北京密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其时空变化

为了研究南水北调中线调水工程运行对密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其生物多样性的影响,2014-2016年在密云水库设置了7个采样点每月采样1次(冰封期除外),进行底栖动物调查,分析了底栖动物群落结构、密度、生物量、优势种及其生物指数变化。结果显示,调查期间共检出底栖动物17种,其中摇蚊幼虫12种,环节动物5种。底栖动物平均密度为455.0个/m~2,平均生物量为2.70g/m~2,其中优势种为红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)和克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedianus)。底栖动物群落呈现出明显的时空变化,11月密度和生物量达最大值,分别为808.9个/m~2、6.94g/m~2;8月出现最小值,分别为180.4个/m~2、0.72g/m~2。水平分布上,水库中心底栖动物密度和生物量达最大值,分别为916.7个/m~2、6.08g/m~2;白河坝为最小值,分别为307.1个/m~2、0.70g/m~2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均在4月达最大值,分别为1.43、1.13、1.14;9月出现最小值,分别为0.38、0.27、0.31;3项指数在潮河口达最大值,分别为1.08、0.64、1.01,在潮河坝、白河坝指数相对较低。同时分析了随着密云水库水深增加,底栖动物群落的结构变化。研究表明,受调水的影响,目前密云水库底栖动物群落结构不稳定,处于重构期。     

拉萨河中下游底栖动物群落结构特征分析

2013年10月,在拉萨河热震藏布-河口中下游河段及支流共设置16个采样断面(拉萨河干流10个、支流4个,雅鲁藏布江汇口2个),对底栖动物进行了调查。样品分析结果表明:拉萨河评价河段干、支流底栖动物共31种,其中环节动物5种,占16.13%;软体动物3种,占9.68%;节肢动物23种,占74.19%。优势种有正颤蚓(Lumbricus tubifex)、四节蜉(Baetidae sp)、多足摇蚊(Polypedilum sp)、隐摇蚊(Cryptochironomus sp)、网石蝇(Perlodidae sp)、钩虾(Gammaridae sp)等。直孔电站影响河段底栖动物现存量较高,密度、生物量平均分别为31 911个/m2、117.65 g/m2。剔除直孔电站影响河段,拉萨河干流底栖动物密度、生物量分别为32个/m2、0.92 g/m2,支流密度、生物量分别为63个/m2、0.78 g/m2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener指数为0~2.02。直孔电站运行对拉萨河中、下游河段底栖动物整体影响较小;对库区河段底栖动物群落结构影响较大,群落结构由流水型向耐氧、静水型的环节动物、摇蚊转化。     

昆承湖底栖动物群落结构的研究

调查了昆有水体富营养化后底栖动物的种类和数量。1998－2000年共采集到底栖动物32种，隶属于16科27属；底栖动物年平均密度为2767个／m^2;优势种群为日本沙蚕、中华颤蚓、河蚬、摇蚊幼虫等。     

镜泊湖大型底栖动物群落调查

2006年春、夏、秋3个季节对镜泊湖大型底栖动物群落特征和生物多样性进行了调查研究.结果表明,镜泊湖大型底栖动物主要隶属于3门、9科、26种.其中水栖寡毛类2科、8属、11种,为绝对优势类群,其密度呈现季节性差异,在春季最高(951.45个/m2),夏季最低(706.40个/m2);其次,优势类群为水生昆虫,夏季密度最高(840.26个/m2),秋季最低(319.47个/m2).霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和前突摇蚊(Proeladius sp.)幼虫等耐污种为底栖动物的优势种,同时也是镜泊湖水体污染的指示生物.底栖动物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(J)都表现为春季最大,夏季次之,秋季最小;Margalef物种丰富度指数(d)在各季节差异不大;Simpson优势度指数(D)和BI指数都表现为秋季最大,夏季次之,春季最小.采用Shannon-Wiener指数和BI指数对该水体污染状况进行了评价,该湖区水质污染程度为轻度一中度污染状态.     

长江口九段沙潮间带大型底栖动物季节分布特征的初步研究

2005年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2006年1月(冬季).对长江口九段沙潮间带大型底栖动物进行了定性和定量调查.共采集到大型底栖动物73种,平均丰度442.94 ind·m-2,生物量40.78 g·m-2.与历史资料比对,大型底栖动物的种数显著增加,新记录31种,曾经有过报道但未采集到标本的有3种;大型底栖动物的丰度变化不大,生物量有明显增加,多样性指数增大.大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量、多样性指数和相对重要性指数随季节的不同而有所变化,其中丰度和生物量以秋季最高,夏季次之,春季和冬季较低;多样性指数冬季最高,夏季次之,春季和秋季较低.优势种为谭氏泥蟹、梨形环棱螺、绯拟沼螺、琵琶拟沼螺、河蚬、焦河篮蛤、中国绿螂和丝异蚓虫;相对重要性指数值较高的有无齿相手蟹、天津厚蟹、谭氏泥蟹、中华拟蟹守螺、堇拟沼螺、绯拟沼螺、琵琶拟沼螺、梨形环棱螺、中国绿螂、焦河篮蛤、河蚬和丝异蚓虫.大型底栖动物的分布主要受水温、水文和工程的影响,此外,工程建设和互花米草扩散对其也造成了一定的影响.     

澄湖底栖动物群落结构的调查

调查了澄湖水体富营养化后底栖动物的种类及数量。1998－2000年在澄湖中共采集到底栖动物31种，隶属于17科26属，底栖动物平均密度332个／m^2，优势种群为河蚬，湖球蚬，日本沙蚕，栉水虱，中华颤蚓，摇蚊幼虫等。     

摇蚊幼虫在水产上的应用

摇蚊幼虫（形态见图１）又称血虫，也有称“红虫”，是隶属节肢动物门昆虫纲双翅目（Diptera）摇蚊科（Tendipedidae）摇蚊的幼体，在各类水域中都有广泛的分布。通常湖泊、水库的沿岸带，摇蚊幼虫的种类和数量多，深水区较少，其生物量占水域底栖动物总量的５０％～９０％，是水域底栖动物的主要组成之一。幼虫的生物量在春季达到高峰，入夏以后减少到最低点，秋季由于新一代成长其生物量又渐增多。摇蚊幼虫营养丰富，测定资料显示其干物质中，蛋白质含量为６３．３％，碳水化合物１９．５％，脂肪８％，富含各种鱼类生长所必需的氨基酸和…     

黑龙江中游底栖动物群落结构与水质生物评价

2010—2011年对黑龙江中游底栖动物群落结构进行调查研究,共采集到底栖动物16目49科117种,其中水生昆虫种类最多,为79种,分属7目34科,占总数67.52%。黑龙江中游底栖动物平均密度为58.37 ind/m2,生物量为34.62 g/m2。2010年平均密度以春季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低,平均生物量以秋季最高,夏季次之,春季最低。2011年秋季平均密度和平均生物量均高于夏季。黑龙江短沟蜷(Semisulcospira amurensis)、东北田螺(Viviparuschui)、圆顶珠蚌(Unio douglasiae)、截口土蜗(Galba truncatula)和生米蜉(Ephemera shengmi)是现阶段黑龙江中游底栖动物的优势种。聚类分析将7个调查断面分为3组,多维标度分析结果支持了聚类分析结果。多样性分析结果表明,Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson指数均以2010年春季最高,2010年秋季最低。功能摄食类群以刮食者占优,共计为41种。采用BI生物指数和FBI生物指数对黑龙江中游水质的评价结果基本一致,黑龙江中游水质处于清洁轻度污染等级。     

碧流河水库底栖动物及其鱼产力的研究

先后对碧流河水库的5个断面、10个采样点的底栖动物进行调察,采到寡毛类3种,水生昆虫2种。底栖动物的平均密度为335.6个/m2,平均生物量为2.013 g/m2。寡毛类的数量最多,软体动物贫乏。克拉泊水丝蚓和羽摇蚊幼虫是该库的2个优势种。底栖动物种群结构简单、种类单一。还对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行了估算,其值为8.1 kg/hm2。     

沙湖大型底栖动物群落特征及其水环境评价

为掌握宁夏沙湖大型底栖动物群落状况,于2013年春季、夏季、秋季调查沙湖8个采样点的大型底栖动物群落结构,并评价沙湖水质状况。结果表明:3个季节在沙湖共采集了17种大型底栖动物,隶属6科,主要由水生昆虫、软体动物、节肢动物组成,且随季节与空间变化显著;沙湖大型底栖动物优势类群为水生昆虫幼虫;大型底栖动物生物指数较低,Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值分别为0.91和0.51;依据多样性指数和大型底栖动物数量分布对沙湖水质进行综合评价,沙湖水域属重度污染,夏季沙湖污染最严重,秋季沙湖受污染状况略好于春季。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).