一起狐狸C型肉毒毒素中毒的诊治

肉毒毒素是由厌氧的肉毒梭菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的一种细菌外毒素,能引起动物发生肉毒中毒。根据毒素抗原性的不同,可将肉毒梭菌及其毒素分为A、B、C、D、E、F和G型7个型。其中A、B、E及F型为人的中毒型别,C和D型为动物的中毒型别。C型肉毒梭菌在自然界广泛分布,饮食被C型肉毒梭菌特别是C型肉毒毒素污染的水或草料的动物有可能发生C型肉毒中毒。     

重组C型肉毒梭菌毒素的表达与免疫保护性分析

本研究旨在获得重组C型肉毒梭菌毒素蛋白,并评价其免疫保护性。将麦芽糖蛋白（MBP）和C型肉毒梭菌毒素重链C末端（CH_C）的编码基因序列进行优化和串联,获得基因片段GMBPCH_C。将GMBPCH_C克隆至pET28a-（＋）后转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,分别在15和37℃两种温度条件下诱导表达。利用Ni-IDA亲和层析方法对可溶性表达的目的蛋白进行纯化,从而获得重组蛋白rMBPCH_C。将rMBPCH_C与Montanide ISA 201佐剂混合制备成疫苗,免疫4只家兔,剂量为100 μg/只。根据《中华人民共和国兽药典》（2015年版）规定的方法检测一免后21 d及二免后14 d家兔血清的中和抗体效价。同时,在二免后14 d对家兔进行攻毒。结果表明,rMBPCH_C在37℃的诱导温度下,主要以包涵体的形式表达;在15℃的诱导温度下,可溶性表达的比例可达50%。一次免疫后,免疫组4只家兔血清对C型肉毒梭菌天然毒素（简称天然毒素）的中和效价均可达到1（0.1 mL血清中和1个小鼠最小致死量（MLD）的天然毒素）。二免后,家兔血清的中和抗体效价可达到4~8。用10个家兔MLD的天然毒素攻毒后,免疫组家兔得到了100%（4/4）的保护,而用1个家兔MLD的天然毒素攻毒后,对照组家兔100%（2/2）死亡。以上结果说明,rMBPCH_C具有良好的免疫原性,从而为C型肉毒梭菌病基因工程亚单位疫苗的研制提供了重要的试验数据。     

D型肉毒梭菌菌苗及诊断用血清的研究

利用在国内首次从动物体内分出的D型肉毒梭菌,研制了D型肉毒梭菌菌苗及诊断血清。结果表明:采用透析培养技术制备的D型肉毒梭菌磷酸铝苗,免疫性良好,对家兔和豚鼠的免疫保护力均为100%;制备的诊断血清每毫升可中和10000 MLD毒素,可用于肉毒梭菌菌型鉴定。     

肉毒素防治草原鼠害试验与示范

用A、C、D型肉毒梭菌毒素农药进行草原害鼠灭治试验,灭效分别为73.6%、93.5%和90.4%。四川省累计推广C型肉毒毒素灭鼠242万hm2次,平均效果90%以上。     

D型肉毒梭菌毒素杀灭高原鼠兔试验

<正> 肉毒毒素是肉毒梭菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的一种细菌外毒素。根据毒素抗原的不同,将其分为A、B、C、D、E、F、G 7个型。D型肉毒梭菌在我国比较少见,对其应用方面的研究尚未见报告。 为测试D型肉毒梭菌毒素对高原鼠兔的杀灭效果,     

D型肉毒梭菌毒素海猪家兔免疫试验和高免血清效价测定试验

先用D型肉毒梭菌菌苗对海猪、家兔进行基础免疫,再用不同致死量的D型肉毒梭菌毒素加强免疫3次.采用血清中和试验,测得海猪对毒素的耐受性为40万MLD/ml(小白鼠静注),家兔对毒素的耐受性为100万MLD/ml(小白鼠静注);两种动物每ml抗血清均能中和1万MLD/ml(小白鼠静注)毒素.     

A型肉毒毒素Hc基因的原核表达、纯化及单抗的制备

在大肠埃希茵中高效表达的重组A型肉毒毒素保护性抗原,是以包涵体形式存在.溶解后的包涵体溶液经过处理,用镍柱亲和层析法纯化,得到纯度约为90%的融合蛋白.利用纯化的重组抗原BoNTa免疫Balb/c小鼠,获得分泌抗BoNTa特异性的3株杂交瘤细胞株2A2、4F7和2A8,其单抗鉴定均为IgG1亚型,滴度达到1:105.高纯度和活性单抗的获得为毒素检测试剂盒的研究奠定了基础.     

鹅肉毒梭菌中毒的防治

<正>本病是由于食人了肉毒梭菌产生的外毒素而引起的急性中毒性疾病。本病特征是全身性麻痹,头下垂,软弱无力,故又称软颈病。1病原病原为肉毒梭菌,但细菌本身不致病,而是其产生的肉毒梭菌毒素,有极强的毒力,对人、畜、禽均有高度致死性。该毒素有较强的耐热性,100℃60min才被破坏。肉毒梭菌毒素分7个型,引起家禽中毒的主要是A型和C型,以C型毒力     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素C末端与中和抗原表位的串联表达及免疫保护性分析

为获得产气荚膜梭菌α毒素(CPA)的C末端(CPAC)与中和抗原表位NE(ARGFAK)的串联融合蛋白并评价其免疫原性,对已知的A型产气荚膜梭菌CPAC及NE的编码基因进行优化设计,并将两个基因的三拷贝序列串联,经人工合成获得基因片段GCPAC3NE3。将该片段克隆至原核表达载体p ET30a(+)中进行表达与纯化,获得重组蛋白。利用Western blot方法检测重组蛋白与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清的反应性。随后,以纯化的重组蛋白免疫家兔,根据《中华人民共和国兽药典》(2015年版)规定的方法检测家兔血清的中和抗体效价。在二免后21 d,以1个MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素对家兔进行攻毒。结果表明重组蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在表达且能与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清反应。每毫升的一免抗血清可中和40个最小致死量(MLD)、二免抗血清可中和80个MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素;1个MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素攻毒后,对照组4/4死亡,免疫组得到了100%(4/4)的保护。以上结果说明,重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,从而为A型产气荚膜梭菌病基因工程疫苗的研制提供了重要的实验数据。     

A型产气荚膜梭菌中国标准株α毒素基因的克隆与序列分析

应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术,从 A 型产气荚膜梭菌中国标准株C57-1中,扩增出大小约1.2 kb的A 型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素全基因(cpa1254基因),并将其克隆入pMD18-T载体中.转化至受体菌DH5α后,经Amp/IPTG/X-Gal 选择培养,提取质粒,PCR和EcoRⅠ/PstⅠ双酶切鉴定,筛选阳性重组克隆.核苷酸序列分析证实,cpa1254基因阅读开放框架由1 194 bp组成,编码398个氨基酸残基.经GenBank数据库的BLAST检索比对分析,cpa1254基因序列与国外文献报道者同源性达99%,表明本实验所克隆的cpa1254基因即为A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因.     

Proteases of Clostridium botulinum. V. Studies on the serological relationship between proteases from Clostridium botulinum and other spore-forming bacteria

By the use of the electrophoretic casein precipitating inhibition test (CPI-test) the serological relationship between proteolytic enzymes produced by different species within the genera Clostridium and Bacillus has been tested. The proteases produced by Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D and F cross-reacted with each other. Clostridium botulinum strain 84 was inhibited by antiproteases produced against Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium botulinum types C and F (protease F I and F II), but not by antiproteases against Clostridium botulinum types B and F (protease II), Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium perfringens. The protease of the newly described Clostridium botulinum strain 89 (type G) was inhibited by Clostridium sporogenes antiprotease, but not by any of the other antiproteases. It is not possible to differentiate between Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium perfringens by use of serological differentiation of their proteolytic enzymes. The protease of Clostridium bifermentans is not serologically related to any of the species tested in this investigation. Proteases produced by different Bacilli were not inhibited by antiproteases from Clostridium botulinum types B, C and F, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium bifermentans, and the two strains of Clostridium perfringens tested. This investigation indicates a serological relationship between proteases from different Clostridium species, but not a serological relationship between proteases produced by the Clostridium species and Bacillus species tested.     

Proteases of Clostridium botulinum. VI. The role of trypsin, Clostridium botulinum proteases and protease inhibitors in the formation and activation of toxin in growing cultures of Clostridium botulinum

In this study the influence of bovine serum protease inhibitors, trypsin and proteases produced by different types of Clostridium botulinum has been investigated. Trypsin and botulinum proteases had the capability of increasing the toxicity in growing cultures in Clostridium botulinum types A, B and E. Trypsin increased the toxin level to a greater extent than proteases from Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C and F. Protease inhibitors did not influence the toxin formation to any extent compared with the controls. The combined effects of proteases and protease inhibitors on the development of toxin in Clostridium botulinum type B were also investigated by adding proteases and protease inhibitors to the same culture at different time intervals. Protease inhibitors did not reduce the toxicity of the cultures as compared to the controls. Altogether a complex relationship seems to exist between protoxin, toxin, proteases and inhibitors in the culture, and the order and time sequence of addition seem to be of importance. The results obtained in this investigation indicate that proteases of Clostridium botulinum play a part in the formation and/or activation of toxin in growing cultures of proteolytic strains such as Clostridium botulinum types A and B. As to the activation of protoxin and progenitor toxin produced by non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types B and E, botulinum proteases showed a marked capability of increasing the toxicity in these cultures. Trypsinization may be valuable for the detection of Clostridium botulinum types A and B in foods, as well as for type E, where it is commonly used.     

Proteases of Clostridium Botulinum: II. The Relationship Between Growth Medium and the Production of Proteases by Clostridium Botulinum Types A,B, C,D, E and F

The present investigation was carried out in order to find a suitable medium for the production of proteolytic enzymes from different types of Clostridium botulinum. Proteolytic activity was found in Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D and F, while supernatants of Clostridium botulinum type E did not possess any proteolytic activity at all.Skim milk medium possessed the greatest ability for the production of proteolytic enzymes from the different cultures of Clostridium botulinum tested, while Robertson’s meat broth produced lowest amounts. Highest titres were usually found after 4–5 days of incubation and, after this period, the level of proteolytic activity decreased.     

Proteases of Clostridium botulinum. I. Classification of proteases and literature survey

Proteolytic activity has long been regarded as an important characteristic for distinguishing between different types of Clostridium botulinum. While all strains of Clostridium botulinum type A examined so far possess proteolytic activity, the types B and F have both proteolytic and non-proteolytic varieties. Clostridium botulinum types C, D and E were generally regarded as non-proteolytic, but different investigators have shown proteolytic activity in certain strains of these types. A summary of the classification of proteolytic enzymes in general is given and further, investigations are reviewed on the proteolytic activity in Clostridium botulinum.     

Outbreak of botulism in a dairy herd in Turkey

In this study, the clinical findings and results of haematological and biochemical analyses of 26 cattle with botulism were evaluated. The most important clinical signs in the affected cattle included: decreased appetite, ataxia, difficulty to rise, loss of tongue tone, salivation and bradycardia. A definitive diagnosis of botulism was based on demonstration of the preformed toxin in ruminal and intestinal contents and feed materials including poultry litter, by mouse inoculation test. This study is the first confirmation, by direct toxin isolation, of Clostridium botulinum type C and Clostridium botulinum type D in cattle, in Turkey.     

肉毒梭菌毒素灭鼠研究进展

就肉毒梭菌毒素用于灭鼠的研究和应用情况进行了综述，充分肯定了C型肉毒梭菌毒素灭鼠制剂毒力强，适口性好，对非靶动物毒性低，作用缓慢，无2次中毒，易降解和适合于规模灭鼠的特点，为鼠害防治提供了新的思路。     

Susceptibility of mink to Clostridium botulinum type E toxin

Experiments aiming at elucidation of the toxicity of Clostridium botulinum type E for mink are described. The observations indicate that amounts in the order of 2 x10^s intraperitoneal MLD (mice) or approximately 200 MLD per g of type E toxin will kill a mink after oral administration. The symptoms observed in the animals were atypical as there was an unusually short period between administration of the toxin and the onset of symptoms and deaths of the animals. Similar results were obtained when Clostridium botulinum type E toxin was fed to Swiss mice. When mice were protected by subcutaneous injections of type E antitoxin prior to feeding the animals survived without showing any symptoms.Subcutaneous injection of type E toxin in amounts of the order of 2 x10^s intraperitoneal MLD (mice) killed mink, and typical symptoms of botulism were observed. This quantity corresponds to ap-proximately 2 intraperitoneal MLD (mice) per g.Comparison is made with previous observations obtained in similar experiments made with Clostridium botulinum type C toxin. It is shown that mink arc substantially less susceptible to type E than to type C toxin when the toxins are given by mouth. On this basis previous results in reports on outbreaks of botulism in mink caused by Clostridium botulinum type E may be regarded as questionable.     

Tonsils--place of botulinum toxin production: results of routine laboratory diagnosis in farm animals

Since a case of a veterinarian was reported, who was likely to be infected/intoxicated by Clostridium botulinum during the handling of a diseased animal, tonsils in animals were tested for botulinum neurotoxin and bacterial forms of neurotoxic Clostridium botulinum during routine botulism laboratory examinations including standard samples (intestinal tract and liver) from 48 cattle, 11 horses, and 14 goats. Ten out of 60 samples from tonsils contained free botulinum toxin, and 12 out of 59 were positive for live toxin producing bacteria. In 32 out of 162 intestinal samples toxin was detected. Toxin producing bacteria were found in 37 samples. Eight of 56 liver samples contained free toxin, and 15 out of 43 toxigenic bacteria. Samples from 10 slaughter pigs were all negative, whereas from slaughter cattle tonsils had a high incidence of toxin (7 of 10) or toxigenic bacteria (2 of 8). The results are discussed in the context of effects on animal health and botulism as zoonosis.