延边黄牛公牛与阉牛牛肉营养成分比较研究

本试验主要对延边黄牛公牛与阉牛肉质中营养成分进行比较研究,选择品种相同,年龄、体重相近,健康状况良好的延边黄牛16头,随机分为2组,每组8头,其中试验组为阉牛,对照组为公牛,在试验日粮相同、饲养条件一致的条件下,育肥373 d后进行屠宰。结果显示：①试验初期,两组间血清总蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白、血糖、甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量均未表现出显著差异（P>0.05）,而试验组白蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、尿素氮及胆固醇含量极显著或显著高于对照组（P<0.01;P<0.05）;试验末期,试验组白蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白、胆固醇含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,且试验组甘油三酯含量极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,其他各成分含量两组间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;②试验组背最长肌中油酸含量、油酸/亚油酸分别比对照组高6.51%和229.42%,差异显著或极显著（P<0.05;P<0.01）;对照组背最长肌中亚油酸、硬脂酸含量均极显著高于试验组（P<0.01）;③对照组背最长肌中脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸含量均高于试验组,差异显著（P<0.05）,其他氨基酸均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。由此可知,延边黄牛阉牛体脂肪沉积较好,不饱和脂肪酸含量高,尤其是油酸含量明显高于公牛,肉质及口感好,适合生产高档牛肉。     

Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Short-distance Transport Stress in Beef Cattle

To study the effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on short-distance transport stress in beef cattle,15 healthy and 12-month-old Simmental crossbred beef cattle were selected and randomly divided into control group,transport stress group and Astragalus polysaccharide test group with 5 cattles in each group.The cattles in Astragalus polysaccharide test group were fed with 10 g/d per head Astragalus polysaccharide during the experimental period.The cattles both in transport stress group and Astragalus polysaccharide test group were transported for 3 h at the speed of 60 km/h, and blood samples were collected and used for measuring some biochemical parameters. The daily gain and morbidity were measured simultaneously. The results showed that,in transport stress group,serum Na⁺ increased significantly in 1 d after transportation comparing to before transportation (P<0.05). serum Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl^- showed no significant difference during the experimental period in control group and Astragalus polysaccharide test group (P>0.05).After transport (1 and 7 d),blood Na⁺/K⁺-ATP activities were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while serum MDA contentswere significantly increased (P<0.05) in transport stress group comparing with that at 1 d before transport.These indicators of the control and Astragalus polysaccharide test group showed no significantly difference during the experimental period (P>0.05); 7 d average daily gain after transportation of control group and Astragalus polysaccharide test group were extremely significantly higher than transport stress group (P<0.01), incidence rates of respiratory and gastrointestinal of Astragalus polysaccharide test group was lower than transport stress group. The results demonstrated that Astragalus polysaccharide could be applied to the transport stress for prevention and treatment in beef cattle.     

Effects of N-hydroxymethyl Methionine Calcium Supplementation Levels on Serum Nitrogenous Compounds and Free Amino Acids of Lactating Dairy Cows

To study the effects of N-hydroxymethyl methionine calcium (N-HMM-Ca) supplementation levels on serum nitrogenous compounds and free amino acids of lactating dairy cows. 30 lactating Holstein dairy cows with similar parities,milk yield and days in milk were randomly assigned into 5 groups. The control group was fed with basal diet,test groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.15%,0.30%,0.75% and 1.50% N-HMM-Ca,respectively. The experiment was lasted for 56 d,including 14 d of adaptation period and 42 d of experimental period. The results showed as follows:①Comparing with control group,the total protein,albumin and globulin in experimental groups were not significantly affected (P>0.05).On the 14th day,serum creatinine concentration in 1.5% level group was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05);On the 42th day,urea nitrogen concentration in 1.5% level group was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05),while the concentration of uric acid in 0.75% level group was extremely significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.01).②On the 14th day,the concentration of serum Glu,Ser,Arg,Leu,Ile,Lys and total free amino acids in 0.15% level group was highest,which were significantly or extremely significantly higher than control group (P<0.05;P<0.01).On the 42th day,serum Arg,Cys and the total free amino acids in 0.15% level group were the highest. And serum Glu,Ser,Tyr,Met,Val and Lys in 0.30% level group were highest,which were significantly or extremely significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05;P<0.01). In summary, adding 0.15% or 0.30% N-HMM-Ca on diet of lactating dairy had no significant effect on serum nitrogen content (P>0.05),but adding 0.15% N-HMM-Ca could increase the concentration of serum free amino acids. Considering all the facts,the recommended amount of N-HMM-Ca on diet of lactating dairy cows was 0.15%.     

Effects of 2-methylbutyrate on Daily Gain,Dietary Nutrient Digestion and Methane Emissions in Simmental Cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2-methylbutyrate on daily gain,dietary nutrient digestion and methane emissions in Simmental cattle.Thirty-six Simmental cattle (12-month-old) consuming a corn straw diet were divided randomly into four groups (control group,experimental groups 1,2 and 3) and supplemented with four levels of 2-methylbutyrate as 0,1.0,2.0 and 3.0 g/(kg·BW),respectively.Dietary nutrient digestibilities,average daily gain and methane emissions were determined.The results showed that OM digestibilities of the cattles in experimental group 2 and 3,CP digestibilities of the cattles in experimental groups 2 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).NFE digestibilities were not affected by adding 2-methylbutyrate (P>0.05).NDF digestibilities of the cattles in experimental group 2 were significantly higher than that in control group and experimental group 1 (P<0.05),while their ADF digestibility were significantly higher than that in control and other experimental groups (P<0.05).Compared with control group,the average daily gains of cattles increased significantly in experimental groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05),the dry matter intakes of cattles decreased significantly in experimental group 2 (P<0.05),and the feed gain ratio decreased significantly in experimental groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05).In addition,the methane emissions were decreased significantly in experimental groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05).The results indicated that the average daily gain,nutrient digestion could be improved,and methane emissions could be restrained by supplementing 2-methylbutyrate in Simmental beef cattle,the optimal dose of 2-methylbutyrate supplementation was 2.0 g/(kg·BW).     

复合益生菌对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫水平的影响

为研究酿酒酵母菌和枯草芽孢杆菌组成的复合益生菌对早期断奶仔猪免疫水平的影响,试验选取（杜×长×大）三元杂交断奶仔猪80头,分为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组及对照组,每组20头,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.10%、0.20%、0.30%复合益生菌,对照组饲喂基础日粮,以期评价其生长性能、血液生化、血清细胞因子和肠道黏膜分泌性球蛋白A（SIgA）水平。结果表明,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组末重极显著高于试验Ⅰ组和对照组（P<0.01）;试验Ⅲ组平均日增重极显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组及对照组（P<0.01）,试验Ⅲ组平均日采食量显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组及对照组（P<0.05）,对照组、试验Ⅱ组腹泻率均极显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组（P<0.01）;试验组中的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）含量均高于对照组,总蛋白（TP）含量低于对照组,差异均不显著（P>0.05）;试验组中尿素氮（BUN）含量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组谷草转氨酶（AST）含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组和对照组（P<0.05）。试验0 d,试验组白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）;试验20 d,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组中IL-6水平极显著高于试验Ⅰ组及对照组（P<0.01）,IL-1β和TNF-α水平与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）;试验40 d,试验组IL-1β水平均高于对照组（P>0.05）,IL-6和TNF-α水平均极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。试验组中空肠黏膜SIgA水平极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）;十二指肠和回肠黏膜SIgA水平均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,盲肠黏膜SIgA水平低于对照组,差异不显著（P>0.05）。说明不同含量酿酒酵母菌-枯草芽孢杆菌复合益生菌均可有效提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,缓解早期断奶仔猪应激反应,增强断奶仔猪的免疫功能。     

不同乳脂率德宏奶水牛乳腺组织中FATP1基因表达研究

为研究不同乳脂率德宏奶水牛乳腺组织中FATP1基因的表达情况,试验选取216头处于泌乳盛期的健康德宏奶水牛,分为高乳脂率组(H组)、中乳脂率组(M组)和低乳脂率组(L组),采集乳样,用乳品分析仪测定乳脂率,利用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸含量。采集乳腺组织,利用荧光定量PCR法检测FATP1基因的mRNA表达水平,并与乳脂率和脂肪酸含量进行相关性分析。结果表明:H组乳脂率、总脂肪酸含量和长链脂肪酸含量均极显著高于M组和L组(P<0.01),M组显著高于L组(P<0.05)。不饱和脂肪酸含量H组极显著高于L组(P<0.01),显著高于M组(P<0.05),而M组与L组无显著差异(P>0.05)。FATP1基因mRNA表达水平为H组极显著高于L组(P<0.01),而H组与M组、M组与L组均无显著差异(P>0.05)。相关性分析表明,乳脂率与乳中总脂肪酸、长链脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),FATP1基因mRNA表达量与乳脂率、脂肪酸总量、长链脂肪酸含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。研究表明在乳脂合成的过程当中FATP1基因对脂肪酸的摄取和转运起到重要的调控作用。     

Effect of Synbiotic and Antibacterial Peptide on Colibacillosis and Immune Regulation in Broiler Chickens

This experiment was to study the effect of synbiotic and antibacterial peptide on growth performance,and the immune regulation of broiler chickens after the E.coli O78 attack. Totally 100 broilers of health 1-day-old Ross 308 were randomly divided into four treatment groups:Synbiotic group (group S) was fed with basal diet+0.3% synbiotic;Antibacterial peptides group (group AP) was fed with basal diet+0.5% antibacterial peptide; Antibacterial peptide+synbiotic group (group SAP) was fed with basal diet+0.3% synbiotic+0.5% antibacterial peptide;Control group (group C) was fed with basal diet,and the growth performance were determined. At the 14th day,10 chickens from each group were randomly selected for muscle injection with E.coli O78 (the attacked control group was named as model group (group M)),and after 24 h,the morbidity,mortality and immune function of chickens in each group were determined. The results showed that compared with control group,the F/G and ADF of groups S and AP were significantly decreased (P<0.05).Before E.coli O78 attack,the bursa index of group SAP was significantly higher than control group (P<0.05),and other groups had no significant difference (P>0.05);While after the E.coli O78 attack,the thymus,spleen and bursa indexes of groups S and AP were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05),the spleen and bursa indexes of group SAP were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05),and the thymus index showed no significant difference (P>0.05).Compared with the group M,the IgA,sIgA and IL-10 of group S showed no significant difference (P>0.05),while the IL-6 levels decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01);The IgA and IL-6 of group AP were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),meanwhile the sIgA and IL-10 were significantly or extremely significantly higher (P<0.05;P<0.01); The changed trend of SAP group was the same as the group AP.In conclusion,the synbiotic and antibacterial peptide could improve the feed conversion rate of chickens and they were used alone or combination all could improved chicken immune function after the bacteria attack.     

脱氢表雄酮对AA肉种鸡生产性能和肌纤维发育的影响

为探讨母源性添加DHEA对子生理机能影响的母体效应机制,本试验选用100羽16周龄AA种母鸡随机分成对照组、低剂量试验组、中剂量试验组和高剂量试验组,每组25只。于34周龄开始在饲料中添加DHEA,剂量分别为0、25、50和100 mg.kg-1,连续饲喂7周,期间记录每天的产蛋数并称重。在试验的第49天禁饲12 h,宰杀各组鸡。采集血液、腹脂、左侧胸肌和腿肌,计算产蛋率、平均蛋重、腹脂率、相对胸肌重和相对腿肌重。测定血清中尿酸(UA)和肌酐(Cr)含量。取腿肌和胸肌制作冰冻组织切片,测定肌纤维直径和密度。结果表明,与对照组相比,低剂量组母鸡产蛋率极显著升高(P0.01),中剂量组和高剂量组则极显著降低(P0.01);试验组平均蛋重差异不显著(P0.05);高剂量组母鸡的相对腿肌重显著升高(P0.05),而低剂量组和中剂量组差异不显著(P0.05);试验组腹脂率和相对胸肌重量差异不显著(P0.05);低剂量组血清UA含量极显著升高(P0.01),中剂量组有升高趋势,高剂量组显著升高(P0.05);中剂量组和高剂量组血清Cr含量没有显著变化(P0.05),低剂量组极显著升高(P0.01);3个剂量组AA肉种鸡胸肌肌纤维直径和密度均没有显著变化(P0.05);低剂量组腿肌肌纤维直径没有显著变化(P0.05),中剂量组显著减小(P0.05),高剂量组极显著减小(P0.01);低剂量组腿肌肌纤维密度没有显著变化(P0.05),中剂量组显著增大(P0.05),高剂量组极显著增大(P0.01)。     

饲粮添加铜、铁和锌对牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮添加必需微量元素铜、铁和锌对肉牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响。选用 ２０头 １２月龄肉牛,随机分为 ２组,每组 １０头,各组分别饲喂基础精饲料（对照组）和基础精饲料中添加铜 ２０ｍｇ、铁 ２００ｍｇ和锌 ２００ｍｇ的试验精饲料（试验组）,粗饲料自由采食。试验期为 １５０ｄ。每天以组为单位计算牛的采食量;每 ３０ｄ称取牛体重并采集血液样品,试验结束后,屠宰试验牛,采集肾脏、肝脏、心脏、胰脏、脾脏、瘤胃、大肠及背肌组织样品,测定血液和组织中铅和镉含量。结果表明：牛精饲料中添加铁、铜和锌后,平均日增重极显著地提高了１２．５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,料重比极显著地降低了 １５．６８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）;铅含量在胰脏和瘤胃中极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,在脾脏和血液中显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）,在其余组织中无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）,铅蓄积的器官主要是胃;镉含量在肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、瘤胃和大肠中均极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,但心脏中的镉含量极显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,镉蓄积的器官主要是肾脏。结果提示,在饲粮中添加铜、铁和锌可以改善肉牛的生长性能,但不能有效减少脏器及肌肉组织中铅和镉的蓄积。     

饲粮泛酸添加水平对冬毛生长期水貂生产性能、血清生化指标及毛囊发育的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮泛酸添加水平对冬毛生长期水貂生产性能、血清生化指标及毛囊发育的影响。采用单因子试验设计,选用(140±5)日龄、平均体重(1.94±0.19)kg的健康雄性短毛黑水貂60只,随机分成6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只。基础饲粮中泛酸含量为8.91 mg/kg,各组饲粮泛酸添加水平分别为0(Ⅰ组,对照组)、10(Ⅱ组)、20(Ⅲ组)、30(Ⅳ组)、40(Ⅴ组)、80 mg/kg(Ⅵ组)。预试期5 d,正试期65 d。结果表明:1)Ⅵ组水貂鲜皮重显著高于Ⅰ~Ⅳ组(P<0.05)。2)随着饲粮泛酸添加水平的增加,Ⅰ~Ⅴ组血清泛酸含量逐渐增加,但差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅵ组血清泛酸含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);各组之间肝脏泛酸含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)Ⅲ组血清球蛋白(GLOB)含量显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅴ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组血清胆固醇(CHO)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量极显著低于Ⅴ和Ⅵ组(P<0.05)。4)Ⅱ组冬毛生长前期血清褪黑激素含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01),Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组极显著低于Ⅲ组(P<0.01)。Ⅲ组冬毛生长后期血清褪黑激素含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。5)Ⅵ组毛囊深度显著高于Ⅳ组(P<0.05),极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01);各组毛囊密度和次级毛囊密度/初级毛囊密度无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮泛酸添加水平为20 mg/kg时(饲粮中总泛酸含量为28.91 mg/kg),水貂皮长增加2.37%,同时增加了血清GLOB含量,降低了血清CHO和HDL-C含量;饲粮泛酸添加水平为80 mg/kg时(饲粮中总泛酸含量为88.91 mg/kg),降低了水貂冬毛生长前期血清褪黑激素含量,增加了毛囊深度,增加了水貂鲜皮重。     

红曲霉合生素对延边黄牛瘤胃VFA浓度变化及饲料表观消化率的影响

试验研究红曲霉合生素对延边黄牛瘤胃VFA浓度变化及饲料表观消化率的影响。试验结果表明:采食后各组pH值无显著影响(P>0.05)。瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度,红曲霉组和红曲霉加中药组高于对照组,红曲霉加中药组在3、6、9h差异显著(P<0.05)。乙酸浓度红曲霉加中药组在3、6、9h高于其他两组,在3、6h差异显著(P<0.05)。丙酸的浓度红曲霉加中药组在3、6、9h高于其他两组,在3、6、9h与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。丁酸的浓度三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。乙酸与丙酸的比值各组在各个时间点差异均不显著(P>0.05)。红曲霉组和红曲霉加中药组对粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的影响不显著(P>0.05)。粗蛋白质和干物质中,红曲霉加中药组的消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。有机物中,红曲霉加中药组和红曲霉组的消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。红曲霉合生素提高了延边黄牛瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸和丙酸的浓度,显著增加了蛋白质、干物质和有机物的利用率,提高了延边黄牛瘤胃发酵效率。     

发酵菜籽粕对肉鸡生长性能、营养物质消化吸收及肉品质的影响

本试验以发酵菜籽粕等氮替代不同比例豆粕,研究其对肉鸡生长性能、营养物质消化吸收及肉品质的影响。选取200只7日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为4组,每组设置5个重复,每个重复10只鸡(公母各占1/2)。A组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;B、C、D组为试验组,分别用发酵菜籽粕等氮替代基础饲粮中15%、35%和50%的豆粕进行饲喂。试验从7日龄开始,至42日龄结束。结果显示:1)7~42日龄阶段,C、D组平均日增重均极显著低于A组(P0.01),料重比均极显著高于A组(P0.01),同时C组的平均日采食量极显著高于A组(P0.01);B组的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比与A组差异不显著(P0.05)。2)42日龄时,B、C、D组肠道食糜pH较A组分别下降1.57%(P0.01)、1.41%(P0.01)、0.16%(P0.05);B、C、D组肠道食糜黏度较A组分别下降4.17%(P0.05)、4.17%(P0.05)、1.67%(P0.05)。42日龄时,与A组相比,B组蛋白质表观消化率、能量表观消化率、脂肪表观消化率显著或极显著上升(P0.05或P0.01),而C、D组蛋白质表观消化率、脂肪表观消化率则显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01)。3)与A组比,各试验组胸肌的pH_(45 min)、pH_(24 h)出现不同程度的下降,但B组pH_(24 h)与A组差异不显著(P0.05);与A组相比,B组胸肌的亮度(L~*)值极显著提高(P0.01),红度(a~*)、黄度(b~*)值则极显著降低(P0.01);各试验组胸肌的滴水损失极显著低于A组(P0.01);B、C组胸肌的剪切力极显著低于A组(P0.01);B、C、D组胸肌的肌苷酸含量较A组分别提高2.55%(P0.01)、0.66%(P0.05)、0.21%(P0.05)。综上,发酵菜籽粕等氮替代肉鸡饲粮中15%的豆粕对生长性能无负面影响,同时还可促进肉鸡对营养物质的消化吸收并改善肉品质。     

喷浆玉米皮对肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究喷浆玉米皮对肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响。试验选取39日龄伊拉幼兔300只,公母各占1/2,根据体重和性别随机分为5组(对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组),分别饲喂含不同比例喷浆玉米皮(0、6%、12%、18%和24%)的试验饲粮,每组60个重复,每个重复1只兔。预试期5 d,正试期50 d。结果表明:1)Ⅲ、Ⅳ组末重和平均日增重显著低于对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05);对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间末重和平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅲ组的料重比显著高于对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅳ组料重比显著高于对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05),对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间料重比差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加喷浆玉米皮试验兔干物质表观消化率逐渐降低,以Ⅳ组最低,显著低于对照组及其他试验组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但高于Ⅳ组;各试验组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅳ组中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05);各试验组与对照组间粗灰分表观消化率、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间宰前重和胴体重差异不显著(P>0.05),但与Ⅲ、Ⅳ组差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅰ组半净膛屠宰率显著低于其他组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合考虑本试验所测指标,肉兔饲粮中适宜的喷浆玉米皮添加比例为6%~12%。     

低蛋白质饲粮中苏氨酸水平对离乳前期梅花鹿仔鹿生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮中苏氨酸水平对离乳前期梅花鹿仔鹿生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择24只健康无病的3月龄雄性梅花鹿,随机分为4组,每组6只。4组仔鹿限量饲喂4种不同的饲粮,各组饲粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸水平均分别为0.87%、0.28%。其中,高蛋白质饲粮对照组(Ⅰ组)仔鹿饲喂蛋白质水平为16%的高蛋白质饲粮,低蛋白质饲粮试验组(Ⅱ~Ⅳ组)仔鹿饲喂蛋白质水平为14%并添加不同水平苏氨酸的低蛋白质饲粮,各组饲粮中苏氨酸水平分别为0.54%(Ⅰ组)、0.46%(Ⅱ组)、0.59%(Ⅲ组)、0.72%(Ⅳ组)。预试期为15 d,正试期为30 d。结果表明:1)高蛋白质饲粮对照组的平均日增重(ADG)极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01),与Ⅲ、Ⅳ组差异不显著(P0.05);高蛋白质饲粮对照组的料重比(F/G)极显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.01),极显著低于Ⅱ组(P0.01)。2)高蛋白质饲粮对照组的粗蛋白质表观消化率极显著低于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01);高蛋白质饲粮对照组能量表观消化率极显著低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.01),与Ⅱ组无显著差异(P0.05);Ⅲ组钙表观消化率极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01),与其他组差异不显著(P0.05)。3)高蛋白质饲粮对照组的组氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、半胱氨酸表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),与Ⅱ组其他氨基酸表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05);高蛋白质饲粮对照组赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸表观消化率极显著低于Ⅲ组(P0.01),缬氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸表观消化率显著低于Ⅲ组(P0.05);高蛋白质饲粮对照组除丙氨酸的表观消化率极显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.01)以及赖氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸表观消化率显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.05)外,其他氨基酸的表观消化率与Ⅳ组无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,低蛋白质饲粮中适宜水平的苏氨酸对离乳前期梅花鹿仔鹿的生长性能和营养物质消化利用具有促进作用;当饲粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸水平相同时,饲喂蛋白质水平为14%、苏氨酸水平为0.59%的低蛋白质饲粮的梅花鹿仔鹿的生长性能和营养物质表观消化率均优于饲喂蛋白质水平为16%的高蛋白质饲粮的梅花鹿仔鹿。     

低粗蛋白质氨基酸平衡日粮对仔猪生长性能、血液指标、营养物质表观消化率和腹泻率的影响

为研究不同水平低粗蛋白质（CP）氨基酸平衡日粮对10~25 kg仔猪的生长性能、血液指标、营养物质表观养分消化率和腹泻率的影响,选取320头10 kg健康的"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复20头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,CP水平为20.1%,其他组饲喂低CP补充氨基酸日粮,CP水平分别为18.3%、14.9%、13.2%,除根据需要补充L-赖氨酸、DL-蛋氨酸、L-苏氨酸、L-色氨酸外,还补充L-缬氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸和L-组氨酸等,共计8种晶体氨基酸,各处理氨基酸水平均达到或超过NRC（1998）猪营养需要量标准,试验期24 d。结果显示：①20.1% CP组仔猪平均日增重（ADG）显著高于13.2% CP（P<0.05）;各组间料重比（F/G）、平均采食量（ADFI）差异均不显著（P>0.05）。②20.1% CP组仔猪血清尿素水平最高,13.2% CP最低,二者差异极显著（P<0.01）;各组间总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLB）、白蛋白/球蛋白、胰岛素、血糖、免疫球蛋白（IgA）、IgG、IgM水平均差异不显著（P>0.05）。③13.2% CP、14.9% CP组仔猪CP表观消化率极显著低于20.1% CP组（P<0.01）;其余指标差异均不显著（P>0.05）。④20.1% CP组仔猪腹泻率最高,13.2% CP组腹泻率最低,且差异显著（P<0.05）。综上所述,日粮CP水平降低至14.9%时对仔猪的生长性能无不良影响;血清尿素水平、CP表观消化率均极显著对于对照组（20.1% CP）,仔猪腹泻率大大降低。因此10~25 kg断奶仔猪氨基酸平衡日粮CP水平可降低至14.9%,不影响仔猪的生长性能。     

复合益生菌对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和体液免疫水平的影响研究

为研究枯草芽胞杆菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌三者组合的复合益生菌对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和体液免疫水平的影响,选取"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪40头,分为对照组、试验A组、试验B组和试验C组,每组10头,试验A组、试验B组和试验C组与基础饲粮按质量比分别添加1.0‰、2.0‰和3.0‰复合益生菌,对照组不添加复合益生菌,以评价复合益生菌对早期断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫器官指数、血液生理指标和血清生化指标的影响。结果表明,试验B组和试验C组末重极显著高于试验A组和对照组(P<0.01),试验C组平均日增重极显著高于试验A组、试验B组和对照组(P<0.01),对照组和试验B组腹泻率极显著高于试验A组和试验C组(P<0.01);在免疫器官指数上,试验B组、试验C组和对照组腹股沟淋巴结指数显著高于试验A组(P<0.05),试验A组、试验B组脾脏指数显著高于试验C组(P<0.05),试验各组肾脏指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验A组胸腺指数显著高于试验B组和试验C组(P<0.05);在生理水平上,试验组仔猪血液中,中间粒细胞比率、粒细胞比率、中间细胞数量、粒细胞数量、红细胞数量、血红蛋白、红细胞平均体积以及血小板数量低于对照组,且大部分指标表现为差异显著(P<0.05),淋巴细胞比率高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);在生化水平上,试验B组和试验C组谷草转氨酶含量显著高于对照组和试验A组(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌三者组合的复合益生菌与基础饲粮混合可提高早期断奶仔猪生长性能和体液免疫功能。     

外源生长激素在延边黄牛上的试验研究(Ⅲ)——对血液生理生化指标的影响

为阐明外源生长激素对延边黄牛血液生理生化指标的影响。试验 1选用 2 0头体重、月龄相近的延边黄牛育成牛 (阉牛 ) ,按体重随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组每 1 4d注射 1次 0 .4 2mg/kgBW的生长激素 ,对照组不注射 ,持续 1 6 8d ,进行了外源生长激素对延边黄牛育成牛血液生理生化指标影响的研究。结果表明 ,试验组的血清葡萄糖 (P <0 .0 5 )和血清钙 (P <0 .0 5 )含量均高于对照组 ,尿素氮 (P <0 .0 1 )含量低于对照组。血清总蛋白、清蛋白、球蛋白、总脂、磷含量试验组分别高于对照组 ,但差异均不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,血清谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)含量两组基本相似。试验 2通过对 1 2头泌乳母牛及其哺育的犊牛研究表明 :泌乳母牛和犊牛的血清总蛋白、清蛋白、钙、葡萄糖、总脂、无机磷含量试验组均高于对照组 ,其中清蛋白含量差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,母牛的血液指标中 ,血清总蛋白含量试验组高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,血清非蛋白氮含量试验组与对照组之间没有差异。犊牛的血液指标中 ,血清总脂、非蛋白氮、谷草转氨酶含量试验组均低于对照组 ,但差异不显著     

Study on the Effect of Ricin on Human Peripheral Blood B Lymphocyte and the Expression of Related Genes

This study was amied to learn the toxic effects of ricin on human peripheral blood B lymphocytes（IM-9）and the expression of related genes.The extracted ricin of different concentrations were added to culture cells for 6 and 12 h to make sure the median inhibitory concentration,then culture cells at the median inhibitory concentration for 2,6,10 and 12 h,at each time point detect the expression of immune related genes CD40,IL-1β,TNF-α and apoptosis related genes Bcl-2,Bax,Caspase-3.The results showed that the inhibitory effect of ricin on IM-9 cells was increased with the increase of concentration and time.The expression of TNF-α and CD40 genes increased significantly in experimental group than control group at 6 h（P<0.05).10 and 12 h reached extremely significant level（P<0.01);There was no significance of IL-1β gene expression between experimental and control groups（P>0.05).About apoptosis gene,the Bax gene expression decreased extremely significantly in experimental group at 10 h（P<0.05）and decreased significantly at 12 h（P<0.05);Bcl-2 gene had reached significant levels of four time periods（P<0.05), and 2,12 h were extremely significant（P<0.01);The expression of Caspase-3 reduced at 6 h,the other time points increased significantly（P<0.05),at 2 h reached extremely significant level（P<0.01).It showed that the gene expression of IM-9 cells could be significantly affected by ricin,TNF-α and CD40 genes were two potential genes to evaluate the toxicity by IM-9 cells.     

广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊产肉性能与肉品质指标特性研究

以6月龄和12月龄广西本地黑山羊为对照,研究广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊的产肉性能和肉品质,综合测定和分析其屠宰性能、肉质、化学成分和风味影响因子。结果表明:6月龄和12月龄广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊与广西本地黑山羊两者相比较,胴体重、屠宰率、净肉率、胴体净肉率、眼肌面积指标差异极显著(P<0.01),且前者大于后者;肌肉中肉质的肉色和大理石纹指标差异极显著(P<0.01),前者大于后者;嫩度剪切值差异显著(P<0.05,6月龄)和极显著(P<0.01,12月龄),前者小于后者;化学成分方面,粗蛋白、脂肪和磷测定指标两者差异显著(P<0.05),且前者大于后者;粗纤维指标两者差异显著(P<0.05),前者小于后者;风味影响因子方面,氨基酸总量、谷氨酸两者差异极显著(P<0.01),前者大于后者,其余种类氨基酸含量(除12月龄试验羊甘氨酸含量外)两者差异不显著(P>0.05);脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量两者差异显著(P<0.05),前者大于后者;胆固醇含量两者差异不显著(P>0.05),但均低于羊生产学推荐值;硫胺素和肌苷酸两者相比差异显著(P<0.05),前者大于后者。综合以上测定结果可以得出,广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊产肉性能高,营养成分全面,可提供丰富的蛋白质、氨基酸;且肉质鲜嫩多汁,膻味小,口感好,风味独特;其羊肉中胆固醇含量低,富含不饱和脂肪酸。广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊是适合南方地区生产高端黑山羊的首选品种,开发潜力巨大。     

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Cultures on Growth Performance and Immunity Function of Broilers

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of inactivated lactic acid bacteria cultures on growth performance and immunity function of broilers.A total of 300 one-day-old AA broilers with similar weight were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate (half male and half female).The control group was fed a basal diet;The antibiotic group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.01% chlortetracycline;The lactic acid bacteria cultures groups (L1, L2, L3) were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.16% lactic acid bacteria cultures L1, L2, L3, respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days, including two phase of days 1 to 21 (starter period) and days 22 to 42 (finisher period).The results showed as follows:From 1 to 21 days of age, ADFI of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L1 was extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01), the serum content of IL-2 was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), the indexes of spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).The indexes of spleen and thymus of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L2 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05);ADG of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L3 was extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01);The serum content of IFN-γ of broilers in antibiotic group was significantly higher than that in lactic acid bacteria cultures groups (P<0.05).From 22 to 42 days of age, ADG of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L1 and group L2 were extremely significant higher than that in control and antibiotic groups (P<0.01);The serum content of IgG was significantly higher than that in antibiotic group (P<0.05), Newcastle disease antibody titers in serum and the indexes of spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius of broilers were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05);The serum content of IgA and the thymus index of broilers in lactic acid bacteria cultures group L3 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).Therefore, supplementing inactivated lactic acid bacteria cultures in a diet could improve growth performance and immunity function of broilers to some extent.Among them, adding L3 was better during starter period for improving growth performance of broilers, while add L1 and L2 during finisher period.Adding L1 was better during starter period for improving immunity function of broilers, while add L2 during finisher period.