波浪作用下半潜式养殖网箱水动力特性

半潜式深远海养殖网箱在波浪作用下会发生变形与运动。为保证网箱结构的稳定性,需对其水动力特性进行分析。本研究基于有限元法建立了波浪作用下一种半潜式网箱的数值模型,通过仿真计算求解网箱的锚绳受力与运动情况。首先,将计算机模拟值与物理水槽试验值进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。然后,分别研究了半潜式网箱在3种压载状态下的动力响应情况,分析比较了不同波浪条件下网箱锚绳张力、垂荡、纵荡和纵摇的计算结果。结果显示,计算值与试验值基本吻合,二者的相对误差在5%左右。当波高一定时,网箱迎浪侧和背浪侧锚绳受力与波浪周期改变无明显关联;当周期一定时,两侧锚绳受力均随波高的增加而增大。网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值均与波高呈正相关,随着半潜式网箱吃水的增加,网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值基本呈减小趋势。网箱在3种压载状态下最大垂荡值和纵荡值分别为12.67 m和10.59 m,网箱在空载状态下的最大纵摇值≤15°,表明半潜式网箱结构具有较好的稳定性。研究结果可为我国深远海养殖网箱设计提供理论参考。     

Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic behaviors of multiple net cages in waves

Large fish farms that include multiple-cages are becoming common in the aquaculture industry. Selecting an appropriate mooring structure and arrangement of cages is necessary to avoid fish cage and mooring grid system failures. A numerical model based on the lumped mass method and the principle of rigid body kinematics is developed to predict the hydrodynamic response of a fish cage and mooring grid system to regular waves. To validate the numerical model, a series of experiments is conducted. The numerical results of this model correspond with those obtained from experimental observations. Then, two cage arrangements are investigated, and the effect of the wave direction is analyzed. The results show that when the wave incident angle is 0°, the maximum tension forces on the anchor lines of the two cage arrangements are close to each other. There is not a significant difference between the effective fish cage volumes of the two cage arrangements. However, if one anchor line is broken, the two cage arrangements have different degrees of risk of having the cage structures swept away. When the propagation direction of the incident wave changes, the tension forces on the anchor lines also change due to different transfer load paths.     

Hydrodynamic responses of longline aquaculture facility with lantern nets in waves

To prevent occurrences of structure failure, it is essential to study the mooring line tension and motions of the longline aquaculture facilities with lantern nets. This study describes a physical model experiment that attempts to determine an optimal structure design. The experiment investigated effects of three facility design factors on the mooring line tension and movement of the lantern net and mainline: incident wave angles, lantern net layout depths, and lantern net layout forms (horizontal arrangement/staggered arrangement). The experimental results indicate that the mooring line tension decreases with increasing wave periods. The amplitude and variation of windward mooring line tension are much larger and more complex than that of leeward. The vertical movement amplitude and variation range of the lantern net and mainline are much larger than that of horizontal movement amplitude. Decreasing the incident wave angle, deepening the arrangement depth of lantern nets or adopting staggered arrangement can reduce the mooring line tension in the case of longer wave period. The analysis indicates that increasing the layout depths of the lantern nets and applying the staggered layout form are beneficial in reducing the vertical motion amplitude and elliptical excursion of the mainline. The incident wave angle has a relatively weak effect on the motion of the main and lantern net. Increasing the layout depths of lantern nets will reduce the horizontal and vertical movement amplitudes and elliptical excursion of the lantern nets. Changing the layout forms of the lantern nets from horizontal to staggered will increase the horizontal motion amplitude and decrease the vertical motion amplitude and elliptical excursion of the lantern nets.     

波浪作用下一种鲆鲽类方形网箱水动力特性数值模拟研究

针对鲆鲽类方形重力式网箱在纯波浪条件下的水动力特性,采用数值模拟的方法对鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的主要部件——浮架系统、配重系统、锚碇系统进行了模拟。将模拟结果与实验结果进行分析比较表明,数模与物模各量值吻合良好,平均相对误差均不超过9%,表明数值模拟的方法能较好地模拟鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的水动力特性。在此基础上,用数值模拟的方法,进一步研究了底框质量和网衣高度的改变对网箱各参数的影响,模拟结果显示,底框质量改变主要影响锚绳受力和底框倾角,底框质量从80 g升至100 g再升至140 g的过程中,锚绳受力平均增幅分别为13%和19%,同时增大底框质量有助于减小底框运动倾角,其平均降幅分别为8.8%和9.3%;网衣高度由20 cm增至30 cm后,锚绳受力平均增加15%,同时网衣的增高导致对浮架和底框的牵制作用加大,使得浮架和底框的运动幅度有所减小,降幅不超过10%。在以上研究结果的基础上,为鲆鲽类网箱的设计与优化提供了参考建议。     

Water-tank experiment and static numerical analysis of the mooring system of a controllable depth cage

Recent variations in marine environments have increased the risk of aquaculture accidents at sea. This risk can be reduced by installing fish cages at the desired depth, based on environmental conditions such as wave height, the vertical profiles of water temperature, algal concentration, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Most submergible fish cages can be located at only two depths: the sea surface and a submerged depth. In the present study, a fish cage installed at various depths, i.e., a controllable depth cage (CDC), is proposed for avoiding undesirable environments. A water tank experiment is conducted to measure the drag of the cage and the static deformation of the mooring system using a scale model of the actual cage. Then, a simple numerical model based on the balance of forces on each component is developed to analyze the position and the attitude of the cage and the mooring tension of the system. The numerical model is verified by comparing the experimental and numerical results. The outcome showed that the cage and floats moved downstream at an increasing velocity. The results of the numerical simulation supported those of the water tank experiment. However, the simulated vertical positions of a cage and floats were higher compared with experimental results. Additionally, the inclination of angle increased alongside increasing velocity in the numerical simulation, whereas a complex variation was observed in the experiment. This happened because of underestimating the drag on the mooring rope in lower water current velocities; additionally, cage lift was not considered in the numerical model. Despite these discrepancies, the tension of each mooring rope was well predicted because of the dominant tension of the horizontal component. In future studies, the balance of forces on the rope should be predicted more precisely, and variations in cage drag and inclination angle should be included in the numerical model. Additionally, the effect of waves should be considered alongside water currents to ensure the safety of the CDC.     

Accuracy improvement of numerical simulation with the determination of drag coefficients of floating collars

To install aquaculture facilities in the open sea, which is significantly influenced by tidal currents and waves, technology must be developed to withstand severe natural conditions. Many studies have been performed on cage structures that can operate in such an environment. To analyze the performance of the cage structure, it is necessary to derive the drag coefficient of the floating collar according to the degree of submergence of the floating collar in the sea; however, studies on this have not been published. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the drag coefficients according to the extent of submersion of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, which are the most commonly used pipes for cage floating collars. Using three types of HDPE pipes with different diameters, we derived drag coefficients for 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, and complete submersion of the pipe’s cross section at different attack angles and current speeds. The drag coefficient of the HDPE pipe derived from a flume-tank experiment was employed for modeling the floating collar. Additionally, a numerical simulation was performed. The deformation of the sides of the cage according to the current speeds agreed well with the model test and numerical simulation results, and the overall calculation error for the tension of the mooring line was within ±5%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the simulation was improved by about 7% through the numerical calculation method of the floating collar applied in this study. According to the results of the model test and numerical simulation, cage structures with various properties can be modeled consistently using a mass–spring model, enabling relatively accurate numerical calculations and behavior simulation of the cage.     

水流作用下筏式养殖设施动力响应的数值模拟

利用有限单元法建立了水流作用下筏式养殖设施动力响应的数学计算模型,通过数值求解对浮标和吊笼结构的最大位移以及锚绳受力进行分析。计算机模拟结果表明,筏绳在水流作用下产生明显的变形,其形态变化与实际基本相符。当流向一定时,浮标和吊笼的最大位移值以及左右两侧的锚绳受力均随流速的增加而增大。其中,浮标最大位移值7.6m,吊笼最大位移值9.6m。当流速一定时,浮标和吊笼的最大位移值与右侧锚绳受力随着来流角度的增加而增大。左侧锚绳力受来流方向变化影响不明显,其最大值为3 780N。     

近岸典型养殖海区潮流垂直结构的数值研究

采用改进的一维水动力模型对我国近岸典型筏式养殖海区的潮流垂直结构进行了数值研究。模型通过增加潮流上边界层来描述养殖活动与潮流垂直分布的关系。数值实验结果表明,高密度养殖对潮流的阻碍作用很强,使得海水表层流速显著减缓;当养殖密度达到临界值后,流速剖面出现变形,流速迅速减小。流速剖面随底应力的变化也会出现同样的变形。潮流流速及其垂直分布情况均受到上层养殖阻力和海底应力的共同作用,呈非线性变化趋势。潮流垂直结构就是对在外海传入潮波的驱动下,海水对上层养殖阻力和海底应力的适应与调整。这为进一步优化养殖设施布放、养殖品种安排等奠定了理论基础。生物生长与吊笼等因素对海水运动的阻力效应是需要进一步考虑的问题。     

台风“米雷”对山东网箱养殖业灾害性影响的调查与技术解析

为研究台风米雷造成近海网箱设施大面积毁坏的直接和主要原因,在第一时间对山东半岛荣成附近海域网箱养殖业户遭受台风米雷袭击进行紧急调查,从网箱设施的材料结构、锚泊系统等技术层面进行全面的分析。调查结果表明,传统小网箱锚泊系统自身锚缆绳索锚固偏紧,网箱无法随波跳浪而被闷入水中,是导致锚泊系统受力过大而崩溃的最主要原因。建议加强传统网箱防灾减灾科学问题的研究,努力攻克国产升降式网箱的某些技术瓶颈,来支撑传统网箱的升级换代,提升设施的防灾减灾能力,有效保护渔民生命财产安全。     

Numerical modeling of submerged mussel longlines with protective sleeves

Farmers growing mussels in offshore environments have turned to submerged longline farming as a relatively safe, reliable and profitable way to produce mussels in the exposed ocean environment. However, variations in the environmental conditions (strong currents and storms) and potential presence of predator species (e.g. eider ducks) require robust engineering approaches to design longline mussel farms and their components.This paper describes application of a mechanistic fluid-structure interaction modeling software Hydro-FE to predict the dynamic response of several mooring/longline/dropper configurations subjected to typical and extreme environmental conditions of a North Atlantic mussel farming site. Hydro-FE is a software tool that expands and modernizes the approach previously implemented in the finite element program Aqua-FE developed at the University of New Hampshire to analyze flexible structures in marine environment. The numerical model takes into account smooth variation of the hydrodynamic forces around the free surface (continuous partial submergence), Reynolds number dependence of drag coefficients of mooring lines and includes contributions of predator-protection sleeves to the overall mechanical response of mussel droppers. The simulations provide estimates of anchor forces, mooring line tensions, and time-series data on the motion of the droppers. This information can be used in the design of mussel longlines to prevent anchor failure, rope breakage, line entanglement and mussel fall-off.     

Numerical simulation of deformations and forces of a floating fish cage collar in waves

The dynamic behavior of a fish cage collar in waves was investigated using a numerical model based on the finite element method. The floating collar and mooring system were divided into a series of line segments modeled by straight massless model segments with a node at each end. To verify the validity of the numerical model, research data from other authors were cited and compared with the simulated results, the comparison of results showed a good agreement. The numerical model was then applied to a dynamic simulation of a floating cage collar in waves to analyze its elastic deformation and mooring line tension. The simulated results indicated that the greatest deformation of the collar taken place in the position of the mooring line connection point when incident waves were in the same direction. An increase in the length of mooring line would help to decrease the mooring line tension of the collar. Furthermore, the effects of collar dimension, including collar circumference, pipe diameter in cross-section, and pipe thickness, on the dynamic behavior of the floating collar were discussed. The results of this study provided a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the fish cage collar.     

波流作用下深水网箱受力及运动变形的数值模拟

基于已建立的浮架和网衣数学模型,对不同波况和流速共同作用条件下HDPE深水网箱所受的锚绳力、波流力、容积损失率以及浮架倾角进行数值计算,设计的波流要素值为:波高H=4～6 m,周期T=6.0～8.6 s,流速U=0.3～0.9 m/s.结果表明,网箱锚绳受力、波流力和容积损失率均与波高和流速成正比,与周期的关系不明显,且网箱系统所受的波流力约为网箱迎浪侧两根锚绳受力的合力.在波高H=4～6 m、流速U=0.75 m/s时,网箱容积损失率达到47%～56%,网箱变形较为严重,为此建议网箱养殖区域应选择流速小于0.75 m/s的海区较为适宜.周期对网箱容积损失率的影响很小,对浮架倾角的影响较为明显,波高和流速不变时,随着周期的增大,浮架倾角会有所减小.本研究旨在探讨波浪流对深水网箱受力及运动变形的影响,为高海况网箱养殖的风险评估提供参考依据.     

圆柱形网箱锚绳受力特性的数值模拟

根据动力学原理,研究在水流作用下圆柱形网箱锚绳的受力特性,导出锚绳形状和张力的一阶微分方程组,并利用四阶Runge-Kutta计算法,结合Matlab工具,对圆柱形网箱的系泊锚绳,在水流速度、水流冲角、水深和锚绳长度等参数下的空间位置及张力变化进行数值求解和仿真模拟。模拟结果显示,在给定的初始条件下,锚绳长度对锚绳的空间位置影响最显著,水流冲角对锚绳张力的影响最大,水深对形状和张力的影响最不明显;锚绳张力随长度的增加而减小,随水流冲角、流速的增加而增加。     

波浪作用下筏式养殖结构的动力分析

针对筏式养殖设施结构的特点,基于有限元商业软件ANSYS对其进行数学建模,通过数值计算,对不同位置浮标与吊笼的位移和最大锚绳力进行分析。数值模拟研究表明,筏式养殖设施整体结构在波浪作用下呈现周期性的运动趋势,但并未发生浮标或吊笼相互缠绕的现象,说明此筏式结构在波浪作用下能够安全使用。不同位置的浮标与吊笼,由于受到锚绳与筏绳相互牵引的作用,其位移随时间变化的趋势有所不同。两侧锚绳受力变化周期与波浪周期基本一致,迎浪侧锚绳受力明显大于背浪侧,锚绳力最大值约为1000 N。研究结果表明,通过对比不同的波浪工况条件,发现各个浮标和吊笼在水平与垂直方向的位移幅度均随着波高的增加而增大,且垂直方向位移幅度大于水平方向。     

潜浮式船型桁架结构深海养殖网箱避浪性能研究

深海网箱作为现代海洋渔业拓展外海养殖空间的重要养殖装备，其布设环境一般较近海更为复杂恶劣，对于保障其安全性和稳定性提出了更高的要求。本研究针对一种单点系泊潜浮式船型桁架网箱开展了模型比尺为1︰40的波浪流水池试验，重点围绕该网箱在不同吃水深度受波浪作用的系泊受力、升沉、纵摇和横摇等水动力学特性进行了比较分析。试验结果显示，波高为7.5~12.5 cm时(原型3~5 m)，网箱漂浮状态即可以满足养殖需求，其系泊力及运动响应均较小，具备较高的安全性和稳定性；恶劣海况时，即本试验中波高为15.0和17.5 cm (原型6 m和7 m)，通过整体下潜的方式网箱具有良好的避浪性能，其中，系泊力减幅达70%以上，升沉、纵摇和横摇等运动分量减幅也达20%~60%；波流试验中，海流对网箱避浪性能存在一定的影响，但总体上仍然具有较好的避浪效果。研究结果可为单点系泊潜浮式深海网箱的安全运行与日常管理提供理论依据和数据参考。     

Engineering investigation of design procedures for closed containment marine aquaculture systems

The objective of this paper is to investigate potential design procedures for rigid, closed containment aquaculture systems deployed in the marine environment. In this context, closed containment is a term used to describe a range of aquaculture technologies that attempt to restrict and control interactions between farmed fish and the external aquatic environment, with the goal of minimizing impacts. The containment units are often closely spaced and moored to the seafloor bottom. The geographical area of interest is the Straits of Georgia, British Columbia in Canada.In this study, the design configurations of multiple closed containment systems are investigated. The design procedures include examining: (1) local environmental conditions, (2) drag forces on multiple containment units, (3) wave loading, (4) undamped heave motions, (5) mooring gear components and (6) material stresses on a rigid containment structure. Operational and other design considerations are also discussed. Preliminary findings indicate that wave forces could be substantial. In addition, little is known about how containment units, which are closely spaced, will respond individually or as a farm when subjected to surface waves.     

Engineering investigation of design procedures for closed containment marine aquaculture systems

The objective of this paper is to investigate potential design procedures for rigid, closed containment aquaculture systems deployed in the marine environment. In this context, closed containment is a term used to describe a range of aquaculture technologies that attempt to restrict and control interactions between farmed fish and the external aquatic environment, with the goal of minimizing impacts. The containment units are often closely spaced and moored to the seafloor bottom. The geographical area of interest is the Straits of Georgia, British Columbia in Canada.In this study, the design configurations of multiple closed containment systems are investigated. The design procedures include examining: (1) local environmental conditions, (2) drag forces on multiple containment units, (3) wave loading, (4) undamped heave motions, (5) mooring gear components and (6) material stresses on a rigid containment structure. Operational and other design considerations are also discussed. Preliminary findings indicate that wave forces could be substantial. In addition, little is known about how containment units, which are closely spaced, will respond individually or as a farm when subjected to surface waves.     

桑沟湾水动力特征及其对养殖容量影响的研究——观测与模型

主要介绍了从动力学研究桑沟湾养殖容量的主要思路、方法及结果。研究以精细过程观测为基础,以数值模型为手段,从物理海洋学角度考察养殖海区水动力特征,研究水动力对物质循环的影响、对颗粒态/溶解态营养物质的补充和对养殖生物量的影响,探寻不同养殖模式效果的技术路线;介绍了两个航次设计方案与目的。通过观测发现养殖对水动力垂直结构有很大影响,底层流速最大并滞后表层,发现弱动力条件下海底颗粒物和营养盐无法进入水体上层的事实。据此提出双边界层动力模型,建立一维数值模型进行机制探讨,将养殖阻力三维化建立水动力数值模型,定量给出养殖对水动力和水交换的阻碍;以此驱动三维养殖生态模型,充分考虑养殖对水动力的影响、水动力对生源要素的输运。建立了一个真正的物理-生物过程耦合模型。利用该模型进行的数值模拟和实验表明,贝藻兼养多元养殖是健康、高效养殖的有利措施;桑沟湾在现有养殖模式下,目前已基本达到了它的养殖容量,养殖品种分布不变,减少养殖密度至目前的0.9倍会略微提高产量,降低成本;减少湾口海带养殖密度,会大幅度提高贝藻兼养区的营养盐总量和养殖生物产量,从海带与贝类经济价值对比会有更高的效益。人为提高水动力混合或许是解决湾内营养盐缺乏的途径。     

Effects of waves and currents on gravity-type cages in the open sea

The effects of waves with a uniform current on marine aquaculture gravity-type cages were analyzed using a numerical model previously validated by physical model tests. The present analysis employs a numerical algorithm to study the dynamic behaviors of the net-cage system when impinged upon by surface waves from various angles over a uniform current. The maximum tension of the mooring lines and the minimum volume reduction coefficients of the rearing system were analyzed. We found that the current-induced effects on the net-cage system were more important than those due to waves only. We conclude that farming sites should not be situated in areas where the current speed exceeds 1 m/s, unless technological devices are available to overcome serious net-cage volume deformation. Furthermore, we recommend that, whenever possible, the combined effects of various oblique waves and currents be carefully examined before a system is installed. Finally, the ideal range of water depth for net-cage implementation in the open sea is between 30 and 50 m.     

Typical hydrodynamic models for aquaculture nets: A comparative study under pure current conditions

The net is regarded as the most critical component in marine aquaculture facilities as it is the only barrier which protects the environment from fish escapes. Accurate predictions of the net cage deformation and drag force on the nets are needed, both for ensuring fish welfare and for dimensioning of the mooring system. Thus, an appropriate hydrodynamic model is essential. In practice, two types of hydrodynamic force models, i.e., the Morison type and the Screen type, are commonly used to calculate the hydrodynamic forces on nets. Application of the models depends on the underlying structural model and the availability of data. A systematic review of hydrodynamic models is therefore undertaken to compare the models and various parameterisations, in aid of model selection during the design. In this study, eleven commonly used hydrodynamic models, i.e., five Morison models and six Screen models, are reviewed comprehensively, and implemented into a general finite element (FE) solver for dynamic simulations. Sensitivity studies on different current velocities, inflow angles and solidities of the nets are carried out. Moreover, different wake effects are also considered in numerical simulations. The numerical results from different models are compared against existing experimental data under pure current conditions. Suggestions for selection of suitable hydrodynamic models are provided, based on the model comparison.