苹果糖转运蛋白TMT基因的表达及其与糖积累的关系

利用苹果基因组筛选液泡膜单糖转运蛋白TMT 家族基因,通过qRT-PCR 探索它们在苹果各器官组织中的表达特性,并分析其表达与果实糖积累的关系。结果表明,在苹果中主要存在5 个TMT 家族基因,均含有11 个跨膜区,并具有1 个长约330 氨基酸的亲水loop 区位于胞质内,它们与拟南芥和葡萄的TMTs 高度同源。定量表达分析发现,它们均在苹果中表达,且MdTMT1 表达量相对最高,MdTMT3和MdTMT4 表达量较低。MdTMT1 在花和成熟果实中表达量最高,MdTMT2 在成熟果实中表达最高。在果实发育过程中,MdTMT1 和MdTMT2 的表达量与果实中总糖、还原性总糖、果糖、蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关,说明MdTMT1 和MdTMT2 可能参与了苹果果实成熟期果糖和蔗糖的积累。     

‘芙蓉李’糖转运蛋白家族基因鉴定及表达分析

基于‘芙蓉李’（Prunus salicina）基因组数据,采用生物信息学分析方法鉴定糖转运蛋白家族基因,并对其蛋白质理化特性、亚细胞定位、系统进化树、蛋白质保守结构域以及表达模式进行分析。共鉴定出49个该家族基因,根据保守结构域和系统发育分析将其分为7个亚家族。蛋白质介于313～948个氨基酸之间,预测定位于质膜或液泡膜;所有的蛋白都含有保守的糖转运体结构域（PF00083）,其中大多数含有12个跨膜螺旋。通过比对‘芙蓉李’果实发育过程的RNA-seq数据,对49个基因进行表达谱分析,其中15个在果实不同发育阶段差异表达;qRT-PCR分析表明,15个差异表达基因中有9个基因与果实葡萄糖和蔗糖含量显著正/负相关,其中1个肌醇转运蛋白亚家族基因（PsINT4）、1个糖转运蛋白亚家族基因（PsSTP11）、1个糖促进蛋白亚家族基因（PsSFP5）和1个液泡单糖转运蛋白亚家族基因（PsTMT1）在‘芙蓉李’果实发育过程中具有较高的表达量,可能在‘芙蓉李’果实发育和成熟过程中对糖分积累起重要作用。     

苹果液泡铁离子转运蛋白基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

液泡铁离子转运蛋白(vacuolar iron transporter,VIT)参与铁的储存和运输,对植物光合作用、固氮、呼吸、DNA和激素合成有重要作用。本研究中鉴定了苹果全基因组的9个VIT基因,通过系统发育分析其进化关系,表明苹果VIT蛋白与拟南芥进化关系较近。染色体定位显示9个VIT基因分布在7条染色体上,VIT基因的启动子区域富含光反应、植物激素调控和启动子相关顺式作用元件。表达谱分析显示VIT基因在花和果实中的表达量相对较高。此外,对MdVIT家族进行蛋白理化性质、String互作网络和基因结构等分析,表明苹果VIT家族扩增的主要因素是串联重复和片段复制,与苹果VIT蛋白互作的主要蛋白是阳离子共转运蛋白(XP_008372221.1和XP_008383418.1)。qRT-PCR分析结果表明:在2000μmol·L^-1FeSO₄·7H₂O(高铁)处理的‘M26’苹果砧木苗中,苹果VIT家族基因在不同组织的表达中存在差异,6 h后,MdVIT4在茎中的相对表达量最高,是对照的237倍。24 h后,MdVIT1和MdVIT2在叶片中的相对表达量与对照相比呈现上调表达,分别是对照的6.6倍和12.0倍。综上,基因MdVIT1、MdVIT2和MdVIT4可能与植物耐铁胁迫有密切关系,为苹果逆境胁迫机制研究提供参考。     

苹果WUSCHEL-related homeobox(WOX)家族基因的鉴定与分析

利用生物信息学方法和苹果基因组数据库,鉴定并分析了12个苹果WUSCHEL-related homeobox(WOX)家族基因。系统进化树分析表明,苹果WOX家族和拟南芥WOX家族可被分为现代分支(WUS分支)、中间分支和祖先分支;苹果WOX家族成员均含有1个motif-1,不同分支的成员含有其分支特异的motif;基因结构分析显示,苹果WOX家族基因含有2～4个外显子,染色体定位发现11个基因分别定位在苹果的7条染色体上,1个基因无准确定位。基因表达模式分析表明,12个基因在苹果各组织中均有表达,且在果实中的表达量较高;密码子偏好性分析显示,苹果WOX家族基因的偏好性较弱。     

杜梨PbNHX1基因的克隆、表达分析及功能验证

【目的】克隆1个杜梨Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因PbNHX1,并对其序列特征、表达特点及功能进行研究。【方法】采用RT-PCR和PCR克隆PbNHX1的c DNA和DNA序列,利用生物信息学方法进行序列分析,定量PCR检测其在非生物胁迫下转录水平变化,酵母互补试验检测PbNHX1基因的离子转运能力。【结果】杜梨PbNHX1基因c DNA编码区长1 704 bp,对应基因组DNA序列长3 594 bp,由13个外显子和12个内含子组成,编码蛋白含567个氨基酸。系统进化树显示,PbNHX1位于液泡膜型Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白分支上,与杨树液泡膜型Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白Pt NHX1.3基因亲缘关系较近。正常生长条件下,PbNHX1在杜梨叶片中表达量高于根。施加200 mmol·L-1Na Cl、10%(φ)PEG6000或100μmol·L-1ABA后,PbNHX1在叶片中的转录水平持续上升;其在根中的表达量先升后降,表达高峰依次出现在处理后6、3和6 h。PbNHX1的转入可恢复Na Cl、KCl和潮霉素B对nhx1缺失酵母菌株AXT3的生长抑制,转基因酵母细胞中Na~+和K~+含量显著增加。【结论】PbNHX1具有植物NHXs基因家族的固有特征,对盐碱、渗透胁迫和ABA处理均存在转录响应,转入该基因能够提高酵母nhx1缺失突变体AXT3对盐胁迫的耐受能力,部分恢复其对阳离子的转运功能,从而促进Na~+、K~+积累。     

苹果锚蛋白基因ANK家族生物信息学鉴定分析

 利用生物信息学方法对苹果ANK基因家族成员及分类鉴定,同时对其染色体定位、系统进化关系及芯片表达特性进行了分析。苹果MdANK家族包含351个基因,根据蛋白结构域差异分为16个类别,ANK-M类型最为庞大,有143个ANK蛋白;苹果的17条染色体均有ANK家族基因分布,其中第2条染色体上分布最多,有36个ANK基因。MdANK编码的蛋白在72 ~ 2 429个氨基酸范围内,等电点在4.30 ~ 11.13之间。芯片分析发现,在苹果果实成熟时期及砧木接穗互作过程中,多数MdANK基因的表达都有不同程度变化。     

苹果MdCYP707A家族基因表达分析和MdCYP707A1的功能鉴定

对苹果Md CYP707A家族4个成员的蛋白序列进行比对,并进行保守结构域分析发现,MdCYP707A家族成员都含有细胞色素P450单加氧酶结构域。利用荧光定量PCR检测其在苹果不同组织(根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子)中的表达,4个基因在种子中的表达量最高,并且在果实发育不同时期的表达量有明显差异。在苹果种子吸水膨胀和层积过程中的表达分析表明,MdCYP707A家族成员参与了种子萌发过程中ABA的降解。通过检测MdCYP707A基因对不同非生物胁迫(干旱、盐、渗透胁迫)和对ABA的响应,初步认为其在种子萌发中有重要作用,其中,MdCYP707A1对ABA的响应最为明显。另外,利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化的手段,鉴定了MdCYP707A1基因在苹果愈伤组织和拟南芥中的功能,过表达MdCYP707A1能够降低对非生物胁迫的抗性,说明其可能参与ABA的降解过程,同时在拟南芥中异源表达MdCYP707A1能够提高拟南芥种子的萌发率。     

苹果HSP90家族基因鉴定及高温胁迫下的表达分析

为了探究热激蛋白(HSP90)基因家族成员在苹果(Malus×domestica Borkh.)耐热中的作用,利用生物信息学方法对苹果HSP90基因家族成员进行鉴定,并分析其在高温胁迫下和不同组织中的表达规律。结果表明,苹果HSP90基因家族有11个成员,分布于10条染色体上,其氨基酸序列大小介于104～818 aa,蛋白质分子质量介于11.81～93.58 kD。转录组分析显示,11个MdHSP90家族成员中,有4个基因,MdHSP90-1、MdHSP90-3、MdHSP90-5和MdHSP90-11在高温胁迫下显著上调;亚细胞定位显示这4个基因中前三者定位在细胞膜与细胞核上,而后者定位在细胞核上;进一步通过qR T-PCR分析发现这4个基因在两种苹果砧木平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)和变叶海棠(Malus toringoides)中的表达趋势基本一致,其表达量在高温胁迫早期大幅升高,在中后期有所下降;不同苹果组织中均能检测到这4个基因的表达,高温处理可不同程度地激活这些基因的表达,表明它们可能在苹果耐热胁迫中具有重要作用。     

苹果全基因组PIN成员鉴定及MdPIN15的克隆和在腋芽萌发中的表达分析

从苹果金冠基因组中鉴定得到18个生长素输出载体蛋白PIN-formed(PIN),对其进行理化特性、基因结构、系统进化和启动子元件分析。结果表明,MdPIN基因家族中,含有1~14个外显子,0~13个内含子;MdPIN蛋白的保守基序数量在3~10。苹果PIN和拟南芥PIN等蛋白高度同源,且根据其进化树分为G1、G2和G3亚组;18个MdPIN在不同基因型苹果的不同器官中表达具有明显差异。以‘长富2号’为材料,从其腋芽中克隆得到一个候选基因MdPIN15,其开放阅读框为1869 bp,编码622个氨基酸。实时定量PCR表明,MdPIN15在梢尖部位表达量最高,其次是腋芽,在花芽中表达量最低;,外源GR24和Lovastatin(LVS)处理降低MdPIN15的表达量;6-BA和去茎尖处理提高了MdPIN15的表达量。MdPIN15在介导细胞分裂素(CK)、生长素(IAA)和独脚金内酯(SL)等激素调控腋芽萌发有重要作用。     

苹果miR396家族鉴定及在不定根发育过程中的表达分析

分析了苹果miR396家族进化特性及其在苹果不定根发育过程中的表达模式。结果表明:苹果miR396家族有4条成熟体和7条前体序列(pre-miRNA)。Mfold预测显示Pre-miR396家族7个成员序列均可形成典型稳定的茎环二级结构,最小折叠自由能介于–62.9 kal·mol~(-1)(pre-miR396b)～–51.9kal·mol~(-1)(pre-miR396g)之间。系统发育进化树分析显示,pre-miR396家族亲缘关系可分为3个亚组(G1、G2、G3),每个亚组内基因数量不同,分别含有11、9、19个。靶基因预测显示,苹果miR396靶基因包括MdGRF1、MdGRF2和MdGRF5等,降解组测序进一步验证了mi R396对其候选靶基因MdGRF1、MdGRF2和MdGRF5的剪切关系。苹果miR396家族成员在侧根和果实中的表达量显著高于其他组织,其候选靶基因表达量则在花芽和腋芽中显著高于其他组织;不定根发育过程中,miR396家族不同成员表达模式存在显著差异,整体上呈上调表达趋势,其候选靶基因呈下调表达趋势;外源IBA处理显著诱导miR396家族成员的表达,尤其是在不定根诱导期和根系生长期更为显著。     

Plant water stress and K starvation reduce absorption of foliar applied K by olive leaves

Three-month-old mist-rooted ‘Picual’ olive cuttings were transplanted into 2-l plastics pots containing perlite as substrate and fertigated with a complete nutrient solution containing 0.05, 0.1 or 2.5 mM KCl depending on the experiment. In the first experiment, plants were sprayed with RbCl (Rb⁺ is a K⁺ analog) at a rate of 4% at 63 days after transplanting (DAT). Foliar Rb⁺ uptake through leaves increased with K⁺ concentration in the nutrient solution, indicating that foliar Rb⁺ uptake was lower when plants were K⁺ deficient than when they were adequate. On the contrary, it was observed that translocation of Rb⁺ from leaves to other organs of the plant was higher under K⁺ deficiency conditions. In the second and third experiments, when differences appeared on shoot length due to K⁺ nutritional status (0.05 or 2.5 mM KCl) at 63 DAT, a group of plants were subjected to water stress during 7 weeks. On the other hand, another group of plants (control plants) did not receive any water stress treatment during the experiments. After this period of 7 weeks, all plants were sprayed with RbCl at 4%. Leaf K⁺ concentration diminished in water-stressed plants independently of plants nutritional status. Foliar Rb⁺ uptake through leaves was restricted by water stress either in plants with low K⁺ (0.05 mM KCl) or plants with high K⁺ (2.5 mM KCl). Translocation of Rb⁺ from leaves was greater under water stress conditions in both K⁺ nutritional statuses. In conclusion, the results obtained could explain the irregular response in olive trees to foliar K⁺ sprays, particularly, when they grow in rainfed orchards.     

Changes of K+ channels of outer hair cells in guinea pig cochlea with streptomycin ototoxicity

AIM:To study the changes of K⁺ channels of outer hair cells in guinea pig cochlea with streptomycin ototoxicity. METHODS:Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used.RESULTS:(1) The body weight of guinea pigs with streptomycin ototoxicity decreased significantly; (2) The ABR threshold markedly increased in streptomycin group (Ⅱ,Ⅲ);(3)The number of dissociated outer hair cells of guinea pigs (Ⅱ,Ⅲ) was lower than that of control (Ⅰ); (4) Streptomycin decreased the Ca²⁺-sensitive K⁺ currents and delayed outward K⁺ currents distinctly; (5) There was no significant difference of K⁺ currents between Ⅰ and Ⅱ/Ⅲ. CONCLUSION:These results suggest that the inhibition of K⁺ channels is the basis of streptomycin ototoxicity, but not the direct reason for cell death.     

腐植酸对NaCl胁迫下西瓜幼苗的缓解效应

以京欣1号为试材,采用Hoagland营养液水培方式,研究不同浓度腐植酸(0、0.1、0.3、0.6、1.0g·L~()-1))对盐胁迫(100mmol·L~()-1)Na Cl)下西瓜幼苗光合特性、叶绿素含量、生物量、电解质渗漏率、抗氧化酶、脯氨酸及Na~+、K~+含量的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫下营养液中添加腐植酸能不同程度改善植株生长状况,以腐植酸浓度为0.3g·L~()-1)时缓解效果最佳,显著提高了盐胁迫下西瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、光合作用、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ),改善了植株体内Na~+、K~+分布,提高了SOD、CAT活性,降低了植株的电解质渗漏率和MDA积累,促进了西瓜植株的生长。     

Effect of 2, 3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on myocardial protection in cold cardioplegia

AIM: The effects of BDM on isolated rat heart in cold cardioplegia were studied. METHODS: Rat heart were subjected to cold cardioplegia at 4℃ for 8, 18 and 24 h.Then each heart was perfused (90 cm H₂O) in Langendorff model at 37℃ for 40 min. In the high K⁺ group(n=24) the hearts were preserved in St.Thomas cardioplegic solution, in BDM group(n=24) hearts were preserved in K-H solution with BDM 30 mmoL/L. RESULTS: After 18 h, heart rate and the coronary flow in BDM group were significantly higher than in high K⁺ group(P＜0.05). Activity of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in cell membrane and in mitochondrial membrane in the BDM group was significantly higher than high K⁺ group(P＜0.01). After 24 h, all hearts in high K⁺ group were dead, but were alive in BDM group. CONCLUSION: Under given experiment conditions, BDM did enhance the tolerance to cold ischemia significantly. The results showed that BDM may become a useful agent for prolong the storage period of heart in cold cardioglegia.     

The alteration of extracellular sodium and potassium ionic activities of hippocampal neurons in epileptiform rats kindled by coriaria lactone

AIM and METHODS: The sodium ion Na⁺ and potassium ion K⁺ selective microelectrodes were used to measure changes of ionic activity of extracellular sodium and potassium( [Na⁺]_o, [K⁺]_o) in hippocampus and hippocampal slice during epieptic seizure induced by intrahippocampal microinjection of coriaria lactone(CL) in rats and perfusing hippocampal slice with CL. RESULTS:30 s, 1min and 2min after injection of CL into hippocampus, the [Na⁺]_o decreased 27.7 mmol/L, 50.3 mmol/L, 57.8 mmol/L respectively and the [K⁺]_o increased 2.3 mmol/L, 2.4 mmol/L, 2.9 mmol/L respectively compared with control values(P＜0.01). The [K⁺]_o returned to the control level 3min after local application of CL, but the[Na⁺] _o was still lower than that of control group(P＜0.01). The [Na⁺]_o and the [K⁺]_o were measured also in hippocampal silces and results are similar to those of experiments in vivo. CONCLUSION: The influx of Na⁺and the flux of K⁺occurred during epileptiform discharges of hippocampal neurons induced by administration of CL.     

不同栽培密度和钾钠离子处理对基质培番茄产量与品质的影响

以优质番茄品种京采6 号为试材，研究了不同栽培密度（3.8、5.0 株 · m^-2）与离子处理（K⁺、Na⁺）对基质培番茄生长、产量与品质的影响，构建了番茄果实品质综合评价指数TQI。结果表明：提高营养液中的K⁺ 浓度，能够在不影响产量的同时增加番茄第2 穗果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、糖酸比和VC 含量；栽培密度对番茄产量和品质的影响较小；栽培密度× 离子互作显著影响了第1 穗果实有机酸、亚硝酸盐含量与糖酸比；第2 穗果是生产高品质番茄的关键，其在3.8 株 · m^-2与高K+ 营养液条件下可获得最高的TQI。综合来看，建议在实际生产中控制栽培密度为3.8 株 · m^-2，同时采用高K+ 营养液灌溉，可在稳产条件下获得高品质番茄。     

Role of potassium channels in the regulation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in rats

AIM: To investigate the role of potassium channels in the regulation of intracellular free calcium concentration ( [Ca²⁺]_i) of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in rats. METHODS: The fluorescence Ca²⁺ indicator Fura-2/AM was used to observe [Ca²⁺]_i of rat PASMCs in normal and chronic hypoxic condition. The influences of potassium channels on PASMCs proliferation were assessed by MTT assay. RESULTS: 1. In normoxic condition, [Ca²⁺]_i was (156.91±8.60) nmol/L, and in hypoxic condition, [Ca²⁺]_i was (294.01±16.81) nmol/L. 2. In normoxic condition, the voltage-dependent K⁺-channel antagonist 4-aminopyridine (4AP), but not the Ca²⁺-activated K⁺-channel antagonist tetraethylammonium (TEA) and the ATP-sensitive K⁺-channel antagonist glibenclamide (Glib) increased [Ca²⁺]_i. 3. In hypoxic condition, 4AP and TEA caused the rise in [Ca²⁺]_i , but Glib had no effect on [Ca²⁺]_i. 4. MTT assay showed that 4AP increased the value of absorbing light degree (A value) in normoxic and hypoxic condition (0.582±0.062,0.873±0.043,respectively, P＜0.01), TEA increased A value only in hypoxic condition, and Glib had no effect on the proliferation of PASMCs. CONCLUSIONS: K_V plays an important role in the regulation of [Ca²⁺]_i and proliferation of PASMCs. K_Ca serves as distinct responsive roles in the regulation of proliferation of PASMCs in hypoxic condition. K_ATP has no effect on [Ca²⁺]_i and proliferation of PASMCs in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.     

Ca2+和Cu2+对刺梨果实AsA代谢相关基因表达的影响

以‘贵农5号’刺梨（Rosa roxburghii Tratt）为材料,采用离体浸泡处理的方法研究了外源Ca²⁺和Cu²⁺两种金属离子对刺梨果实抗坏血酸（AsA）含量及其相关代谢基因表达的影响。结果表明：Ca²⁺对刺梨果实中AsA的积累有促进作用,而Cu²⁺则引起AsA含量明显降低。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,添加Ca²⁺对L–半乳糖途径中的基因GalLDH和GPP以及再生途径中的基因DHAR和MDHAR的表达有显著的上调作用,说明Ca²⁺参与了刺梨果实AsA合成和代谢相关基因转录水平的调控;而外源Cu²⁺除对AsA合成途径的GalLDH和GGP两个基因表现出较小幅度的下调作用外,对分解代谢过程的基因并未有明显的上调效应,意味着Cu²⁺并不是主要在基因转录水平促进AsA的氧化。     

Relaxation effect of isoliensinine on isolated mouse airway smooth muscle

AIM: To study the relaxation effect of isoliensinine on high K⁺-induced isolated mouse airway smooth muscle (ASM) and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: The muscle tension transducer was used to detect the effects of isoliensinine on high K⁺-induced precontraction and Ca²⁺ influx in ASM. The technique of patch-clamp and calcium imaging system were respectively used to examine the effects of isoliensinine on LVDCC currents and[Ca²⁺]_i of the ASM cells (ASMCs). RESULTS: Isoliensinine significantly relaxed precontracted ASM induced by high K⁺ in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximum relaxation ratio was(95.3±3.9)% by isoliensinine at 100 μmol/L. In addition, LVDCC currents were measured using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, which were abolished by isoliensinine. High K⁺-induced 340/380 nm fluorescence ratio of Fura-2 was 0.63±0.10 in ASMCs, while it decreased to 0.36±0.05 after the addition of isoliensinine (P<0.01). When isoliensinine was added at the peak point of[Ca²⁺]_i, the ratio rapidly decreased from 0.74±0.02 to 0.42±0.05 (P<0.01). Moreover, isoliensinine inhibited high K⁺-induced Ca²⁺ influx-mediated contraction of ASM. CONCLUSION: Isoliensinine inhibits LVDCC currents, terminates Ca²⁺ influx and reduces[Ca²⁺]_i, eventually resulting in relaxation of the ASM, indicating isoliensinine might be a potential bronchodilator.