不同大豆品种种子萌发期耐盐碱性鉴定

以发芽率的盐/碱害指数为鉴定指标,在萌发期以110 mmol·L-1NaCI(盐)和37.5 mmol·L-1Na2CO3(碱)溶液处理100份大豆品种进行耐盐碱性鉴定,筛选出萌发初期耐盐碱的材料,为进一步研究和生产应用提供依据.结果表明:品种间耐盐碱性表现出明显的差异.同一品种耐盐和耐碱性趋势基本一致.高度耐盐碱的品种较少.筛选出高而盐品种5个,耐盐品种21个,中度耐盐品种41个,敏感品种22个,高度敏感品种11个;高耐碱品种7个,耐碱品种16个,中度耐碱品种24个,敏感品种37个,高度敏感品种16个.     

几个陆地棉品种萌发出苗期耐盐性差异比较

采用耐盐性不同的两个品种对棉花萌发出苗期的耐盐性进行研究,结果表明:在盐土浓度为0.3%时,耐盐品种中9806与盐敏感品种Tamcot CAB-CS的出苗率达差异极显著。所以,盐土浓度为0.3%的出苗率可以用来鉴定棉花萌发出苗期的耐盐性。14个品种(系)萌发期耐盐性筛选表明,不同基因型的棉花品种萌发期耐盐性存在显著差异。萌发期耐盐性较强的品种有3个,分别为豫棉21、中棉所35、鲁棉研16;萌发期耐盐水平中等的品种(系)有2个,分别为东保0617和鲁棉研21。     

89份玉米自交系萌发期耐盐碱性综合评价

以89份玉米自交系为试验材料,萌发期采用Na HCO3∶Na2CO3物质的量比为5∶1、浓度170 mmol/L盐碱胁迫处理,以发芽势、发芽率等8个性状为鉴定指标,对测量性状的隶属函数值进行主成分分析及聚类分析,从而对供试材料进行综合评价。结果表明,盐碱胁迫下品种表现差异显著,将89份玉米自交系划分为4类,其中高耐盐碱自交系7份,中耐盐碱自交系13份,盐碱一般敏感自交系27份,盐碱敏感自交系42份,19份耐盐碱材料可用于苗期或田间耐盐碱性研究。     

甘蓝型油菜萌发期耐盐碱性高效鉴定及抗性资源筛选

种子萌发期对盐碱胁迫最敏感，因而建立准确、简便、高效的种子萌发期耐盐碱鉴定评价体系对于筛选出优质耐盐碱油菜种质具有重要价值。本研究以166个甘蓝型油菜品种、骨干亲本和杂交组合等为试验材料，用穴盘、医用纱布、方形容器等组建了一套油菜水培萌发装置。依靠此系统，选取1.0%NaCl和0.10%Na₂CO₃模拟盐碱混合胁迫，对甘蓝型油菜种质萌发期抗性进行了鉴定与评价。研究结果显示，高盐碱胁迫抑制油菜种子萌发，且不同基因型种子材料萌发期耐盐碱性存在广泛的遗传变异性。进一步对油菜种子萌发后状态进行分级，可将所测定的166份油菜资源分为4个耐盐碱等级，其中，筛选获得11份抗性等级为3级的耐盐碱油菜资源，主要包括华油杂62、华油杂158、67棚20育11、67棚20育16等品种、骨干亲本和杂交组合。本研究为油菜耐盐碱遗传研究与育种改良提供了鉴定技术和种质资源。     

大豆种质资源苗期耐盐性鉴定与耐盐材料筛选

苗期是盐碱伤害最敏感的时期苗期是盐碱伤害最敏感的时期。为了筛选耐盐大豆材料,用120 mmol的Nacl溶液对49个大豆品种进行苗期耐盐性鉴定个大豆品种进行苗期耐盐性鉴定。通过苗期耐盐性鉴定,从中筛选出苗期耐盐品种10份份,分别是青皮平顶香别是青皮平顶香、文丰1号号、鲁豆10号号、冀豆19、、晋豆29、、齐茶豆2号号、邯豆3号号、水里站、Lee和Osage。。试验结果表明,大豆种子萌发后根系的长度、侧根数量、根的干重和鲜重与品种的耐盐性密切相关种的耐盐性密切相关。     

盐碱胁迫对花生种子发芽特性影响及盐害综合鉴定评价

随着土壤盐碱地面积不断扩大,盐碱胁迫成为影响花生萌发的重要因素之一。为探究花生品种耐盐碱特性,筛选耐盐碱花生品种,以发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和盐害率为指标,益花1号、花育25号、花育39号、汾花1号、豫花37号为试验材料,分析NaCl、NaHCO₃和NaCl+NaHCO₃（1∶1）3种盐碱类型,4种胁迫浓度（0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%）对花生种子萌发的影响,对比分析各指标间的差异,并进行耐盐碱能力评价。研究结果表明,盐碱胁迫抑制种子萌发,随着盐碱溶液浓度增加发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均呈下降趋势,盐害率呈上升趋势,且NaCl+NaHCO₃（1∶1）胁迫程度大于NaCl和NaHCO₃,0.9%和1.2%浓度下种子不萌发。盐害等级划分结果与隶属函数综合评价结果显示,益花1号在3种盐碱胁迫下耐盐碱水平均较高,花育39号在各盐碱胁迫下耐盐碱性最差;益花1号为盐碱胁迫下的优势品种;新疆盐碱土壤类型主要为混合盐碱,综合各指标考虑,0.6%的胁迫浓度可作为评价各品种的耐盐碱性强弱的参考浓度。     

玉米杂交种苗期耐盐碱筛选与大田鉴定的比较分析

基于所确定的玉米苗期耐盐碱筛选最宜浓度和适宜的生理生化指标,对14个吉林省主推玉米杂交种进行苗期盐碱耐性分析和大田鉴定。结果表明:大田鉴定结果与苗期耐盐碱能力综合评价分级基本吻合;苗期盐碱耐性弱的杂交种其大田减产明显,其减产率最高为44.12%,最低为17.39%,证明鉴定方法与评价指标科学有效,并可以初步筛选剔除一些苗期胁迫表现弱的材料;对于苗期胁迫耐盐碱能力综合评价表现较强的杂交种,其大田减产率变化幅度不大,变化范围在9.33%～11.76%,具体品种是否适宜盐碱地种植需经进一步的大田鉴定。     

玉米芽期耐盐与敏感基因型的筛选

以29份玉米品种为试验材料,设置5个Na Cl浓度处理,分别为0(对照)、50、100、150、200 mmol/L,筛选耐盐碱性较强的品种。结果表明,试验条件下,200 mmol/LNa Cl为玉米芽期耐盐性筛选的理想鉴定浓度,东方红2号、郑单958、良玉99高度耐盐;庆单3等9个品种较耐盐;登海618等7个品种中度耐盐;先玉335等6个品种对盐分敏感;农华106和农华101对盐分高度敏感。     

低温下硅对春小麦种子萌发及抗氧化和渗透调节系统的影响

为了解硅缓解低温胁迫春小麦种子萌发的作用,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,分析了低温条件下硅酸钠处理后春小麦种子萌发、渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温条件下硅酸钠处理后,春小麦种子萌发显著受到促进,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数提高,其中以1.0mmol·L-1硅酸钠处理效果最好;小麦种子α-淀粉酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性以及可溶性糖含量显著提高,丙二醛含量、外渗电导率和脯氨酸含量显著降低。说明外源硅可缓解低温对春小麦种子萌发产生的影响。     

大豆耐盐碱种质资源鉴定

盐碱胁迫伴随作物生长各个阶段,筛选获得全生育期耐盐碱大豆资源意义重大。试验通过测定大庆地区盐碱土含盐碱种类、含盐量及pH值等指标,确定筛选用盐碱种类、浓度。在培养皿、发芽袋和盆栽试验筛选中,通过大豆芽期发芽率、芽苗期物质生长量、成熟期物质生长量鉴定耐盐碱大豆种质。结果显示大庆地区盐碱土壤为硫酸盐苏打盐碱土,确定盐碱溶液为NaCl、Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃和Na₂SO₄（摩尔比为1∶1∶9∶9）的混合盐碱溶液,以Na离子含量计算总盐浓度为80 mmol·L^-1,溶液pH值为8.9,盆栽筛选用土壤盐含量为3.3‰,pH值为8.9。鉴定的887份种质资源中种皮颜色有黑、褐、红、绿、黄及双色等,相关性分析发现大豆耐盐碱性与大豆种皮颜色极显著正相关。通过芽期耐盐碱鉴定,887份大豆资源中筛选获得296份耐以上资源,进一步芽苗期筛选有123份显示高耐,再经过全生育期筛选获得7份高耐资源,5份来源于南方,2份来源于黄淮,62份耐资源,盆栽筛选比例为56.10%。本研究建立了从芽期、芽苗期到全生育期的逐级筛选方法,从887份大豆种质资源中筛选获得69份耐盐碱资源,为耐盐碱育种与耐盐碱基因资源利用提供基础材料。     

硅调控植物耐盐碱机制研究进展

盐碱胁迫会抑制植物的光合作用和正常生长发育,而硅对盐碱胁迫下植物的生长有重要调节作用。国内外研究结果表明,添加外源硅能有效促进盐碱胁迫下植物的光合作用,减少水分散失并促进有机渗透调节物质的合成,还能抑制植物体内积累过多的Na~+,使K~+/Na~+维持在平衡水平,从而缓解渗透胁迫;同时能提高植物体内相关抗氧化酶的活性,促进抗氧化物质合成,抵御氧化胁迫,达到提高植物耐盐性的目的。本文对这些研究结果进行了综述,并建议将现代遗传学、分子生物学、基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和传统生理生化手段结合起来,从更深层次揭示硅调控植物耐盐碱性的机理。     

我国甜菜抗逆性研究进展

从盐、水、温度、病害等方面综述了甜菜抗逆性研究进展,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

菌肥与腐熟秸秆对盐碱地燕麦渗透生理特性及产量的影响

为明确菌肥和腐熟秸秆对盐碱地燕麦渗透生理及产量的调节作用,以燕麦品种白燕2号和草莜1号为材料,分析了菌肥(F)、腐熟秸秆(S)及二者配施(FS)对燕麦不同生育时期植株K⁺、Na⁺、可溶性糖、有机酸含量及株高和产量的影响。结果表明,苗期和拔节期燕麦各器官K⁺和Na⁺积累量较高,且茎和叶的K⁺、Na⁺积累量均明显高于根部。与空白对照(CK)相比,S和FS处理均显著提高各时期燕麦根、茎、叶K⁺含量,显著降低Na⁺含量。F、S和FS处理对各时期两个燕麦品种植株可溶性糖含量也有显著影响。F处理显著增加了抽穗期和灌浆期两个品种植株总有机酸含量,尤其是草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸比例提高;S和FS处理下抽穗期燕麦植株总有机酸含量在第一年较CK显著提高,而第二年显著降低,主要是由草酸变化引起。F、S及FS处理在第二年均显著提高两个品种的籽粒、鲜草和干草产量,其中FS处理的增产效果最好。这说明腐熟秸秆配施菌肥有助于增强盐碱地燕麦植株的渗透调...     

H2S对盐碱混合胁迫下裸燕麦叶片脂肪酸组成的影响

脂肪酸是细胞膜脂的重要组成成分,信号分子硫化氢(H₂S)在植物响应盐碱胁迫中发挥着重要作用。为探讨H₂S对盐碱混合胁迫下裸燕麦脂肪酸组成的效应,采用盆栽砂培试验,研究了外施H₂S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)和H₂S生成抑制剂羟胺(HA)对50 mmol·L^-1盐碱混合胁迫下裸燕麦品种定莜9号植株生长、叶片细胞膜脂氧化和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明：（1）喷施50 μmol·L^-1 NaHS可显著缓解盐碱混合胁迫下定莜9号植株干重的下降和叶片超氧阴离子、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量的提高;增添HA后逆转了喷施NaHS缓解盐碱混合胁迫抑制定莜9号植株生长和叶片膜脂氧化损伤的作用。（2）盐碱混合胁迫导致定莜9号叶片50种脂肪酸中的部分组分含量发生显著改变,使总脂肪酸含量和脂肪酸不饱和程度显著降低。喷施50 μmol·L^-1 NaHS使盐碱混合胁迫下定莜9号叶片5种脂肪酸组分棕榈酸(C16∶0)、岩芹酸 (C18∶1N12)、异油酸(C18∶1N7)、亚油酸(C18∶2N6)和α-亚麻酸(C18∶3N3)含量显著降低,其余45种脂肪酸组分含量变化不大;增添HA后5种脂肪酸月桂酸(C12∶0)、反-10-十五烯酸(C15∶1T)、亚油酸 (C18∶2N6)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3N3)和二十三烷酸(C23∶0)含量提高,8种脂肪酸硬脂酸(C18∶0)、反异油酸(C18∶1N7T)、岩芹酸(C18∶1N12)、异油酸(C18∶1N7)、顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸(C20∶2)、HOMO-γ-亚麻酸(C20∶3N6)、神经酸(C24∶1)和顺-7,10,13,16-二十二碳四烯酸(C22∶4)含量下降,其余37种脂肪酸含量无显著变化。（3）喷施50 μmol·L^-1 NaHS显著降低了盐碱混合胁迫下定莜9号叶片饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和总脂肪酸含量及脂肪酸不饱和度和双键指数,添加HA后显著逆转了NaHS降低不饱和脂肪酸和总脂肪酸含量及脂肪酸不饱和度和双键指数的作用。综上所述,H₂S通过降低活性氧积累导致的细胞膜脂氧化损伤和参与脂肪酸组分调控及降低脂肪酸含量和脂肪酸不饱和程度提高裸燕麦适应盐碱胁迫的能力。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.