杏鲍菇菌丝体胞内与胞外多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

采用Fenton法、邻苯三酚自氧化法、还原力的测定以及盐酸萘乙二胺比色法等几种实验方法研究了杏鲍菇菌丝体胞内与胞外多糖体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：杏鲍菇菌丝体胞内与胞外多糖提取物均具有较强的体外抗氧化性能,且随着多糖浓度的增大其抗氧化活性逐渐增强。对羟基自由基（·OH）的清除能力,胞内多糖优于胞外多糖;对超氧阴离子自由基（O2）的清除能力,胞外多糖优于胞内多糖;在还原力抑制方面,胞外多糖优于胞内多糖;在对NO2－清除方面,胞外多糖表现为最强;在卵黄脂蛋白不饱和脂肪酸过氧化体系中胞外多糖抗氧化能力强于胞内。     

构树黄酮的提取及体外抗氧化作用

我国构树资源丰富,且具有较高的药用价值.本研究利用超声波辅助有机溶剂浸提从构树根中提取分离构树黄酮,并进行体外抗氧化作用研究.结果显示:构树黄酮具有良好的清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子能力,在0.4mg/mL的浓度条件下,构树黄酮对羟自由基的清除率迭96.20%;0.5mg/mL浓度下、0.5 min内构树黄酮对超氧阴离子的清除率达73.33%,但清除率随着作用时间的延长而下降;其抗动物油脂过氧化能力与芦丁和抗坏血酸比较无显著性差异(p>0.05).构树黄酮对羟自由基和超氧阴离子的有效清除作用表明其具有潜在的抗细胞氧化损伤和细胞衰老及相关疾病的功能,在综合利用构树资源过程中值得开发利用.     

双孢菇多糖抗氧化活性的研究

通过测定双孢菇多糖的还原力,对二价铁离子的螯合能力和对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基及超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力等实验研究了它的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:双孢菇多糖具有较强的还原力,对二价铁离子具有较强的螯合能力,对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基具有不同程度的清除活性,即双孢菇多糖具有良好的体外抗氧化活性。     

白灵菇菌丝体胞内与胞外多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

采用Fenton法、邻苯三酚自氧化法、还原力的测定以及盐酸萘乙二胺比色法等几种实验方法研究了白灵菇菌丝体胞内与胞外多糖体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：白灵菇菌丝体胞内与胞外多糖提取物均具有较强的体外抗氧化性能,且随着多糖浓度的增大其抗氧化活性逐渐增强。对羟基自由基（·OH）的清除能力,胞内多糖优于胞外多糖;对超氧阴离子自由基（O2^-）的清除能力,当多糖浓度低于55μg／ml时,胞内多糖优于胞外多糖,当多糖浓度高于55μg／ml时,胞外多糖优于胞内多糖;在还原力抑制方面,胞内多糖优于胞外多糖;在对NO2^-清除方面,胞外多糖表现为最强。     

枳实类黄酮体外抗氧化作用研究

用70%乙醇微波中火提取干燥的脱脂枳实粉1.5min,浓缩干燥得枳实粗提物.提取液过D101大孔树脂,将洗脱液浓缩干燥得枳实纯化物,经测定总黄酮达到92.78%,HPLC测其黄烷酮含量,并测定各提取物的抗氧化活性.结果显示,枳实粗提物、纯化物及黄酮单体均对羟自由基(·OH)、2,2-二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH·)有清除效果,并随着浓度的增加,其对自由基的清除作用呈正相关.提取物对超氧阴离子自由基(·O-2)的清除效果在一定范围内上下波动.枳实提取物具有较强的抗氧化作用,单体之间存在协同作用.     

东北褐环乳牛肝菌多糖提取及抗氧化活性研究

以褐环乳牛肝菌为原料,采用水提-醇沉法从东北产褐环乳牛肝菌中提取子实体多糖,并对粗多糖进行体外抗氧化研究。结果表明:其多糖对超氧离子自由基(·O^2-)的清除率为48.30%;多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)的清除率为62.19%;多糖对DPPH自由基的清除率为28.32%,其红外表征显示多糖为β-型吡喃多糖。其显示出多糖有一定抗氧化能力,具有一定的开发前景。     

不同玫瑰品种鲜花蕾抗氧化能力及抗氧化物质含量的研究

以总抗氧化活力单位、清除超氧阴离子自由基活力单位、清除羟自由基能力活力单位及黄酮和多酚含量为指标,比较研究了国内外有代表性的20个玫瑰栽培品种的抗氧化性,统计分析的结果表明:不同的玫瑰品种,其抗氧化能力和抗氧化物质含量存在极显著差异。‘赛西子’、‘暖红’、‘香水二号’、‘暖红’和‘妙峰山玫瑰’分别在总抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基能力以及黄酮和多酚含量方面具有各自明显的优势。     

青钱柳叶提取物的抗氧化活性及其与黄酮含量的关系研究

根据溶剂萃取分离法,采用水、乙醇、石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇5种溶剂从青钱柳Cyclocarya paliurus叶中提取分离得到7种提取物样品,通过不同样品对DPPH自由基(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基肼基自由基)、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用研究青钱柳叶不同活性组分的抗氧化活性,并对各提取物中的总黄酮含量进行测定,分析总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明,青钱柳叶各提取物均对DPPH自由基具有较强的清除作用,在0.04 mg·mL~(-1)浓度以下其清除率与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,清除能力最强的为醇提后的水提物,当浓度为0.1 mg·mL~(-1)时其清除率达到91.29%;对羟自由基的清除能力最强的为乙醇提取物,当浓度为1 mg·mL~(-1)时其清除率为53.55%,在试验浓度范围内除石油醚提取物外,其余样品的浓度与清除率均呈现一定的线性关系;而各样品对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率都明显小于Vc,且随浓度的增大其变化幅度较小;醇提后的水提物的总黄酮含量最高,为11.32%,其次为水提物,为10.94%;黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除率呈极显著正相关,r=0.602,与羟自由基清除率呈显著正相关,r=0.427,与超氧阴离子自由基清除率呈正相关,但相关性不显著,r=0.210,说明黄酮类化合物可能是青钱柳叶中主要的抗氧化活性成分之一。     

不同提取工艺对金樱子黄酮体外抗氧化活性的影响1）

以金樱子为原料,分别采用水、一定浓度的甲醇、乙醇及丙酮为提取剂提取金樱子黄酮,采用在体外设计超氧自由基,羟基自由基体系,测定不同来源的黄酮对它们的清除作用及测定其对脂质抗氧化作用。实验结果表明,以乙醇提取的金樱子黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基,羟基自由基都有显著的清除作用,在脂质中有较好的抗氧化活性,具有进一步研究价值。     

春花胡枝子黄酮的提取及其抗氧化能力测定

以70%的乙醇为提取剂可从春花胡枝子叶粉中提取到含黄酮28.7%的粗黄酮。经AB-8型大孔吸附树脂纯化可得黄酮含量78.15%精制黄酮。体外抗氧化性实验表明,春花胡枝子黄酮对羟自由基、超氧阴离子有较强的清除作用,清除作用随黄酮添加量的增大而增大,精制黄酮的清除作用大于粗黄酮;添加一定剂量春花胡枝子黄酮能明显降低猪油的POV值,但低于PG;复配实验表明,春花胡枝子黄酮对PG无增效作用。作为天然的抗氧化剂,春花胡枝子黄酮具有一定的开发利用价值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。