南瓜籽油微胶囊化的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对以超临界CO2萃取的南瓜籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行显微镜观察和抗氧化试验。结果表明:南瓜籽油微胶囊配方中对产品包埋率的影响大小顺序为,壁材(大豆分离蛋白/麦芽糊精)配比>芯材与壁材配比>总固形物含量;由正交试验所得微胶囊配方的最佳配比为:大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精的质量比为1:1,芯材与壁材的质量比为1:5,总固形物含量为25%(W/V)。微胶囊化工艺参数中影响微胶囊化效率的主次顺序是:进风温度>出风温度>均质压力;喷雾干燥工艺条件为:进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,均质压力30MPa。在上述条件下南瓜籽油微胶囊产品的包埋率为90.2%,微胶囊产品具有很好的抗氧化性能和微观结构。     

南瓜籽油微胶囊化的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对以超临界CO2萃取的南瓜籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行显微镜观察和抗氧化试验。结果表明：南瓜籽油微胶囊配方中对产品包埋率的影响大小顺序为,壁材（大豆分离蛋白/麦芽糊精）配比>芯材与壁材配比>总固形物含量;由正交试验所得微胶囊配方的最佳配比为：大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精的质量比为1:1,芯材与壁材的质量比为1:5,总固形物含量为25%(W/V)。微胶囊化工艺参数中影响微胶囊化效率的主次顺序是:进风温度>出风温度>均质压力;喷雾干燥工艺条件为：进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,均质压力30MPa。在上述条件下南瓜籽油微胶囊产品的包埋率为90.2%,微胶囊产品具有很好的抗氧化性能和微观结构     

大豆分离蛋白包埋肉桂精油微胶囊及精油的化学成分

以大豆分离蛋白为壁材,利用喷雾干燥法制备肉桂精油微胶囊,探讨固形物含量、芯壁比、均质时间、进风温度、进料速度、出风温度对微胶囊化效果的影响,确定最佳工艺条件为均质时间300 s,芯壁比2∶3,固形物含量8 g/100 mL,肉桂精油最佳微胶囊化的最佳喷雾干燥条件为进风温度195℃,出风口温度95℃,进料速度60 mL/min,肉桂精油的包埋率为93.36%。     

一种微胶囊花青素复合盐的工艺研究

开发一款稳定性较好的微胶囊花青素复合盐。首先,以黑米花青素、食盐、阿拉伯胶和羟丙基-β-环糊精为原料,以包埋率为指标,采用单因素试验,确定了最佳芯壁比、固形物含量、壁材配比乳化物添加量和均质速度。在此基础上,进一步通过正交试验,确定了其最佳工艺为芯壁比1∶7,固形物含量15%,乳化物含量2%,壁材比3∶2 (阿拉伯胶∶羟丙基-β-环糊精),均质速度11 000 r/min。最后,以包埋率为指标,通过单因素试验,优化了复合盐的喷雾干燥工艺条件,即进风温度180℃,出风温度100℃,进料速度2 500 mL/h。经过喷雾干燥后,花青素的包埋率为91.31%,其稳定性较包埋前有显著提高。经过微胶囊包埋处理后,微胶囊花青素复合盐成分如下:食盐90%,花青素0.91%,吐温-80 1.82%,阿拉伯胶3.81%,羟丙基-β-环糊精2.55%。     

α-亚麻酸微胶囊化技术研究

采用尿素包合法富集橡胶籽油中的α-亚麻酸,为降低其氧化速度,采用喷雾干燥法对α-亚麻酸进行微胶囊化研究,优化微胶囊壁材的组成配比及工艺参数,并对制备的微胶囊产品进行电镜观察及氧化稳定性测试。结果表明,α-亚麻酸微胶囊化壁材的组成采用β-环糊精、海藻酸钠、卵磷脂的质量比为7∶2∶1;优化的微胶囊化工艺参数为:芯材与壁材的配比为1∶1.5,固形物浓度为20%,乳化剂用量为2.0%,乳化温度为65℃,喷雾干燥进风温度180℃、出风温度80℃,制得的α-亚麻酸微胶囊的包埋效果最好,包埋率可达87.6%,微胶囊颗粒圆整,结构致密,氧化稳定性大大优于α-亚麻酸原液。     

蓝莓花青素微胶囊的制备工艺优化

以包埋率、胃释放率和肠释放率为评价指标,以酸化乙醇法提取的蓝莓花青素为芯材,采用单因素试验和正交试验优化了喷雾干燥法制备蓝莓花青素微胶囊的工艺。结果表明,蓝莓花青素主要由飞燕草糖苷、矢车菊糖苷、牵牛花糖苷等11种花青素糖苷组成。喷雾干燥法制备蓝莓花青素胶囊的最适工艺为4%蓝莓花青素溶液为芯材,4%SPI+2%PC混合物为壁材溶液,芯、壁体积比1∶4,芯壁混合液pH值2.0,进风温度165℃,出口温度70℃,此时蓝莓花青素微胶囊的包埋率为93.52%,肠释放率为92.65%。     

蜂胶微胶囊化工艺的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对蜂胶提取物进行微胶囊化处理,通过测定微胶囊化蜂胶中主要活性物质总黄酮的效率,探讨蜂胶喷雾干燥法微胶囊化的工艺。试验表明,以阿拉伯树胶和糊精以1:1比例混合作为壁材,固形物含量为20%,芯材与壁材比例为1:4,进料量20 mL/min,进风压力为0.2 MPa,微胶囊化蜂胶中总黄酮的效率最高。     

苦杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺优化及氧化稳定性研究

以微胶囊包埋率为评价指标,采用响应面法优化苦杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺;同时为验证微胶囊化对油脂氧化稳定性的促进作用,以微胶囊化前后的苦杏仁油为对象,采用烘箱加速法进行加速氧化试验,每3 d测定1次苦杏仁油和微胶囊中过氧化值、碘值、酸价、皂化值、共轭二烯烃值,并利用傅里叶红外光谱进行扫描鉴定其中的官能团。结果表明,苦杏仁油微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件为:壁材料液比1∶16(g/mL),乳化剂添加量2.1%,芯壁比1∶85(g/mL),微胶囊平均包埋率为84.07%±0.37%,符合预测值。苦杏仁油在(60±1)℃的条件下储藏至第12天时,其过氧化值超过国标中的最低限量标准(0.25 g/100 g);而微胶囊化后的苦杏仁油在整个储藏期间各项指标的变化幅度较小,表明微胶囊化有利于提高油脂的氧化稳定性。该研究结果为开发油脂微胶囊化保存手段奠定了理论基础。     

玉米胚芽油微胶囊化技术的研究

玉米胚芽油是一种保健食用油,含有丰富的营养物质。为了扩大玉米胚芽油在食品工业中的应用,采用微胶囊技术包埋玉米胚芽油,对微胶囊技术中壁材构成比例、芯材添加量、固形物浓度等进行研究。最后优化结果,壁材β-环糊精与大豆分离蛋白的质量比为1:1,芯材添加量为40%,固形物质量分数为15%,在此条件下得到的芯材包埋率为90.9%。     

杜仲籽油的提取及其微胶囊的制备

以杜仲籽为原料,采用索式提取法对杜仲籽油进行提取及工艺优化研究,并采用复凝聚法研究杜仲籽油微胶囊化工艺条件。研究结果表明,采用正己烷萃取杜仲籽油的最优条件为:萃取试剂与杜仲籽比例为7.5:1(mL:g),萃取温度为85℃,萃取时间为6 h,此时出油率为31.55%,利用明胶和阿拉伯胶作为壁材微胶囊包埋杜仲籽油的最优条件为:芯材与壁材比例(即杜仲籽油、明胶和阿拉伯胶的质量比)为1:2:2,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为60 min,pH值为4,此时油利用率为87.8%,包埋率为34.32%,产品收率为51.16%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...