姬松茸粗多糖提取工艺的研究

姬松茸粗多糖的提取方法有热水浸提法、溶剂提取法、复合酶提取法等，为了提高粗多糖的提取率，本研究采用细胞破壁技术，采用水溶——复合酶提取工艺，多糖的提取率高达16.67％，处于领先地位。     

姬松茸"岩出101株"与其他菌株的对比试验

姬松茸(Agaricus blazei)原产于巴西.日本岩出菌学研究所最早将姬松茸驯化栽培成功,其所育姬松茸(岩出101株)可调整人的机体平衡,具有很好的营养价值和食疗功效,尤其具有抗肿瘤活性,被称为"神奇之菇".日本确定姬松茸已有多个栽培品种,但唯有"岩出101株"是经科学研究证明的姬松茸注册药用菌株[1,3,4,6].现将黑龙江省林副特产研究所引进的姬松茸"岩出101株"与其他菌株的对比试验结果报道如下.     

姬松茸复合多糖保健胶囊加工工艺的研究

以姬松茸、灰树花、灵芝孢子粉和复合粗多糖粉末为原料,精心研制了“凌云保健胶囊”,对其加工工艺进行了详述,旨在为森林食药用菌开发提供一种全新的途径。     

日本姬松茸栽培技术要点

介绍了日本姬松茸的发展由来和产业状况,以“岩出101株”为例,阐述了姬松茸的生产条件、栽培方法及技术要点。     

姬松茸出菇异常的主要原因及对策

姬松茸（Agaricus blazei Murrill）又名小松菇、巴西蘑菇或柏拉氏蘑菇、ABM菇,属蘑菇（黑伞）科蘑菇（黑伞）属,原产于巴西、秘鲁.1965年,日裔巴西人将其孢子菌种送给日本,经蕈菌工作者数年的试验性栽培,获得成功,10多年后开始进行商业性栽培,并按照日本人喜爱的松茸而命之以“姬松茸”的美名.实际上,姬松茸是白蘑菇的近亲,与松茸无论从分类地位和性状风味上都有很大差别.     

发酵法工业化生产微生物多糖

南京大学生命科学院真菌生物工程室是研制多糖的生物技术中心,已具有20多年的多糖研究基础,积累了多糖工业化生产新技术的丰富经验,目前已开发了10多种新型微生物有效多糖、如白参菌多糖、虫草多糖、红曲多糖、双蘑多糖、姬松茸多糖、壳聚糖、白僵菌多糖、酵母多糖、猴头多糖、羊肚菌多糖、灵     

北方林区姬松茸栽培技术初报

姬松茸是重要的食药用菌,是珍贵的菌类佳品。本文根据黑龙江小兴安岭林区的气候条件和姬松茸的生物学特性,确定其在北方林区的栽培方法、生产流程和栽培季节,重在以规范的技术和严格的生产控制点为林区菇农提供一定的技术支持。     

姬松茸"岩出101株"的由来

姬松茸栽培起源于日本三重县津市海岸边的岩出菌学所，而该研究所是由东京帝国大学教官转职到三重大学担任教授的岩出亥之助博士于1963年创建。 姬松茸（Agaricus blazei Murril）岩出101株源于巴西东南部的圣堡罗市郊山里。此地周边的居民从很早以前就有食用姬松茸的习俗，在此务农20多年的日裔古本隆寿先生，一直对蘑菇栽培抱有浓厚兴趣，曾一度从日本寄蘑菇栽培方面的书籍来学习，     

姬松茸"岩出101菌株"应用前景展望

1 姬松茸“岩出101菌株”的由来 姬松茸（Agaricus blazei Murrill），又称巴西蘑菇，日名：ヒ〤マツタケ，原产巴西、秘鲁。1965年巴西日裔古本隆寿于圣保罗市郊外农场采种，送给日本岩出菌学研究所所长、三重大学农学部教授岩出亥之助先生，经该所10余年的潜心研究，于1975年驯化栽培成功（岩出特许），取名“姬松茸（岩出101菌株）”，以食用菇形式在日本三重、爱知、歧阜三县推广生产，进入消费市场。岩出菌学研究所也因此成为“姬松茸的发祥地”。 推广消费过程中发现，经常食用的人群有“快便、快尿、快食、快眠”的“四快”感觉。…     

珍稀菌种姬松茸

姬松茸，另名小松菇。是联合国粮农组织向全世界公开推荐发展的主要菌类品种之一。姬松茸属于草、粪生菌类中的中温型品种，以纤维素、半纤维素、蔗糖、葡萄糖等碳源为主要养分来源，原料资源相当广泛。稻草、麦秸、甘蔗渣、玉米秸、高梁杆、豆秸杆、油菜杆及壳类等多种农作物秸杆和猪、牛、马、驴、鸡等畜禽粪肥，都是姬松茸生产的优质原料。姬松茸营养丰富、味道鲜美、肉质脆嫩爽口，具有杏仁香味，含有多种抗肿瘤活性物质，可用于治疗癌症、糖尿病、神经痛、肝病和降低高血脂，改善动脉硬化等症功效显著，药用价值很高。目前日本、东欧等…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.