented with three different doses of B. subtilis (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8%), three different doses of FOS (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6%), 0.2% B. subtilis plus 0.4% or 0.8% FOS. Growth and lysozyme activity were measured after 50 days feeding. The results showed that dietary 0.2% and 0.4% B. subtilis alone or 0.2% B. subtilis plus 0.8% FOS significantly increased the specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumbers compared with control (P < 0.05). The addition of B. subtilis with or without FOS had no significant effect on lysozyme activity. The animals were also challenged with Vibrio splendidus to assess the level of disease resistance provided by the two dietary supplements. Sea cucumbers fed with 0.8% B. subtilis or 0.2% B. subtilis plus 0.8% FOS exhibited the highest survival (P > 0.05). Under these experimental conditions, dietary B. subtilis and FOS had no synergistic effect on enhancing SGR and disease resistance of sea cucumber.     

水产动物营养与免疫研究进展

随着水产养殖集约化与规模化的发展,水产品为人类提供了大量优质食物蛋白质,为国家粮食安全、解决我国“三农”问题做出了重要贡献。长期研究实践证明,营养与饲料科技贡献在水产养殖中占有更加重要的地位。饲料组成不仅影响水产动物的营养,而且会影响水产动物的免疫与抗病能力,营养状况是决定水产养殖动物抵抗疾病的能力的重要因素之一。特别是在水产集约化、规模化养殖中,水产养殖动物面临着大量的应激,如：营养、环境因子等激烈变化,易诱发疾病,甚至死亡。反之,水产养殖动物的生理与健康状况也影响饲料的利用与代谢。营养和免疫的关系显著地影响着水产养殖生产,一直是大家关注的热点。在过去的5年中,水产动物营养与免疫方面的研究取得了重大进展,对蛋白质(氨基酸)、脂肪、碳水化合、维生素、矿物元素等多种必需营养素及其免疫、抗病能力等方面做了大量的研究。本文就营养与免疫相关的研究进展做一综述,以供参考。     

Explanation of Size Diversity Among Artemia Cohorts: A Model of Food Uptake Kinetics

Models describing the food uptake kinetics of a growing Artemia culture and the hatching rate of Artemia cysts are combined to yield equations capable of predicting the effects of variable algal cell concentration upon the growth rates of brine shrimp cohorts. The model illustrates that the feeding ability of the brine shrimp can be viewed as one becoming increasingly more efficient as the animals mature. This increasing efficiency in a population of variable age animals (from a single hatch) results in accelerated growth of first hatched animals relative to later hatched animals, especially at algal cell concentrations below certain threshold values. Growth rates of variable age groups of brine shrimp are mathematically manipulated to predict variable size brine shrimp at low algal cell concentration and uniformly sized brine shrimp at high algal cell concentration. This predicted result is confirmed with data from Artemia growth trials at high and low algal cell concentrations. It is suggested that similar variations in population attributes of other species may be explained as an animal-food interaction in which minor initial variations in individual animal maturity (weight, size, etc.) are magnified as a consequence of continuous competition for a common pool of food.     

天津地区水生养殖动物病害流行情况调查及防控对策

为掌握水生动物病害流行规律,有效控制疾病发生,减少养殖生产损失,对天津地区水生养殖动物病害流行情况进行了调查,分析了发病原因,对水生养殖动物病害流行趋势进行了预测,并提出了防控措施。     

饲料中添加外源核苷酸对动物生长的影响

核苷酸作为一种无毒无害无残留的新型饲料添加剂,对动物生长发育和免疫功能等具有重要作用,在动物营养方面有很大的发展前途。近年来国内外学者对核苷酸的研究逐渐增多,本文综述了添加外源核苷酸对动物肠道功能的影响,进而对动物生长的影响。     

Pathogenesis of vibriosis in cultured juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swainson

Abstract. Morbidity of intensively cultured red abalone, Haliotis rufescens , as well as experimentally stressed (elevated temperature and hyper-oxygenation) abalone, was studied using clinical, histological, immunofluorescent and bacteriological techniques. Histological study showed a typical pattern of bacterial infection from all groups studied, characterized by epithelial exfoliation or rupture and systemic growth of the bacteria along vascular sinuses and along neural sheaths. Peripheral neurons degenerated rapidly and a responsive host cellular infiltrate did not appear to effectively retard the advancement of the infection. Nine bacterial isolates from the culture system water or sick animals were characterized biochemically. All were Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-aerogenic, oxidase-positive rods with single polar flagella and thus appeared related to the Vibrio group. Further characterization showed that most isolates did not correspond to specifically characterized vibrios, Antiserum prepared to the isolates contained antibody both to common group antigens (from all nine strains) and to strain-specific antigens. Selection of antiserum and subsequent absorption permitted the use of the antiserum for specific recognition of each isolate. Immunofluorescent studies clearly demonstrated that antiserum to an isolate corresponding to Vibrio alginolyticus was the predominant antiserum producing positive staining of infecting bacteria in the typical lesions in abalone tissues. The pattern of positive staining corresponded to histopathological observations of the disease. The disease can be managed in husbandry systems by both limiting the number of potentially pathogenic bacteria and by limiting the exposure of the animals to physico-chemical stresses.     

Elimination of animals with best growth potential as a possible effect of the culling of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mercenaria mercenaria notata</Emphasis> (L.) larvae in hatchery procedure

The Mercenaria mercenaria notata line was introduced into the Canadian Atlantic provinces in the late 1990s because of its fast growth rate when compared with that of the current native line. The purpose of this study was to compare the development of two groups of M. mercenaria notata, according to the initial size of the individuals, in order to check whether the current hatchery practice of keeping only the largest larvae may ultimately eliminate the best performing animals. The larvae were raised and sorted by size according to standard hatchery practices. On the tenth day post-fertilization, the two larval size groups were formed. The “initially smaller” (IS) and the “initially larger” (IL) animals were grown separately. Mortality, shell length and energy reserves were measured for both groups at three stages: veliger, post-settling and juvenile. The observed mortality in the two groups was low varying from 8.1 to 19.6%. The IS animals had a higher shell growth rate (18.2 μm/day) when compared to the IL group (12.7 μm/day) with the result that at the end of the experiment, the IS animals were larger than the IL. In both groups, the lipid and protein concentrations diminished rapidly during the veliger stage but faster in the IL group. The glycogen level remained at the limit of detection for all the three stages. The use of energy reserves followed a different pattern according to the group size. This study indicates that culling would have led us to discard the animals which in fact have the best growth potential in that their rate of shell growth is the highest.     

蛭弧菌的生物学特性及其在刺参养殖中的应用前景

蛭弧菌是一种以捕食细菌为生的寄生性细菌，对诸多水产动物病原菌具有吞噬和裂解作用。蛭弧菌能够预防水产动物的细菌性疾病、改善养殖环境以及增强水产动物机体免疫力。养殖刺参的疾病以细菌性病害为主，利用蛭弧菌可以预防刺参疾病的发生。关键词蛭弧菌水产养殖刺参应用前景