粘虫不同迁飞世代雄蛾对性诱反应的田间观察

本试验对田间两个不同迁飞世代粘虫成虫的性诱反应作了观察,并且同其对糖醋液的趋性进行了比较。结果表明:迁入代雄蛾对性诱剂反应强烈,迁出代雄蛾对性诱剂基本上不反应。这种现象与迁入迁出世代中雌蛾在生殖滞育上存在显著差别相对应。因此,本文提出粘虫雄蛾存在类似于雌蛾的“生殖滞育”的可能性,并指出雄性“生殖滞育”对了解迁飞机理的意义。     

Batesian mimicry: selective advantage of color pattern

Field studies of releases and recaptures of diurnal moths painted with yellow to resemble the edible tiger swallowtail and of black moths that resemble a toxic species of swallowtail produced these results: (i) A greater proportion of the black moths were recaptured; (ii) daily trapping for a week after each release showed that the black moths survived longer than the yellow-painted moths; (iii) an analysis of wing injuries shows that most attacks can be attributed to birds and that the yellow-painted moths were attacked more often, more vigorously, or more persistently than the black moths. These results are interpreted as showing a greater predation pressure on the yellow-painted than on the black moths and, therefore, as confirming the Batesian theory of mimicry.     

性信息素诱捕斜纹夜蛾雄蛾发育日龄结构的研究

目的 判断性信息素诱捕雄蛾发育状况对于客观评价群集诱杀技术的效果具有重要意义。本文通过斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）内生殖系统形态与发育日龄的研究,判断田间诱捕雄蛾的发育情况和虫源性质,为应用性信息素诱杀技术防控斜纹夜蛾提供理论依据。方法 2014—2015年,利用昆虫解剖镜对室内羽化1—10日龄斜纹夜蛾雄蛾进行解剖测量,形成依据精巢长半轴判断雄蛾日龄的发育标准;2015—2017年,对四川省眉山市东坡区、四川省成都市金堂县田间利用性信息素诱捕到的斜纹夜蛾进行逐日收集并解剖测定,进而依据该标准划分田间逐日性诱的雄蛾日龄结构,分析诱捕雄蛾对自然交配的影响。结果 斜纹夜蛾雄蛾内生殖系统由精巢、输精管、贮精囊、射精管、附腺组成,精巢结构稳定,具有一定弹性,易测量。随着日龄增长,精巢长半轴数值呈减小趋势,1日龄精巢长半轴均值为1 103.54 μm,10日龄雄蛾精巢长半轴比1日龄长半轴减少44.71%,精巢长半轴（y）与日龄（x）关系式为：y=-48.52x+1084(R ²=0.9472,RMSE=36.8)。1—5日龄组、6—8日龄组、9—10日龄组之间精巢长半轴长度差异显著。根据实验室饲养羽化斜纹夜蛾1—10日龄的精巢长半轴长度与羽化日龄间的数据关系,制定出精巢长半轴判别雄蛾日龄标准表,用于检测田间信息素诱捕雄蛾日龄组成。2015—2017年金堂县和2017年东坡区田间诱捕的雄蛾日龄结构趋势一致,日龄越大,该日龄雄蛾占总诱捕数的百分数越低。金堂县田间诱捕斜纹夜蛾雄蛾1日龄平均百分比为39.89%,2日龄为21.42%,3日龄为15.75%,1—3日龄雄蛾共计占总诱捕数72.22%—79.02%,5—10日龄占比均在10%以下;2017年东坡区田间诱捕斜纹夜蛾雄蛾中1日龄百分比为39.93%,2日龄为20.79%,3日龄为19.54%,1—3日龄雄蛾共计占总诱捕雄蛾数的80.26%,5日龄以后占比较小。各日龄雄蛾平均百分数与日龄数呈指数函数关系下降。根据逐日诱捕雄蛾数量动态,4月末至8月末,金堂县和东坡区斜纹夜蛾均发生3代,第1代、第2代诱捕的雄蛾数以1—3日龄青年蛾为主,金堂青年蛾与老年蛾比为3.32、1.54,东坡区青年蛾与老年蛾比为3.34、1.58;随着虫量增加,第3代东坡区以老龄蛾数量占优势,两者比为0.76,低于金堂的2.34。 结论 斜纹夜蛾雄蛾精巢大小能够反映雄蛾日龄,通过检测田间性诱雄蛾日龄的结果表明,利用性信息素捕获的雄蛾以1—3日龄青年雄蛾为主,有利于降低田间成虫交配率。     

月相和温度对棉红铃虫成虫种群动态的影响

采用红铃虫性诱剂,监测了湖南安乡地区2012—2015年红铃虫成虫的种群动态。并用一种基于非凸惩罚的稳健线性回归模型,分析红铃虫的性诱蛾量与温度、月相之间的关系,同时对数据中存在的离群值进行检测。结果表明,月相对棉红铃虫活动有显著影响,但诱蛾量与月球引力无直接关系。主要表现为夜间光线越弱,红铃虫的诱蛾量越大;温度对红铃虫诱蛾量有显著抑制作用,15~35 ℃时,随温度的上升,红铃虫诱蛾量显著下降。     

利用翅的数学形态特征对蛾类昆虫进行分类鉴定的系统研究Ⅰ——在总科级阶元上的应用

以农林业主要蛾类害虫为研究对象,应用其翅的数学形态特征在总科阶元上进行分类鉴定。对鳞翅目5总科40种蛾类的右前翅和右后翅的偏心率、球状性、叶状性、似圆度、矩形度、延长度以及不变矩Hu1、Hu2等共计26项与大小和方向均无关的数学形态特征,利用方差分析、逐步判别分析和聚类分析等方法论证各项数学形态特征在总科阶元上进行分类的可行性、可靠性和重要性,并且从数学形态学角度对同阶元昆虫类群的亲缘关系做了描述。结果表明:在总科阶元上可筛选出6个形态特征作为分类变量,它们的作用大小依次为:(FW矩形度、FWHu5、HW偏心率)>HW似圆度>(HW矩形度、HWHu5),回归判别和交叉判别的结果其正确率分别为100%和97.5%。     

Windborne migration routes of newly-emerged fall armyworm from Qinling Mountains–Huaihe River region,China

The fall armyworm(FAW, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith), invaded China in mid-December 2018; since then, it has become a great threat to Chinese agricultural production. Qinling Mountains–Huaihe River region(QM–HRR) is the transitional zone between northern and southern China, an important region for both corn and wheat production. Based on the actual occurrence of QM–HRR invaded by FAW in 2019, daily mean surface air temperature and nocturnal wind conditions at 925 hPa were examined, and migratory routes of FAW moths originated in QM–HRR were modeled by a forward-trajectory-analysis approach. The results indicated that migratory activities of FAW adults emerged in QM–HRR were initiated from late June. The moths from western QM–HRR, where has complex topographic terrain, mainly flied to Ningxia and Inner Mongolia before mid September. However, FAW moths from the eastern QM–HRR primarily engaged in high-altitude northward transport assisted by the prevailing southerly winds before mid August, and the North China Plain was identified as the main destination of FAW. Meanwhile, the migration trajectories of FAW moths had a possibility to reach the Northeast China Plain. From mid August, FAW moths in eastern QM–HRR largely migrated southward and returned to the Yangtze River Valley. This study provides detailed information on the occurrence and migration routes of FAW moths from QM–HRR and will be helpful for early warning and development of integrated pest management strategies for the control of this exotic insect pest.     

思茅松毛虫成虫肠道细菌多样性

【目的】 研究野外采集的思茅松毛虫（Dendrolimu kikuchii）成虫的肠道细菌多样性,为思茅松毛虫的防治和云南松（Pinus yunnanensis）等树木的保护奠定基础。【方法】 分别提取思茅松毛虫雄蛾和雌蛾的肠道总DNA,基于Illumina NovaSeq（PE250）平台运用高通量技术对肠道细菌16S rDNA基因V3~V4区进行测序和分析,分析雄虫和雌虫的肠道菌群的结构多样性。【结果】 从思茅松毛虫成虫中共获得1 278个操作分类单元（OTUs）,涵盖28个门75个纲173个目296个科550个属。在门水平上,雄蛾和雌蛾的优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,雌81.27%/雄81.17%）;在科水平上,雄蛾的优势菌科是鞘脂单胞菌科（Sphingomonadaceae,49.16%）和丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae,19.09%）,雌蛾的优势菌科是欧文氏菌科（Erwiniaceae,34.09%）和丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae,16.68%）;在属水平上,雄蛾的优势菌属是鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas,48.09%）,雌蛾的优势菌属是泛生菌属（Pantoea,31.58%）。思茅松毛虫雌蛾肠道细菌的物种多样性比雄蛾丰富。雄蛾肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）,雌蛾肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为γ-变形杆菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）。【结论】 思茅松毛虫成虫肠道具有丰富的细菌资源。     

Development of synthetic volatile attractant for male Ectropis obliqua moths

The tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua is one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea(Camellia sinensis) in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attractive to E. obliqua moths, no synthetic attractants for E. obliqua moths have been developed. By measuring the behavioral responses of the moth to a series of chemicals in the lab, we found that a blend containing a ternary mixture containing(Z)-3-hexenal,(Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate and benzyl alcohol clearly attracted to E. obliqua moths of both sex and that(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate could enhance the attractiveness of the ternary blend. Moreover, we found that the volatiles emitted from the plant-E. obliqua larva complex have the same attractiveness as: 1) the blend of volatiles containing the ternary mixture and 2) the blend containing(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture to both male and female moths. In a field bioassay, more male moths were observed on traps that were baited with the blend containing(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture than on control traps. Our study raises the tantalizing possibility that synthetic blends could be deployed as attractants for pests in the field.     

Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths

Flying insects have evolved sophisticated sensory capabilities to achieve rapid course control during aerial maneuvers. Among two-winged insects such as houseflies and their relatives, the hind wings are modified into club-shaped, mechanosensory halteres, which detect Coriolis forces and thereby mediate flight stability during maneuvers. Here, we show that mechanosensory input from the antennae serves a similar role during flight in hawk moths, which are four-winged insects. The antennae of flying moths vibrate and experience Coriolis forces during aerial maneuvers. The antennal vibrations are transduced by individual units of Johnston's organs at the base of their antennae in a frequency range characteristic of the Coriolis input. Reduction of the mechanical input to Johnston's organs by removing the antennal flagellum of these moths severely disrupted their flight stability, but reattachment of the flagellum restored their flight control. The antennae thus play a crucial role in maintaining flight stability of moths.     

性诱导和黑光灯在甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾测报上的应用效果比较

在大葱田设置甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾性诱剂进行成虫诱测,并与黑光灯诱测进行比较。结果表明：性诱剂下的诱测效果明显好于黑光灯,诱蛾总量是黑光灯的5．39～96．71倍,且峰次突出,有蛾天数多,能有效提高两虫监测和预报的准确性。     

Motor responses of moths to low-intensity x-ray exposure

A brief burst of x-rays elicited flight activity in moths placed in a darkened x-ray exposure room. Wing-beat activity was recorded as an index of this behavior. Wing-beat activity could be initiated in resting moths or amplitude augmented in active moths by x-ray dose rates of 0.01 to 1.5 roentgens per second, with a latency of less than 1 second after onset of exposure.     

Emergence,Mating and Oviposition Behavior of the Chinese Population in Pink Bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most serious lepidopteran pests of cotton in the world. This pest invaded China at the onset of the 20th century, possibly through repeated introductions from several different locations worldwide. In this paper, we describe different behavioral parameters of this Hubei P. gossypiella strain under laboratory and field conditions. Using an infra-red video recorder, we observed (nocturnal) emergence, flight and mating activities, and oviposition patterns. Moth emergence started from 13:00 and continued up till 23:00. Under laboratory and field conditions, 2-7-d-old moths initiated flight around sunset, peaked 50 min later and gradually declined until 04:00. Although mating started immediately after darkness (i.e., 20:00), mating behavior was most intense from 23:00 to 03:40. Oviposition also showed distinct time-related patterns, with approx. 70% eggs laid between 20:00 and 22:00. In the studies of the relationship between flight and oviposition, the duration of flight had an effect on oviposition. The 1-d-old moths flown for 6 and 12 h began oviposition earlier than the unflown ones, and the 6-h flight had no effect on the egg production. However, the longevity of the flown moths was shortened after flight. In addition, the peaks of oviposition for the flown moths were advanced 2–3 d. The age when the moths flied affected the oviposition of adult moths. The earlier the moths started to fly after emergence, the greater the fecundity they had. The average egg production of moths flown for 24 h was less than that of non-flown moths which were of the same age. Both flight and delay in mating could advance the oviposition peak. Our study provides detailed insights in nocturnal activities and the reproductive biology of local P. gossypiella populations, which could be employed to fine-tune current pest management programs in China.     

Flight of Winter Moths Near 0{degrees}C

Some noctuid winter moths fly at near 0 degrees C by maintaining an elevated(30 degrees to 35 degrees C) thoracic muscle temperature. Geometrid winter moths sustain themselves in free flight at subzero muscle temperatures. However, the temperature characteristics of citrate synthase and pyruvate kinase from both of these different kinds of moths and from a sphinx moth that flies with a muscles temperature of 40 degrees C are nearly identical. Furthermore, mass-specific rates of energy expenditure of both kinds of winter moths are also similar at given thoracic temperature (near 0 degrees C). The geometrids that are able to fly with a thoracic temperature near 0 degrees C do so largely because of unusually low wing-loading, which permits a low energetic cost of flight.     

雌蛾冷藏对家蚕产卵性能的影响

[目的]研究雌蛾冷藏对家蚕产卵性能的影响。[方法]将中系1303、日系1302家蚕在交配前于51、0、15℃下分别冷藏122、43、6、48h,交配产卵后计算产卵蛾率、单蛾遗腹卵率和不良卵率。[结果]中系1303雌蛾的平均产卵蛾率以冷藏12 h较高,平均单蛾遗腹卵率以冷藏364、8 h较高;日系1302雌蛾的平均产卵蛾率以冷藏12 h较高,平均单蛾遗腹卵率以冷藏48 h较高。5℃下冷藏12 h的1303雌蛾的单蛾遗腹卵率平均值最低,1302雌蛾的平均单蛾遗腹卵率受冷藏时间的影响,以冷藏12 h的最低。1303、1302冷藏雌蛾的平均单蛾良卵率有随冷藏温度的降低、冷藏时间的延长而逐渐降低的趋势。[结论]5℃冷藏12~24 h的家蚕雌蛾的产卵性能较好,且1303较1302耐冷藏。     

梨树挥发物成分的鉴定及其对梨叶斑蛾的触角电位反应

[目的]筛选梨叶斑蛾引诱物质。[方法]利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了梨树挥发物的主成分,并通过触角电位仪(EAG)测定了梨叶斑蛾对主要挥发物的电生理反应。[结果]梨叶中共鉴定出包含萜类、酯类、醛类及醇类在内的24种主要挥发物。梨叶斑蛾雌雄蛾对供试挥发物均可产生EAG反应,其中雌蛾对芳樟醇、月桂烯、反-β-罗勒烯的反应最明显;雄蛾对芳樟醇、反-β-罗勒烯、α-法尼烯的反应最强烈。剂量反应试验结果表明,梨叶斑蛾雌蛾对3种供试化合物的EAG活性与化合物的剂量之间呈正相关性。[结论]试验结果为制定基于植物源的梨叶斑蛾监测与防治策略提供了理论依据。     

灯光和杨树枝把诱集棉铃虫成虫效果的比较

[目的]灯光和杨树枝把诱集棉铃虫成虫是我国监测和防治棉田棉铃虫两种最普遍的方法,比较两者诱集效率.[方法]2008～2009年,在新疆奎屯垦区124团4 084 hm2棉田的景观尺度上,监测了灯光和杨树枝把两种诱集方法诱蛾数量.[结果]比较平均单诱集源5～8月诱蛾总数,两种方法诱蛾数量呈正线性相关;在长时间跨度和大景观尺度上两种方法诱蛾效果均较稳定,均能较准确反映棉铃虫发生动态;但灯光诱蛾效率显著高于杨树枝把,平均诱蛾数量为杨树枝把的8.6倍,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01).[结论]综合考虑实际使用及经济成本.使用灯光诱集棉铃虫进行预测预报和防治更为标准和有效.     

大庆地区螟蛾科昆虫多样性调查

2009年8月至2011年9月利用灯诱采集螟蛾成虫,通过比较成虫外部形态结构与解剖比较外生殖器,对大庆地区螟蛾资源的多样性进行了调查。初步统计出大庆螟蛾昆虫28种,分属于7亚科22属,其中黑龙江省新记录亚科1个、新记录属6个、新记录种10个。大庆地区螟蛾优势类群为野螟亚科和草螟亚科;优势种为茅田草螟、三点并脉草螟、褐小野螟、网锥额野螟及水稻多拟斑螟。所有种类均分布于古北区,东洋区与古北区兼有的广布种占60.7%。     

不同干式性诱捕器及性诱芯诱捕亚洲玉米螟雄蛾效果研究

性信息素防治技术一直是我国防治亚洲玉米螟的重要方式之一。为测试不同干式性诱捕器与不同浓度性诱芯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾的诱捕效果,开展了捕虫室固定或摇摆、进蛾口口径、不同诱捕器类型对田间玉米螟雄蛾的诱捕试验,并对搭配4种性诱芯的桶状诱捕器在不同试验田诱捕玉米螟雄蛾的效果进行研究。结果表明：①捕虫室固定的诱捕器比摇摆的诱捕器诱捕玉米螟雄蛾效果更好;②不同口径的塑料诱捕器中,外口直径14 cm诱捕器诱捕雄蛾效果较好,且对于相同口径诱捕器,橡皮性诱芯诱捕雄蛾效果优于牙签性诱芯;③比较桶状诱捕器、塑料诱捕器和三角板诱捕器,桶状诱捕器的诱捕雄蛾效果最好;④在玉米田、水稻田中,搭配2.6∶1-XP性诱芯的诱捕器诱捕雄蛾数量较多;在大豆田,搭配1∶1性诱芯的诱捕器诱捕雄蛾数量较多。综上所述,捕虫室固定、诱捕器进蛾口越大,诱捕玉米螟雄蛾效果越好;相同诱捕器,配置橡皮性诱芯诱捕雄蛾效果更好,不同作物田地的最佳性诱芯不同。结果为合理使用性诱捕器及性诱芯防治亚洲玉米螟提供理论依据。     

人工沙棘林灯下蛾类群落结构及时间生态位1）

为了给人工沙棘林（ Hippophae rhamnoides Linn．）的害虫防治和健康管理提供重要资料,选择山西农业大学林业站12年生人工沙棘林进行灯下蛾类群落连续调查,分析了人工沙棘林灯下蛾类的群落结构及时间格局。2013—2014年共采集灯下蛾类标本2948头,隶属22科100种,卷蛾科、螟蛾科、夜蛾科、菜蛾科、尺蛾科为优势科,螟蛾科的物种数最多,为20种,卷蛾科的个体数最多,为655头。灯下蛾类无论是在科数、物种数还是在个体数上由高到低依次为8月份、7月份、6月份、5月份、9月份、10月份;Shannon－Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数在一年中的不同时期没有明显差异,而Margalef丰富度指数与各月平均气温的变化趋势一致;7月份和8月份蛾类群落相似性最大,与10月份的群落相似性最小。人工沙棘林灯下蛾类优势科的时间生态位分析显示：卷蛾科、螟蛾科、夜蛾科、尺蛾科的时间生态位宽度均较大（＞0．70）,菜蛾科的时间生态位宽度较小（＜0．50）;卷蛾科、螟蛾科、夜蛾科、尺蛾科两两之间的时间生态位重叠指数均高于0．90,它们分别与菜蛾科的生态位重叠指数均小于0．85,说明菜蛾科物种的发生时间短于其他4科,较其他4科易于集中防治。     

延迟交配对蛾类生殖适合度影响的Meta分析

延迟交配被认为是交配干扰技术间接控制害虫种群的一种方法。近年来延迟交配行为对蛾类昆虫生殖适合度的影响得到了广泛的研究,然而,延迟交配行为与蛾类生殖适合度之间的关系相当复杂且存在很大疑惑。本文通过对搜集到的38篇实例研究性文献进行Meta分析,探讨了蛾类的延迟交配行为对雌蛾的生殖产量的影响并确定这种差异是否受科属、性别和交配策略的影响。结果表明延迟交配明显降低雌蛾的产卵量和卵的孵化率,而雌蛾寿命相应地延长。这种负相关性在不同科、性别和交配策略的蛾类之间有所差异,表现为延迟交配对夜蛾科、螟蛾科、卷蛾科、尺蛾科等的负作用高于草螟科、菜蛾科、巢蛾科和蛀果蛾科等蛾类;对雌蛾的影响比雄蛾更明显;而对多配制蛾类的影响比单配制蛾类更显著。笔者的结果支持成虫日龄与雌蛾生殖产量之间存在明显的相关性,每种蛾类均存在一个最佳的交配日龄,从而提出交配干扰技术在实际生产中只有在蛾类最佳交配日龄之前应用合成信息素来阻止或干扰其交配行为才能取得最佳的防治效果。