滇池湖滨湿地中山杉和黑杨的光合特性

以生长在滇池湖滨湿地中的中山杉(302)和黑杨植株为材料,研究了它们的光合特性。结果表明:中山杉和黑杨均有较高的净光合速率,较适应种植环境;中山杉的水分利用效率较高。从光合生理角度看,中山杉是一个较好的建造滇池湖滨林带的树种。     

美洲黑杨新无性系T26和T66苗期年高生长节律的研究

用Logistic方程对美洲黑杨优良新无性系T66和T26当年生扦插苗的年高生长节律进行了拟合分析,相关达极显著水平。并以此将无性系扦插苗的生长过程划分为成活期、生长前期、速生期和生长后期,还对每一个时期的生长特点进行了分析。     

美洲黑杨无性系的生长与抗寒性

美洲黑杨无性系在我国北方栽培往往出现冻害，而影响生长。作者对黑杨基因库中的２１个美洲黑杨无性系的生长与抗寒性的遗传异规律进行了研究，结果表明：二者在无性系间存在极显著差异，相互间呈负相关关系。     

黑杨纸浆材品种的材性遗传分析和选择

作者选用当前推广的和经１次生长初选的速生黑杨无性系为试验材料，以纸浆材品种选择为目的，进行了木材性状和生长性状的遗传分析，并运用综合选择指数从中筛选出生长、材性具佳的Ｃａｒｐｐａｃｃｉｏ、９２５、Ｉ－６９、８０－Ｉ－６和鲁伊莎等５个优良无性系。可作为纸浆工业用材林品种进行区域推广。     

美洲黑杨优良品种T26和T66无性繁殖技术

美洲黑杨无性系T26和T66是山东省林科院于1987年由土耳其引进、1995年选育出的两个速生优良无性系，于1997年又在山东省各杨树栽培区，同引进的全国各地选育的50多个优良无性系一起，进行了育苗试验和区域化造林对比试验，结果表明：T26和T66在山东省具有生长速度快、材质好、抗逆性强和生态适应范围广等优良特性，是营建胶合板林和纸浆林的优良品系，2002年已通过山东省林木良种审定，     

美洲黑杨基因资源收存及其遗传评价的研究

从１７个国家引进３３１个黑杨派无性系（其中５２个美洲黑杨无性系）,在山东省长清县营建我国第一个黑杨派无性系基因库。连续１０年对基因库内美洲黑杨无性系进行了多性状系统研究,结果表明各无性系间在物候期、生长、生根、抗寒和抗病虫等方面均存在着显著的差异,遗传变异丰富;系间的主要性状与无性系起源纬度及各性状间存在一定相关性。主要材料性状变异的研究结果表明,３８个８年生美洲黑杨无性系在木材基本密度、纤维长度无性系间变异达到极显著水平;木材密度和纤维长度与树高和胸径呈一定相关性;木材密度和纤维长度这两个性状在遗传上相互独立,受不同遗传机制控制。利用分子遗传标记ＲＡＰＤ技术研究库内美洲黑杨无性系ＤＮＡ多态性,结果表明本库美洲黑杨ＤＮＡ多态率为８６％,再次证明本库美洲黑杨遗传多样性高,可为我国杨树改良提供丰富的育种材料。     

美洲黑杨×欧美杨F_1无性系遗传变异和初步选择研究

为了选择对杨树细菌性溃疡病有一定抗性的优质杨树资源,于2015年在天水市进行了美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides)×欧美杨(Populus×euramericana Guinier)F_1无性系遗传变异和初步选择研究的试验。本实验主要参与实验的植物为50株美洲黑杨作为母本以及50株欧美杨作为父本杂交获得25株家系以及115株F_1无性系。通过3年的生长试验进行测定分析以及数据记录,数据显示美洲黑杨×欧美杨F_1无性系在种源内家系间以及家系内无性系间两个不同水平上存在α为万分之一水平的显著差异,说明此试验中F_1无性系具有较大的选择潜力。根据F_1无性系的长势情况和对细菌性溃疡病的抗病性,选出了其中一些长势良好且对细菌性溃疡病有一定抗性的优质F_1无性系,为杨树抗性引种提供了宝贵的引种材料。     

黑杨派新无性系木材物理力学性质研究

伐取浙江临海无性系试验林 5年生 10个速生黑杨新无性系 30个样株 ,测定木材的物理力学性质。结果表明 ,其木材密度高于同地区速生杉木、柳杉 10年生木材的测定值 ,力学性质与之相近 ;木材物理性质在速生无性系间无显著差异 ,而力学性质差异显著或极显著 ;木材密度与力学性质显著相关 ,而木材性质与胸径生长相独立 ;参试无性系中 36 7、36 6、370、1388、12 1等无性系最适于营建短伐期工业用材林。     

黑杨源新无性系木材物理力学性质研究

代取浙江临海无性系试验林5年生10个速生黑杨新无性系30个样株，测定木材的物理力学性质。结果表明，其木材密度高于同地区速生杉木、柳杉10年生木材的测定值，力学性质与之相近；木材物理性质在速生无性系间无显著差异，而力学性质差异显著或极显著；木材密度与力学性质显著相关，而木材性质与胸径生长相独立；参试无性系中367、366、370、1388、121等无性系最适于营建短伐期工业用材林。     

黑杨派六个无性系引种栽培研究

<正> 为选择适宜中亚热带平原湖区栽培的优良速生杨树品种,1977年元月,我们从南京林学院引进了黑杨派六个新无性系。通过七年的引种试验,认为其中有三个无性系:I-63、I-69、I-72是较好的品种。现已在洞庭湖区造林10.5万多亩,普遍生长良好。一、试验材料引进的六个无性系是:I-214、I-45、I-72、I-63、I-69和加龙杨。与此同时进行试验的还有欧美杨I-455、北京杨、小黑杨、吉林1号杨等无性系。二、引种地区的立地条件试验地区的年平均气温为16.7℃,极端最     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.