秦岭森林植被物候及其对气象因子的响应

研究山地过渡带植被物候格局以及植被物候变化的驱动机制具有重要意义。基于2000—2018年MODIS NDVI遥感数据,利用双Logistic曲线拟合法提取2000—2018年秦岭山地植被物候参数,结合气温和降水数据,运用趋势分析、相关分析、冗余分析等方法,研究秦岭山地不同物候期的时空变化特征和对气象因子的响应。结果表明:(1)秦岭山地物候始期集中于60～102 d,物候末期主要集中在315～345 d,生长季长度集中在225～255 d,空间上看,具有明显的垂直地带分布特征,随海拔升高,物候始期、末期、生长期长度分别呈延迟、提前和缩短趋势。(2)从植被物候的年际变化来看,物候始期62.25%的区域呈现提前趋势,53.42%的区域物候末期呈现推迟趋势,其中59.18%的区域植被生长期长度延长,仅有5.12%位于中东部中高海拔区的部分区域显著延长。(3)植被物候始期大部分区域与2—5月平均气温和降水呈负相关关系,分别占总面积的50.29%和65.24%;物候末期与8—11月平均气温和月降水量主要呈正相关关系,分别占总区域的66.63%和59.77%;(4)冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)结果表明秦岭山地植被物候受当季和前期气象因子的共同影响,春季物候受物候发生期的影响大于上年冬季,物候末期前期的气温和降水对秋季物候的影响强度大于秋季,不同坡向物候变化对气象因子的响应程度有所差异。     

气候变化对大兴安岭兴安落叶松物候期的影响

物候现象是气候变化的一个重要指示器,基于物候资料分析气候变化对兴安落叶松物候的影响,对于指导林业生产具有重要意义。利用额尔古纳市农牧业气象观测站1987—2012年兴安落叶松物候观测资料和1961—2014年气候数据,采用线性倾向估计、Pearson相关系数等方法,分析了气候变化对大兴安岭林区兴安落叶松物候期的影响。结果表明:1近50多年来,研究区增温明显,气候倾向率0.34℃·(10a)-1;降水量和日照时数变化不明显。2 1987—2012年,研究区兴安落叶松花芽开放期、展叶始期、叶完全变色期和落叶末期都有所推迟,其中,叶完全变色期和落叶末期平均每10 a分别推迟17.282 d和12.144 d。生长季延长,平均生长季长度为165 d。3气温是影响兴安落叶松春季物候期的关键气象因子;气温、降水量和日照时数对叶完全变色期有不同程度的影响,而落叶末期仅对日照时数较为敏感。     

近十年气温和降水对荒漠植物梭梭、刺蓬物候期的影响

基于甘肃省武威市农试站对梭梭和刺蓬的观测资料,运用线性倾向估计法、SPSS统计软件进行逐步回归和方差分析,建立了关键物候期的气候预测模型。结果表明:(1)荒漠区近十年气温略下降、降水增加,梭梭物候期较稳定,各物候期最早最晚出现日期相差达14~26天。刺蓬的物候期变化较大,各物候期最早最晚出现日期相差达40~142天,刺蓬物候期对气候变化更敏感。(2)梭梭返青期、展叶期、新枝形成期、开花期和黄枯期年际变化倾向率为1.1~5.3d/10a,近十年物候期略有推迟;刺蓬返青期、花序形成期、开花期和黄枯期年际变化倾向率为10.8~17.3d/10a,近十年物候期推迟,变率较大。(3)梭梭春季萌动期缩短,营养生长期、生殖生长期和全生育期延长。刺蓬营养生长期缩短,生殖生长期和全生育期却延长。分析≥0℃积温、累计降水对荒漠植物的影响,梭梭是喜温耐旱植物;而刺蓬受降水影响大。(4)气温与梭梭物候期多为显著负相关,春季气温越高,梭梭春季物候期提前;秋季气温越高,秋季物候期推迟。3~6月降水与梭梭物候期多为显著正相关,降水量越多,梭梭物候越迟。而气温与刺蓬物候呈显著正相关,温度越高,物候期越迟;水分条件适宜刺蓬物候期才会出现,高温干旱不利于刺蓬生长。     

石羊河中游生长季植被覆盖对气候的响应北大核心CSCD

利用MODIS-EVI月合成数据,计算2006—2015年石羊河中游生长季植被覆盖度,探究植被覆盖年际变化以及对气候的响应关系。利用像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,提取研究区不同植被覆盖程度的年际变化。结果表明：10 a间,中游地区以低植被覆盖类型为主,并与同期降水的年际变化关系密切。其次,采用变化趋势分析法,计算监测时段内植被覆盖的动态变化。结果表明：中游地区生长季植被覆盖度总体上处于增加趋势,增加速率为0.041·（10a）^-1;植被覆盖度显著增加区域集中于绿洲-荒漠过渡带。最后,采用相关分析法,分析了植被覆盖度与生长季平均气温和降水的相关程度。生长季植被覆盖度与同期降水的相关程度高于与生长季平均气温相关性,平均偏相关系数分别为0.14和-0.05;荒漠绿洲过渡带成为与气候因子显著相关的活跃地带。     

石羊河中游生长季植被覆盖对气候的响应

利用MODIS-EVI月合成数据,计算2006—2015年石羊河中游生长季植被覆盖度,探究植被覆盖年际变化以及对气候的响应关系。利用像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,提取研究区不同植被覆盖程度的年际变化。结果表明:10 a间,中游地区以低植被覆盖类型为主,并与同期降水的年际变化关系密切。其次,采用变化趋势分析法,计算监测时段内植被覆盖的动态变化。结果表明:中游地区生长季植被覆盖度总体上处于增加趋势,增加速率为0.041·(10a)~(-1);植被覆盖度显著增加区域集中于绿洲-荒漠过渡带。最后,采用相关分析法,分析了植被覆盖度与生长季平均气温和降水的相关程度。生长季植被覆盖度与同期降水的相关程度高于与生长季平均气温相关性,平均偏相关系数分别为0.14和-0.05;荒漠绿洲过渡带成为与气候因子显著相关的活跃地带。     

半干旱地区NDVI对气温和降水响应的多时间尺度分析——以甘肃省榆中县为例

半干旱地区植被覆盖与其水热条件有着密切的关系,文中以地处典型半干旱环境的甘肃省榆中县为例,通过定义的生长季连续时滞分析法、生长季记忆时滞分析法和持续时滞分析法3种时滞分析方法,应用归一化植被指数（NDVI）与气温和降水量进行旬、月、季三种不同时间尺度的时滞相关分析。结果表明：半干旱地区NDVI对气温的响应大于对降水的响...     

不同气候年型对荒漠植物生长的影响

基于甘肃省武威市农试站对荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、刺蓬(Cornulaca alaschanica)物候期及生长状况的定点观测资料,运用膨化相关、SPSS统计软件进行相关统计和方差分析。结果表明:(1)与正常年份相比,梭梭春季物候期暖干年较冷湿年提前2~7 d,而秋季物候期暖干年较冷湿年推迟2~11 d。刺蓬物候期暖干年较正常年推迟21~120 d,刺蓬春、夏季物候期冷湿年较正常年提前3~13 d,秋季物候期推迟11 d。(2)梭梭新枝生长长度春秋季暖干年大于冷湿年,而夏季暖干年小于冷湿年。刺蓬生长高度暖干年较正常年偏小,冷湿年较正常年偏大。(3)梭梭生物量冷湿年较暖干年前期偏大,后期偏小。但梭梭年生物量暖干年较冷湿年偏大。刺蓬冷湿年单位面积生物量远大于暖干年。(4)梭梭暖干年覆盖度较冷湿年大,刺蓬覆盖度表现出降水多、覆盖度大,且在时间上具有较好的同步性。(5)生长季气温、降水是荒漠植物梭梭和刺蓬生长的主要影响因子。梭梭更喜温耐旱,而水分条件对刺蓬生长更重要。     

2003—2010年中亚地表土壤水对气候变化的响应

综合利用3组AMSR-E地表土壤水数据产品,运用集合分析的方法,生成中亚2003—2010年4—10月月均地表含水量数据,而后结合Climatic Research Unit(CRU)数据,分析了中亚8 a来地表土壤水变化特征及其对降水、气温等气候变化的响应。研究结果表明:1中亚地区地表土壤水含量从西南向东、向北逐渐降低。2中亚地区植物生长季及春、夏季地表土壤水均以变干为主,而秋季则以变湿为主。3集合分析数据时空分布与降水类似,与气温相反。在时间变化趋势上,中亚大部分地区降水减少、气温升高。夏季降水急剧减少而气温显著上升对中亚地区植物的生长是很不利的。4相关性分析结果表明,降水减少、气温升高是导致中亚植物生长季土壤干化的主导因素之一。     

气候变化对科尔沁沙地木本植物物候期的影响

物候现象是气候变化的敏感指示器,基于物候资料分析气候变化对科尔沁沙地木本植物物候的影响,对于林业生产实践具有重要的指导意义。利用开鲁农牧业气象观测站1983—2012年小叶杨和榆树物候观测资料及同期气候数据,采用线性倾向估计、Pearson相关系数等方法,分析气候变化对科尔沁沙地小叶杨和榆树物候期的影响。结果表明:(1)1983—2012年,研究区增温明显,气候倾向率0.501℃·(10a)-1;日照时数平均每10 a增加109.65 d。(2)近30多年来,科尔沁沙地小叶杨和榆树花芽开放期"先提前后推迟"特点明显,落叶末期相对稳定。生长季呈相对缩短趋势,平均生长季长度分别为198 d和209 d。(3)气温是影响小叶杨和榆树花芽开放期的关键气象因子;落叶末期对日照时数较为敏感。     

黑龙江省土壤湿度的气候响应及其与大豆产量的关系

利用黑龙江省32个农业气象站1980～2007年作物生长季的旬土壤湿度、月气温和月降水观测资料,采用统计分析方法,分析了研究区表层(0～30 cm)土壤湿度的时空变化特征及其对气温、降水量等气候变化的响应,建立了研究区大豆产量与土壤湿度的关系模型.结果表明:1980～2007年间,黑龙江省不同地区作物生长季表层土壤湿度...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.