农区山羊半舍饲技术研究报告

利用农区丰富的农作物秸秆资源，经氨化、微贮等加工处理，适当搭配精料，可作为山羊舍饲的“主粮”。经五年多研究结果表明，舍饲的宜昌白山羊体重，6月龄达18．35kg,12月龄达27．84kg,18月龄达38．28kg，均比放牧组提高20％以上；舍饲羊产羔率197％，高于放牧羊的193％；舍饲羔羊成活率为86．5％，高于放牧羊的82．1％；舍饲羊发病率16．6％，低于放牧组的20．75％，发病死亡率10．13％，低于放牧组的14．75％。商品羊育肥效果，平均日增重221．5g，饲料成本为每千克增重2．54元。试验区和示范区获直接经济效益达1151．6万元。同时获得了良好的生态效益和社会效益。     

山羊短期育肥效果好

试验选用波尔山羊与本土山羊杂交一代的160日龄阉割公羔60只，20只1组随机分成舍饲育肥，放牧补饲育肥和放牧育肥3个组，经50天结果：舍饲育肥组均只增重13．15kg，纯收入73．30元／只，放牧补饲育肥组均只增重8．87kg，纯收入64．83元／只，放牧育肥组均只增重6．61kg，纯收入59．49元／只。     

绒山羊当年公羔冬季塑料暖棚舍饲育肥试验

体重为20．0～27．5kg的绒山羊当年公羔，经40d的塑料暖棚舍饲育肥，可达到25～31kg，平均日增重为125g；与同期对照的放牧饲养组相比，日增重提高了278g。舍饲组羊平均胴体重和净肉重分别为10．36kg±2．35kg和7．74kg±1．31kg，比对照组羊提高5．14kg和4．26kg；屠宰率、净肉率为44．15％和32．98％，比对照组羊提高5．34和7．20个百分点；胴体及板皮的质量明显改善。与对照组羊相比，平均每只育肥羊每天增加经济收益1．25元。     

养殖模式对霍尔巴羊屠宰性能和肉品质影响的研究

文章旨在探讨不同养殖模式对霍尔巴羊屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。试验选取60只体重（11.00±3.00）kg的3月龄霍尔巴羊，随机分为放牧组和舍饲组（每组3个重复，每个重复10只），放牧组采取放牧养殖模式，舍饲组采取舍饲养殖模式。结果表明，舍饲组屠宰率、净肉重、肉骨比、眼肌面积显著高于放牧组（P＜0.05），内脏比显著低于放牧组（P＜0.05）。舍饲组羊肉中蛋白质含量显著低于放牧组（P＜0.05），维生素B6含量显著高于放牧组（P＜0.05）。由此可见，舍饲养殖显著提高霍尔巴羊的屠宰性能。 [关键词]养殖模式|霍尔巴羊|屠宰性能|肉营养成分     

舍饲圈养对浏阳黑山羊增重和肉质的影响

采用30只2～3月龄的浏阳黑山羊,研究舍饲圈养条件对浏阳黑山羊增重和肉质的影响。分别设2个舍饲组与1个放牧组。其中舍饲组采用以稻谷、玉米为主的精料补饲。结果表明：试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的平均日增重分别为82．1g和86．6g,比对照组多40．8g和45．3g,分别提高99％和110％,每只羔羊增加利润16．2元和22．2元,分别比对照组提高21．3％和29．9％;试验Ⅰ组肉质最好,试验Ⅱ组次之,对照组最差。     

两种不同养殖方式对山羊育肥性能的影响

选择6月龄左右努比亚山羊公羊30只,随机分成舍饲育肥组和放牧补饲组,进行65d的短期育肥试验,研究不同养殖方式对当年出生当年出栏山羊的育肥性能的影响。结果显示:育肥前期(35d)2组日增重无显著性差异(P>0.05),放牧补饲组较舍饲组提高3.62%;育肥后期(30d)2组日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),放牧补饲组较舍饲组提高10.89%;2组全期育肥日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),放牧补饲组较舍饲育肥组提高7.63%。舍饲组精粗料比为41.6:58.4,日采食干物质占体重4.76%。试验羊血液生理指标均在山羊血液生理指标正常范围内,差异均不显著(P>0.05);2种育肥方式血液生化指标差异均不显著(P>0.05),但放牧补饲组总蛋白、白蛋白低于正常值,在育肥日粮中要提高粗蛋白水平,这样有可能进一步提高育肥效果。2种育肥方式增重成本舍饲组(18.89元/kg)较放牧补饲组(13.64元/kg)增加5.32元/kg,放牧补饲组育肥收益(391.4元/只)较全舍饲组(311.1元/只)高80.3元/只。选择适宜季节和放牧场地,小群放牧补饲育肥效果要优于全舍饲育肥。     

饲养方式对苏尼特羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和瘤胃菌群的影响

旨在研究不同饲养方式(放牧和舍饲)对苏尼特羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和瘤胃菌群的影响。选取健康的3月龄苏尼特羊24只，平均体重为(20.16±1.56)kg,随机分为2组，每组12只羊。对照组(舍饲组)饲喂基础饲粮，试验组(放牧组)采食天然牧草。预试期7 d,正试期90 d。结果表明：1)舍饲组苏尼特羊终末体重、平均日增重和胸围显著高于放牧组(P<0.05)。2)舍饲组苏尼特羊胴体重、净肉重、屠宰率和肉骨比显著高于放牧组(P<0.05)。3)舍饲组的背最长肌亮度(L^*)值、蒸煮损失率和剪切力值显著高于放牧组(P<0.05),背最长肌pH_{24 h}显著低于放牧组(P<0.05)。4)与放牧饲养相比，舍饲组的Shannon指数显著降低(P<0.05),门水平上，舍饲显著提高了瘤胃中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度，显著降低了瘤胃中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度(P<0.05)。在属水平上，舍饲显著提高了瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌属＿1(Prevotel...     

不同补饲方式对云南半细毛羊育肥效果的影响

将60只、117日龄云南48－50支半细毛羊公羔公成3组；在人工草地上实行昼夜放牧，分别补饲食盐、混合料、糖蜜尿素舔砖，研究不同补饲方式对半细毛羊育肥效果的影响。结果：育肥公羔6月龄日增重分别为147．208、188g，胴体重分别为17．8、19．9、18．8kg，屠宰率分别为48．1％、50．2％、49．1％；到8月龄时，日增重分别为42、95、37g，胴体重分别为17．7、21．7、19．3kg，屠宰率分别为48．6％、50．2％、49．6％。在本试验条件下，昼夜放牧加补加饲糖蜜尿素舔砖育肥、半细毛羊公羔体重达40kg，出栏较好。6月龄时半细毛羊只均净收入比补饲食盐、混合精料分别多收入5．29元、32．99元。     

羔羊培育方法在云岭黑山羊中的应用研究

通过羔羊3种培育方法的应用研究，其结果放牧补饲组实行羔羊随母放牧，休牧时母仔分隔自由采食羔羊饲料，比舍饲组、放牧组在羔羊的日增重、羔羊的成活率、羔羊特一级羊等级分别提高33.72%、60.28%，15、10个百分点，18.82、26.67个百分点;补饲饲料的增重效率放牧补饲组为最高，达到0.74，比舍饲组的1.36每增重1 kg少耗料0.62 kg，减少83.78%;只均获毛利720元，比舍饲组、放牧组分别提高7.22%、22.26%.泌乳期羔羊实行母仔分隔补饲，有利于羔羊集中精力采食固体饲料，避免恋奶.该方法值得推广。     

贵州半细毛羊淘汰公羔舍饲育肥试验报告

为了加快畜群周转速度,提高草地载畜量,威宁县种羊场利用本场淘汰公羔开展60 d舍饲育肥试验。结果表明,育肥羊日增重随精料喂量的增加而增加,试验I组日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验II组日增重极显著高于对照组(P0.01);试验III组日增重高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。试验II组高于试验I组,但差异不显著(P0.05);试验II组显著高于试验III组(P0.05)。育肥效益试验组均低于对照组,每只羊低18.4元~32.3元。若考虑到舍饲育肥人工成本低于放牧育肥,则舍饲育肥效益高于放牧育肥效益。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。