河西走廊东部降水日数及强度的时空特征

利用1961～2007年河西走廊东部五站逐日降水资料, 分析了河西走廊东部不同降水日数及强度的时空演变特征.结果表明:近47年来,河西走廊东部降水量总体呈增加趋势;河西走廊东部总雨日、小雨日、中雨日和大雨日均呈增加趋势 ,小雨日数增长率最大;其中民勤、古浪、永昌、乌鞘岭雨日呈增多趋势,而凉州区为减少趋势.年降水强度也呈增强趋势,主要体现为小雨和大雨强度的增大,中雨强度有变小的趋势;其中民勤、凉州区、永昌、乌鞘岭降水强度一致为增加趋势,古浪降水强度为减弱的趋势.总雨日、小雨日、中雨日和大雨日数由南向北均呈减少趋势.河西走廊东部降水强度中心在南部山区的古浪,强度最弱的是中部凉州区,20世纪80年代河西走廊东部多小雨事件, 90年代、21世纪初的2001～2007年河西走廊东部多中雨和大雨事件;2001～2007年河西走廊东部小雨、大雨强度最强,而中雨强度最弱.     

河西走廊东部低温气候特征及预报方法

利用河西走廊东部武威市1960-2009年5个气象站低温（日最低气温≤-20℃）资料,系统分析该区低温的时空分布、强度、持续性等气候特征。结果表明：河西走廊东部低温天气具有明显的地域特征,海拔较高的山区和北部沙漠边缘低温日数明显多于绿洲平原区。随着气候变暖,年代、年低温日数明显减少,强度减弱。低温天气主要发生在1月、2...     

河西走廊东部沙尘暴特征及地面气象因素影响机制

利用1961—2015年河西走廊东部民勤、凉州和永昌逐小时沙尘暴资料以及代表站民勤逐日气温、地温、降水、最大冻土深度、积雪日数、积雪深度、平均风速、平均大风日数和近10 a逐小时气温、地温和风速资料,运用常规的气候统计方法,对河西走廊东部沙尘暴特征进行研究,并采用相关系数(Pearson)法进一步分析沙尘暴的影响因素。结果表明:河西走廊东部沙尘暴频次下午到傍晚出现最多,凌晨最少,沙尘暴频次春季上午开始增多,秋、冬季中午开始增多,夏季下午开始增多。河西走廊东部持续60～180 min沙尘暴频次最多,夏季持续1～30 min频次最多,长持续时间的沙尘暴上午开始增多,而短时间的沙尘暴基本出现在下午到晚上。沙尘暴频次月、季变化4月和春季出现最多,9月和秋季最少;近55 a沙尘暴频次呈减少趋势,主要是由大风日数减少、风速减小,地温、气温升高、降水增多、下垫面生态环境改善等因素造成。     

1961-2015年河西走廊强降水的时空演变及其对植被的影响

基于1961-2015年河西走廊的降水及卫星遥感资料的分析,发现河西走廊强降水出现次数增加,1991年以来强降水出现站数明显增多、最大日降水量增多较大,河西走廊强降水的变化呈现出区域集中、强度增大的变化趋势.历年连阴雨出现站数趋势平稳,在2007年以来站数和次数均出现减少趋势,最长持续时间呈缩短趋势,但连阴雨最大雨量呈增大趋势,尤其是2000年以来,区域性连阴雨出现次数增多,最大雨量增大,连阴雨事件强度增强.年降水量和连阴雨雨量与植被中覆盖度面积主要呈正相关,与低覆盖盖度多呈负相关,河西西部连阴雨有效数据较少,东部相关性可能受到灌溉率等的影响.     

河西走廊东部高温天气成因分析及预报研究

利用河西走廊东部武威市5个气象站1971-2005年逐日极端最高气温≥35℃资料,使用数值预报产品,应用诊断预报和统计预报方法,分析了高温天气气候特征、形成原因及预报着眼点。结果表明:河西走廊东部高温天气主要发生在中部平原和北部荒漠地带;西太平洋副热带高压动力抬升、青藏高压热力加强是造成极端高温事件发生的直接原因。并系统分析了高温天气发生的主要环流形势,总结出武威市高温诊断预报指标和高温定量预报方程,开发出高温预报业务系统,投入业务使用,预报效果良好。     

1958-2006年河西走廊极端天气气候事件变化特征

利用1958-2006年甘肃河西走廊18个观测站大雨、干旱、≥35℃高温、≤-20℃低温、霜冻、大风、沙尘暴、雷暴、冰雹等极端天气气候事件的年发生日数资料,采用多项式法、线性倾向、M ann-Kendall法、滑动t检验及Morlet小波等统计学方法诊断分析其变化特征。结果表明:近49年来,河西走廊大风、沙尘暴、低温、霜冻、雷暴和冰雹呈显著减少趋势,高温呈显著增多趋势,其中大风、沙尘暴、高温和霜冻分别于1996,1989,1996年和1998年前后发生突变;大雨和干旱频数总体变化不显著。20世纪90年代初,低温和霜冻由多趋少,高温、大雨和干旱由少趋多,与河西走廊突变增暖时间基本吻合。干旱和高温存在长期性变化周期,沙尘暴、雷暴存在阶段性变化周期,其余极端天气周期变化不明显。     

河西走廊东部积雪的时空演变特征分析

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961—2007年近47 a的逐月积雪深度和积雪日数的常规观测资料,分析河西走廊东部最大积雪深度和积雪日数月、季节和年的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪日数、最大平均积雪深度和极端最大积雪深度的分布从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区多于低海拔区,山区多于平原区。时间变化上,积雪日数47 a来呈平稳变化趋势,震荡减少,变率很小,积雪深度呈增加趋势;河西走廊东部积雪日数最多出现在1月,最少出现在9月,积雪深度最大出现在3月,最小出现在12月;积雪日数冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小;积雪深度春季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小;相关系数法分析表明,积雪日数和积雪深度都是冬季的变化主导了年尺度的变化;河西走廊东部积雪日数1990s中期以前以6~7 a、9~10 a和2~3 a的周期为主,1990s中期以后周期主要表现为6~7 a和2~3 a;积雪深度1970s中期以前以6~7 a和2~3 a周期为主,1970s中期~1990s中期9~10 a、12~13 a和2~3 a反应明显,1990s中期以后周期又表现为6~7 a和2~3 a。     

河西走廊东部主要相态降水日的气候特征

根据1960—2016年河西走廊东部5个气象站逐日降水观测资料,采用气候统计学方法分析了该区域雨、雪日的时空变化和异常性等特征,揭示河西走廊东部雨、雪日变化规律。研究表明:受海拔高度、地形地貌以及天气系统的影响,河西走廊东部年平均雨、雪日的空间分布从东北向西南呈增多趋势。各地月雨日的变化比较一致,高峰值在7—8月;各地雪日的月变化相对一致,高峰值在3月。各地雨、雪日年及年代变化有所不同,但总体呈增多趋势,年雨、雪日的时间序列分别存在着5~7 a、6~8 a的准周期变化。各地年雨、雪日的异常性比较一致,正常年份发生概率分别在64.9%~70.2%、66.7%~73.7%,依次迅速向两端递减。     

近51年河西走廊西部极端强降水事件变化研究

利用河西走廊西部8个气象站1960～2010年的逐日有效降水(日降水量≥0.1mm)资料,研究了河西走廊西部近51a极端降水事件变化的时空分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明:在河西走廊西部只要出现中～大雨或以上降水就算极端强降水;在空间分布上,河西走廊西部极端强降水阈值自西南向东北逐渐减小,极端降水总量分布与该区域年降水量的空间分布相似,极端降水指数倾向率空间分布很不均匀;在时间分布上近51年来河西走廊西部年极端降水总量和年极端降水强度均呈显著增加的趋势,极端降水频数增加趋势不明显,极端降水指数在3～5a和10～13a周期上反映明显,在60年代极端降水指数均发生了突变。     

甘肃油菜产量时空特征及其对气候变暖的响应

利用1981～2000年20 a甘肃省64县区油菜产量和生长期(4～10月)气温资料,主要采用REOF和小波分析等方法,分析油菜产量的地区差异和受气候变暖的影响.结果表明:甘肃油菜产量存在4个特征区,印河西走廊高产不稳定区,河西东部及陇东地区和陇中产量不稳定区,甘南高原等甘肃南部边缘低产稳定区.产量变化以2～4 a左右的年际振荡为主,5 a周期大多对应极值产量.气温异常偏高(低)相应的河西走廊产量异常偏歉(丰),甘南等甘肃南部边缘地区产量随气温的升高(降低)而升高(降低),这些地区油菜产量对气候变暖响应显著;甘肃黄土高原地区对气候变暖响应不太明显.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.