糙皮侧耳在玉米秸秆中的生长发育规律

利用玉米秸秆生产糙皮侧耳,菌丝生长规律符合逻辑斯第曲线,子实体生长规律符合指数增长曲线,菌丝生长速度优于棉籽壳培养料,子实体生长的高峰期比棉籽壳培养料滞后,出菇期比棉籽壳培养料长。将玉米秸秆和棉籽壳按1:1混合袋栽糙皮侧耳,生物学效率达145％。     

引进“牛排菌”栽培特性研究

研究比较了不同栽培原料栽培引进＂牛排菌＂的生长情况,同时,还观察了不同菌龄栽培对原基形成、子实体发育、产量等方面的影响情况。结果表明,引进＂牛排菌＂更适宜在木屑基质中生长,在棉籽壳基质栽培包中菌丝生长则像平菇菌丝那样吃料整齐,均匀往下拉,但生长速度相当慢,感觉吃料很吃力;木屑基质栽培引进＂牛排菌＂明显好于棉籽壳基质,子实体出菇整齐,生长良好,且木屑基质栽培菌包可以延续生长至第2潮子实体,菌包外观仍较好;木屑培养料基质栽培引进＂牛排菌＂能提高其营养价值,17种氨基酸总量、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗多糖含量高于棉籽壳基质栽培的引进＂牛排菌＂,尤其是17种氨基酸总量高出178.29%。     

不同配方培养料对白灵侧耳生长的影响

在供试的白灵侧耳培养料配方中,配方1以棉籽壳为主料(棉籽壳80％,麦麸18％,蔗糖1％,石膏1％,含水量60％),白灵侧耳菌丝生长速度最快,生长势最强,子实体产量最高,生物学效率达到94．39％,与其余5个供试培养料配方比较,差异均达到极显著水平。     

甘薯渣在食用菌制种及栽培上的应用

在甘薯渣中添加不同比例的棉籽壳和玉米芯进行糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、金针菇(Flammulinna velutipes)、鸡腿蘑(Coprinus comatus)栽培试验和糙皮侧耳制种试验。结果表明，在纯甘薯渣培养料上菌丝生长速度快，生长势强，菌丝满袋时间与对照相比缩短8～12d，且现蕾早，出菇快，但产量较低，生物学效率比棉籽壳和玉米芯常规培养料(对照)减少35％以上。但甘薯渣培养料可作为糙皮侧耳栽培种的制种材料。     

七种培养料对糙皮侧耳熟料栽培的影响

研究了棉籽壳、玉米芯、大豆秸、棉柴屑、金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)菌糠、废棉、木屑等7种培养料对糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)熟料栽培的影响。结果表明:大豆秸、玉米芯、废棉吸水能力和持水能力都比较强;糙皮侧耳栽培期间,7种培养料含水量和pH值呈现相似的变化规律,除灭菌后到菌丝满袋期培养料含水量和pH值上升外,其它时期均下降;糙皮侧耳菌丝在大豆秸上生长最快、长势最好,在木屑和玉米芯上生长最慢、长势最差;在废棉、大豆秸上产量较高,在木屑上产量最低。     

桑枝木屑栽培秀珍菇的培养料配方研究

以秀珍菇为试材，采用桑枝木屑为主要原料，部分代替棉籽壳栽培秀珍菇，设置7个不同桑枝木屑含量的培养料配方，研究了桑枝木屑不同添加比例配方对秀珍菇品质和产量的影响，以期筛选出适合低成本在热带栽培秀珍菇的配方。结果表明：添加桑枝木屑替代棉籽壳栽培秀珍菇时，随着桑枝木屑添加量增加，菌丝满袋时间推迟，原材料成本降低，但秀珍菇产量和生物学效率显著提高；当桑枝木屑添加比例为30%时，秀珍菇产量和生物学转化率最高；当桑枝木屑添加比例为35%时，生产收益最高。因此，桑枝木屑35%、棉籽壳25%、玉米芯20%、麸皮18%、生石灰2%为推广桑枝木屑栽培秀珍菇的最适配方。     

不同培养料对平菇生长发育及产量影响的研究

本试验以常规栽培料棉籽壳和麦麸栽培平菇为对照，采用杂木屑以及在杂木屑中添加不同辅料进行平菇栽培试验。结果表明：采用杂木屑和棉籽壳各４０％、麦麸１５％、玉米皮５％的培养料栽培平菇能促进菌丝生长，提早出菇，极显著地提高平菇产量，降低生产成本，提高经济效益。     

不同配方培养料对白灵菇生长发育和产量的影响

采用随机区组试验,研究了6种配方培养料对白灵菇生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,不同配方培养料对白灵菇的菌丝生长速度和生长势、生育期、子实体性状、产量和生物学效率等均有较大的影响。综合分析表明,使用以棉籽壳为主料的培养料栽培白灵菇优于以玉米芯、木屑为主料的培养料,其中配方①培养料(棉籽壳80%,麸皮13%,玉米面5%,石灰1%,石膏1%)的菌丝生长速度快、生长势最强,出菇较快且产量最高(生物学效率可达50.73%)。     

木屑及棉籽壳工厂化栽培灰树花配方试验

配制不同木屑与棉籽壳配比的灰树花培养料,研究其对灰树花菌丝生长、农艺形状、成本等的影响,以期筛选出适宜灰树花生长的木屑与棉籽壳最佳配比。结果表明,当配方中木屑为55%,棉籽壳为20%(配方6)时,灰树花菌丝生长情况、农艺性状、成本表现均较好。     

卵孢侧耳生物学性状及驯化

对采自西藏林芝地区的卵孢侧耳(Pleurotus placentodes)菌株进行生物学性状及栽培研究。结果表明:卵孢侧耳菌丝生长的最适温度为24℃,pH为7.0~7.5;卵孢侧耳可在培养料为50%棉籽壳、30%苹果树木屑、18%麸皮、2%石灰(pH自然、含水量为65%~70%)中栽培出菇;从接种至第三潮菇采收完成大约需要94~109d,生物学效率为31.4%±3.5%。     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.