海鳗消化道的显微结构

采用大体解剖和光镜技术研究了海鳗(Muraenesax cinereius)消化道形态学和组织学。海鳗消化道分化为明显的食道、胃和肠。食道皱襞多且粗大，黏膜为复层上皮，部分区域为单层柱状上皮。上皮中含两种类型的杯状细胞，以杯状细胞层次多为显著特征，此外还有嗜酸性细胞。肌层厚。浆膜中纤维发达，伸人肌层并与黏膜下层相连。胃“Y”形，分为贲门部、盲囊部和幽门部，盲囊部发达。胃上皮为单层柱状上皮，贲门部和盲囊部胃腺发达，至幽门部胃腺逐渐消失。肠短，由具微绒毛的单层柱状上皮构成，小肠前段绒毛分支多且相互吻合，毛细血管丰富，平滑肌多。直肠单层柱状上皮与假复层纤毛柱状上皮共存。海鳗消化道组织结构特点反映了其凶猛、食肉、食量大的食性特点。     

Abscess of the cervix uteri and uterine wall in a cow of German red-spotted breed

This report concerns a 5-year-old "Deutsche Rotbunte" cow, which was brought into the clinic because of fertility problems 5 months after its fourth calving. A medicine-ball-sized abscess extending from cervix and corpus uteri into the abdominal cavity was diagnosed. A presumable cause of the abscess could have been an uterine treatment carried out prior to insemination.     

Clitoral massage as a supporting measure in manipulation of the bovine uterus

A method of exciting the clitoris is described. After such a massage or stimulation of the clitoris, the cervix lumen enlarges and allows an easier passage. Thus one can assume that a reflex arc exists. Directions on how to arouse the "clitoris-cervix-reflex" can be requested by sending an international self addressed stamped envelope to the author.     

Recurrent, atypical uterine prolapse after the end of early puerperium in a cow of the German black pied breed (clinical case report)

A case of a recurrent incomplete uterine prolapse in a two year-old cow of the German Black Pied breed delivered into the clinic at the 16th day after parturition is described. An inversio uteri that possibly relapsed very soon following reposition of an uterine prolapse post partum is presumably the reason of the prolapsus uteri beyond the early puerperal period. The prolapsed left uterine horn was enclosed tightly by the cervix. Due to severe inflammatory changes a reduction was not practicable.     

Corrosion anatomical studies of the blood vessel system of the mare ovary

The ovary of the mare is vascularized by two branches of the A. ovarica, which differ in diameter. They take a characteristic course in this organ. Near the ovulation fossa several branches of 1st and 2nd class leave the A. ovarica to provide the functional structures. These vessels are formed like a corkscrew. At the veins and its ramifications there are sphincter-like structures which support the venous valves. They are of haemodynamic importance for the different phases of the functional structures.     

扁玉螺鳃的形态学研究

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了扁玉螺鳃的组织学和表面结构,鳃叶上皮由５个区带的细胞组成,即前纤毛柱状细胞,立方细胞,侧纤毛柱状细胞,后纤毛柱状细胞及呼吸上皮。侧纤毛是产生呼吸水流的动力来源,呼吸上皮细胞表面凹凸不平,其组织学和表面结构有助于进行气体交换。     

Notes on the Construction, Installation and Environmental Effects of Habitat Improvement Structures in a Small Lowland River in Shropshire

The construction and installation of habitat Improvement structures in a small lowland river are described. Low dams and current deflectors installed were successful in producing pool-riffle habitat characteristics while artificial cover structures effectively simulated the shelter normally associated with river banks. The Improvement programme was found to partially mitigate the adverse effects on the environment of river channel works carried out at the site to improve land drainage. The role of improvement structures in fishery rehabilitation is discussed.     

小江回水区江段鱼类群落结构的时空变动及驱动因素分析

调查小江下游回水区鱼类资源,探讨三峡水库175 m正常蓄水后该江段鱼类群落结构的时空变动特征及其驱动因素,为小江鱼类资源保护提供参考依据。在小江下游渠口、养鹿、高阳和黄石设置4个采样江段,1个位于水库变动回水区,3个位于水库常年回水区。基于2013年和2019年5-7月及10-11月开展的鱼类资源调查数据,采用多元分析方法量化分析小江回水区江段非生物因子时空变动与鱼类群落结构时空变动的关系。结果显示：2013年和2019年共在小江回水区江段采集到鱼类74种,隶属于7目15科56属,其中优势种鱼类15种,长江上游特有鱼类7种,外来鱼类5种;小江常年回水区的鱼类群落结构在2019年发生了明显改变,而变动回水区江段的鱼类群落结构在2013年和2019年间无明显差异;小江常年回水区江段的鱼类群落结构在2013年显示出明显的季节变动特征,而在2019年季节性变动特征不明显;变动回水区江段的鱼类群落结构在2013年和2019年均存在明显的季节变动;总磷含量、磷酸盐含量、水温和流速显著影响小江回水区江段鱼类群落结构的时空分布格局,其中磷酸盐含量和水温是最关键的驱动因素。尽量维持小江变动回水区的自然生...     

“红肉病”文蛤的组织病理学

利用组织学和组织化学方法,在光镜水平下研究了患“红肉病”文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)的组织病理学变化特征。结果显示,患病文蛤的病理学变化主要表现为组织结构紊乱,上皮膨大、脱落,鳃、外套膜、消化盲囊等组织发现异常结构及寄生物,如嗜碱性的包涵体、嗜酸性颗粒及寄生性原生动物等。另外,组织化学研究结果显示,病蛤在糖含量、磷酸酶活性等方面也有明显变化,表现为消化盲囊、肠等部位吸收细胞内糖含量增加。消化盲囊、消化管各处酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性减弱,碱性磷酸酶活性(AKP)增强。鳃组织ACP活性增强,AKP活性减弱等。     

甲壳类年龄鉴定方法研究进展

甲壳类特有的蜕壳现象,使其能够记录年龄信息的外骨骼周期性消失,因此甲壳类的年龄鉴定一直未得到较好的解决。年龄鉴定是评估甲壳类渔业资源的基础,鉴定甲壳类年龄的方法主要有饲养法、标记重捕法、体长频度法、脂褐素分析法、放射性同位素分析法和硬组织生长纹分析法。饲养法、标记重捕法和放射性同位素分析法较准确,然而由饲养法得到的数据不适用于实际野生环境,放射性同位素分析法花费较高,因此,这两种方法都存在较大的局限性。应用最广泛的标记重捕法和体长频度法也存在不足之处。相对于体长频度鉴龄技术而言,脂褐素分析法优势明显,但是对劳动强度和技术要求高。硬组织生长纹分析法是最近几年出现的鉴龄技术,也存在人为主观性较强等不足。本文对甲壳类年龄鉴定的方法进行了总结回顾,将不同鉴定方法进行比较,分析优缺点,以期为开展甲壳类资源评估与管理提供基础。     

长江芜湖江段鱼类多样性及其群落结构的时空格局

为制定合理的渔业资源保护措施与管理对策,2009年按季度共4次调查了长江芜湖江段鱼类多样性及其群落结构。结果显示:该江段现有鱼类54种,其中以似鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、油(Hemiculter bleekeri bleek-eri warpacho)、短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus Kreyenberg et Pappenheim)、鲫(Carassius auratus)等中小型鱼类为常见种和优势种,表明了该江段的鱼类组成存在明显的小型化特点。长江干流沿岸浅水区的鱼类多样性最高,江心深水区最低,而青弋江支流、漳河支流和漳河河口的居中,青弋江的鱼类种数和个体数都显著低于沿岸浅水区,但漳河的鱼类数量与沿岸浅水区无明显差异。江心深水区的鱼类群落与其它样点明显不同,而青弋江的鱼类群落与沿岸浅水区、漳河及其河口的鱼类群落也存在部分差异。鱼类群落结构的季节动态无显著性。     

江黄颡鱼卵细胞膜的结构特征

Using conventional histochemical methods and scanning electron microscope, the egg surface of mature oocyte of Pelteobagrus vachelli was observed. The micropyle is funnel-like and consists of micropylar vestibule and micropylar canal. The opening of micropylar vestibule is about 11.35μm in diameter while entrance of the micropyle to the oocyte is only about 2.6 μm. There are plenty of micropores on the surface near the micropyle. Micropyle might act as an apparatus leading spermatozoa to penetrating an oocyte. Regular cord-like structures between basal membrane (the outermost layer of egg surface) and plasmic membrane (the inner layer of egg surface) are found. These cord-like structures, each about 16.75 to 18.50μm in length, 5μm in diameter, comprised small balls whose diameters vary from 2.18 to 2.5μm and are arranged cornpactly under the basal membrane. These kinds of structures are zona radiata and act as special eggshell. After activation of the oocytes, the cord-like structures would partially transform into mucoprotein. To our best knowledge, this paper is the fast report on stereo view of the zona radiata of teleost oocyte.     

Effects of instream structures on Kirikuchi charr, southernmost population of genus Salvelinus, in a small mountain stream of Japan

ABSTRACT:   The changes in physical habitats and responses of fish, e.g. the Kirikuchi charr Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus , were examined by placing instream structures in a stream on the upper drainage of the Totsu River system of the Kii Peninsula, Japan, over a two-year period. Instream structures created pools below the structures, and these pools have maintained their functions as fish habitats over two years. In two treatment sections, sections A and B (some red-spotted masu salmon were removed in advance in section B), mean water depth increased soon after placing the structures, but decreased over two years. Mean water velocity slowed after placing the structures in both sections. Total fish abundance has been relatively high at the two treatment sections compared with a control section after placing the structures. Age 1 Kirikuchi charr, however, increased only in section B. These results indicate that instream structures can serve as habitat enhancement for fish, including Kirikuchi charr, in the study area if other appropriate habitat factors for respective species are taken into consideration.     

Computed tomographic studies of the central nervous system in small animals

With computed tomography in 44 small animals some well defined anatomical structures and pathological processes of the central nervous system are described. Computed tomography is not only necessary for the diagnosis of tumors; malformations, inflammatory, degenerative and vascular diseases and traumas are also visible.     

Procedures for evaluating and prioritising the removal of fish passage barriers: a synthesis

Abstract Techniques for assessing the impact of structural barriers on fish passage and for prioritising restoration actions are reviewed. Current survey methodologies are biased towards specific structures, primarily culverts and economically significant fish. Assessment criteria are often based on swimming capabilities of upstream migrating adult salmonids, while ignoring other life‐stages, non‐salmonid species, downstream migration and behaviour. The development of comprehensive and centrally owned geospatial inventories of barriers is essential. The collection, maintenance and dissemination of pertinent structural and environmental data can be technically, logistically and financially challenging. Standardised procedures are needed to rapidly and cost‐effectively survey large numbers of barriers over wide geographic areas. The prioritisation of barrier repair and removal projects is most often based on simple cost‐benefit analysis, whereby individual barriers are scored based on a set of assessment criteria and then ranked in order of priority. The benefits of using scoring‐and‐ranking systems, however, are unacceptably low because they consider barriers independently, thereby ignoring the cumulative, non‐additive impacts produced by multiple, spatially interconnected structures. Optimisation modelling offers a more robust approach for efficiently prioritising decision making in river restoration planning, allowing decision makers to account for key uncertainties and effectively balance multiple, possibly competing, environmental and socioeconomic goals and constraints.     

头足类耳石微化学研究进展

耳石是位于平衡囊内起平衡作用的一对钙化组织,它是头足类的加速度感应器,记录其生命周期内的生物和生态信息。随着鱼类耳石微化学研究及应用的日趋成熟与完善,头足类耳石的相应研究也逐渐兴起。目前头足类耳石微化学的研究内容主要包括无机和有机大分子、微量元素、同位素、微化学标记等方面,其中微量元素是应用研究的重点,在头足类种群识别、生活史分析及栖息环境重建等方面发挥了重要作用。分析认为,头足类微量元素在与栖息环境尤其水温关系的研究中取得了很好的结果,被认为是测定头足类生活水温的温度计。然而,涉及种群识别、生活史分析以及与盐度和食物关系的研究还不够充分,且多集中于Sr/Ca的研究。因此,建议在今后的研究中要综合多种研究方法按时间和空间序列从日轮水平分析多种微量元素的含量与变化。     

Functional morphology of the kidney. A review of the histophysiology of the kidney glomerulus, the nephrons and the collecting tubule system

The kidney is a composite organ, the specific activities of which are attributable to the peculiar construction of the individual components of the glomerula, nephrons and collecting tubules. This comprehensive review will address the essential physiological mechanisms of urine formation, such as filtration, secretion, reabsorption and concentration, and correlate these functions to morphological structures where possible. The complex structure of the renal glomerulus as the basis for the formation of primary urine (blood-urine barrier) will be documented on the basis of electron micrographs. In addition to this, the ultrastructure of the epithelium in the various tubular segments and collecting tubules will be discussed from a histophysiological stand-point, including its significance in the excretion of waste substances and maintenance of a constant fluid environment in the body (Homeostasis).     

Numerical model of an aquaculture structure under oscillatory flow

Marine aquaculture is widely distributed in coastal areas. The aquaculture farms generate drag resistance to fluid motion and alter ambient hydrodynamics. Meanwhile, aquacultural structures are subjected to complex flow conditions including waves and currents. With the expansion to more open areas with severe flow field conditions, marine aquacultural structures face greater challenges and risks of damage. Culture unit is an important component of aquacultural structures and shows flexibility in both field observations and laboratory measurements. Underestimating or overestimating the drag resistance of culture units under the action of fluid flow can lead to damage risks or overdesign of the structure. A dynamic model is developed to estimate the deflection of flexible culture units and is incorporated into an aquacultural structure numerical model in this paper. Critical factors for safety as well as routine operation of aquacultural structures are considered including structural responses and mooring line forces. A suspended mussel long line system is taken as an example, and the results show that the calculated value (9.2 kN) of the maximum tension of the north mooring line is in good agreement with the measured data (9.8 kN) under the action of tide flow. The influence of different flow field parameters on structural dynamic responses is investigated. The numerical results indicate that decreasing wave height can reduce maximum mooring line tension and longitudinal and vertical motion amplitude of the main line. The maximum tension of the mooring line generally decreases with the increase of the angle between the main line and the inflow direction under the action of waves and tide flows. In structural design, the arrangement angle of structures can be determined according to the force calculation of mooring lines based on the numerical model. The spacing of culture units and the distance between adjacent long lines can be determined by referring to the motion calculation of structures to avoid damage due to intertwinement of structural components.     

中国蛤蜊鳃的光镜与扫描电镜观察

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了中国蛤蜊鳃的组织学和表面结构。所有鳃丝的组织结构均相同。鳃丝上皮按结构与功能可区分为4个区带：前纤毛柱状细胞区、侧纤毛柱状细胞区、粘液细胞区和扁平细胞区。前纤毛和侧纤毛分别与食物的运送和呼吸水流的产生有关。扁平细胞为呼吸上皮，其结构有助于气体交换。相邻鳃丝通过成排的、含有血管的丝间连接连系。     

Development of Pacific lamprey fishways at a hydropower dam

Abstract Traditional fishways do not accommodate the passage needs of all migrating species. In the north‐western United States, structures designed to aid adult Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata (Gairdner), passage are critically needed. The structures described here were fabricated in modular units and installed at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River (235 km). They featured a series of aluminium ramps interspersed with rest boxes that prevented lamprey from moving back downstream. The effects of various design changes and structure operation (water volume delivered) were assessed using lamprey counts and passive integrated transponder detections. Up to 40% of the lamprey entered the structures and 90–100% of these passed through to the exit. Lowering water volume pumped to the structures had little effect on lamprey performance, but passage improved when a 3.8‐m‐long, steep (40°) ramp was replaced with two, 1.4‐m‐long, 45° ramps. Pacific lamprey ascended the 8‐ to 9‐m‐high structures and entered the dam forebay in less than 1 h. The success of these prototypes was attributed to site selection and attention to lamprey‐specific performance.