农林复合模式蒸散耗水的研究

应用土壤分层水量平衡模型，对林带与冬小麦的根系吸水量、林带和农田的蒸散耗水量、林带影响农田土壤水分范围与程度进行了研究，结果表明：（１）冬小麦拔节至乳熟期间，林带根系吸水以消耗农田土壤水分为主，主要表现在０．０～１．５Ｈ（Ｈ为树高）范围内。（２）林带可降低１２．３％的农田蒸散量。（３）由于林带的影响，在农田中，０．０～０．５Ｈ为土壤水分降低区，０．５～５．０Ｈ为土壤水分提高区。总体平均，０～２００ｃｍ农田土壤贮水量可提高１１．２％。     

植树造林对农田小气候的影响

在农田周围营造防护林带,是改善农田水分循环、防止风沙干旱的一个极为有效的措施,防护林带会使农田小气候发生显著变化。一般来说,在辐射型天气条件下,防护林带减弱了近地空气层的乱流交换作用,白天比旷野温度低,夜间则稍高。林带内白天虽然土壤蒸发比旷野小些,但农作物蒸腾量比旷野大,总的蒸散量比旷野大,可使温度降低。夜间,林带內蒸发量比较小,相旷野的热量差异不大。此外,林带与农田的空气交換,促使田间白天降温,夜间升温。早上和傍晚由于林带的遮阴,还可降低靠近林带农田的温     

沙区隔墒法植苗造林

沙区隔墒法植苗造林邵飞舟谢文梅（内蒙古自治区乌审旗林业局０１７３００）沙区土壤干燥，地表蒸发强烈，植苗造林常因根系吸水困难，植株体内出现水分亏缺，而干枯死亡。利用隔墒法减少根系土壤水分损耗，保留水分供给植株吸水、生根，使得植株体内水分平衡，提高造林成...     

农林复合系统与单作作物系统作物根系差异特征的研究

本文对太行山低山行陵区苹果－小麦复合系统与单作小麦系统作物根系的差异特征进行试验研究，结果表明：小麦起身至乳熟期间，复合系统内小麦吸水根根量比单作系统平均约高4.74%，但二者间根系垂直分布特征和时间分布特征的趋势均基本一致，将果树引入原本单作的作物生态系统对作物根系时空分布格局的影响不明显。     

林带对太湖地区农业非点源的控制效应研究

太湖地区是高度发达的农业生产区之一,大量使用化肥和杀虫剂加重该地区的环境污染水质污染。本研究选择以油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻为轮作方式的两片农田为农田生态系统,5年生的杨树林带和8年生的水杉林带为研究对象,通过采集水体、作物、林地下的氮和磷的样本,对农田生态系统中 N、P等(主要水污染物)迁移和淋失进行了研究,并对林带作对农业非点源污染的控制效应进行了分析。结果表明:农田生态系统中 N、P等迁移、淋失状况随轮作方式、作物种类及施肥状况而变化;农田与沟渠间的缓冲林带具有截留和净化土壤径流中的N、P等物质的作用,从而在一定程度上控制农业非点源污染。研究表明:当农田与林带宽度比例为100∶40时,在油菜-水稻轮作方式下,50.05%流失N和29.3% 的流失P可以被林带所吸收, 在小麦-水稻的轮作方式下,30.98 %流失N和86.73% P可以被林带所吸收;当农田与林带宽度比例为150∶40,在油菜-水稻轮作方式下, 33.7%流失N和19.58%P可以被林带吸收,在小麦-水稻的轮作方式下,20.65%流失N和57.82% 流失P可以被林带所吸收。因而,农田与林带宽度比例100∶40或150∶40较为合理,这种模型既能少占耕地,又能净化水质、保护生态环境。杨树生长快、用途广,适于太湖地区营造水环境保护林带。图2表4参8。     

吉林省三北地区农田防护林土壤特征的研究

在吉林省三北地区农田防护林集中分布的１３个县（市）设置标准地,调查林带土壤特征和林带生长情况。通过林带土壤与农田土壤的对比研究,发现林带土壤含水量明显低于农田,土壤容重偏大,盐碱地分布地区林带土壤ｐＨ值上升。     

半干旱区沙质农田土壤风蚀防治的效应研究

本文研究了不同作物留茬和建设农田防护林对遏制农田土壤风蚀的效应。结果表明：不同作物残茬留量对农田土壤风蚀具有一定的控制作用,但仅留茬措施不能根本性遏制农田土壤风蚀;高积沙农田的风蚀深度和土壤风蚀量均高于平沙地农田,其中〉10m高积沙农田的风蚀深度和土壤风蚀量分别为2．9cm和289．5t／hm2;农田防护林带内的平均风蚀深度和平均土壤风蚀量分别为0．38cm和38．85t／hm2,仅为林带外的18．10％和18．49％,说明在该区建立农田防风林（网）是遏制农田土壤风蚀的有效途径。     

高陡岩质边坡植被根系发育地境特征研究

植被地境是植被生存的物质基础,植被根系是联系植被生长与植被地境条件的纽带。植被在岩体内部的根系分布、形态特征可以反映植被对地境条件的利用情况。在调查实验植被根系发育特征的基础上,依据生态地质学理论,通过分析岩体裂隙内根系生长空间及地境条件(温度、水分、土壤肥分等),结果表明:在高陡岩质边坡条件下,植被根群范围浅,植被根系深入岩体裂隙呈扁平状发育;植被生长的地境条件(温度、水分、土壤肥分等)能满足植被在不同季节的生长发育需求;地境再造技术充分利用岩体裂隙人工再造植物地境条件,为高陡岩质边坡覆绿提供了新思路。     

民勤绿洲防护林带作用下作物生长分析

本试验对比研究了小麦和玉米在枣树和杨树 2种农田防护林带作用下的生长状况和产量。结果表明 :枣树林带下的作物生长状况明显优于杨树林带。枣树林带下小麦的干物质积累速度高于杨树林带 51 4% ,致使生物产量相对杨树林带高 38 4%。不同种植方式小麦、玉米的粮食产量增加 4 2 %～ 13 0 %。增产的原因之一是枣树林带下作物不同生育期农田土壤含水率均高于杨树林带。可见枣树林带的胁地作用弱于杨树林带。推广枣树防护林 ,实现枣粮间作 ,是提高民勤绿洲农业产量的重要措施     

民勤绿洲防护林带作用下作物生长分析分析

本试验对比研究了小麦和玉米在枣树和杨树2种农田防护林带作用下的生长状况和产量.结果表明:枣树林带下的作物生长状况明显优于杨树林带.枣树林带下小麦的干物质积累速度高于杨树林带51.4%,致使生物产量相对杨树林带高38.4%.不同种植方式小麦、玉米的粮食产量增加4.2%～13.0%.增产的原因之一是枣树林带下作物不同生育期农田土壤含水率均高于杨树林带.可见枣树林带的胁地作用弱于杨树林带.推广枣树防护林,实现枣粮间作,是提高民勤绿洲农业产量的重要措施.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。