QTL Analysis of Major Agronomic Traits in Soybean

Soybean is a main crop, and most agronomic traits of soybean are quantitative; therefore, there is vely important studying and applying value to locating these traits. A F2：10 RIL population containing 154 lines, derived from the cross between Charleston as female and Dongnong 594 as male parent, were used in this experiment. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 164 SSR primers, which were screened with the two parents and amplified on the 154 lines. 12 agronomic traits different between the two parents were investigated, and QTLs of all the traits were analyzed using the software Windows QTL Cartographer V2.0. The agronomic traits included quality traits： protein content, oil content, and content of protein and oil; yield traits： pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100 seeds weight; and other agronomic traits： plant height, days to maturity, branches, nod number in main stem, average leaf length, and average leaf width. The results showed that 68 QTLs in total were found for the 12 agronomic traits. The number of QTLs per trait varied from 3 for the average leaf width to 11 for 100 seeds weight and plant height, and was 5.8 on average. Good accordance was seen in many QTLs between the results of this study and the results obtained by other similar studies; therefore, these QTLs may be valuable for molecular marker assistant selection in soybean. In this study, 68 major QTLs of 12 important traits of soybean were analyzed.     

Genetic Analysis of a Biomass Mutant in Oryza sativa

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the genetic model of a biomass mutant in Oryza sativa. [Method] In the process of screening and identification of Bar-transgenic rice,a biomass mutant was found in 10 lines of T1 progenies. The mutant was investigated for genetic analysis and agronomic traits by herbicide spraying and PCR amplification. [Result] The segregation ratio is consistent with mendelian law(3∶1). The mutant assumed not only higher plant height,wider straw and earlier florescence,but also more tillers,bigger spikes and resultantly higher biomass. PCR detections indicated that no co-segregation was observed between mutant traits and target gene(Bar) in the T-DNA inserted,proving that the mutant is not caused by the insertion of T-DNA containing target gene (Bar). [Conclusion] Our study may avail to understand the cloning of mutant gene and the mechanism of the mutant gene on biomass.     

一个水稻生物产量突变体的遗传分析(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the genetic model of a biomass mutant in Oryza sativa. [Method] In the process of screening and identification of Bar-transgenic rice,a biomass mutant was found in 10 lines of T1 progenies. The mutant was investigated for genetic analysis and agronomic traits by herbicide spraying and PCR amplification. [Result] The segregation ratio is consistent with mendelian law(3∶1). The mutant assumed not only higher plant height,wider straw and earlier florescence,but also more tillers,bigger spikes and resultantly higher biomass. PCR detections indicated that no co-segregation was observed between mutant traits and target gene(Bar) in the T-DNA inserted,proving that the mutant is not caused by the insertion of T-DNA containing target gene (Bar). [Conclusion] Our study may avail to understand the cloning of mutant gene and the mechanism of the mutant gene on biomass.     

T-DNA插入产生的水稻小粒突变体的遗传分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the genetic characteristics of a grain shape mutant and its possible role in genetic improvement of grain yield in rice. [Method] On the basis of the collection of T-DNA tag lines, the progeny of homozygous plants carrying T-DNA insertion were screened for mutants with mutated phenotypes. The genetic analysis of the mutant and test for the linkage between the mutated phenotype and the T-DNA insertion were carried out to determine its genetic characteristics. [Result] In the present study, a grain shape mutant induced by T-DNA insertion in rice was identified, which showed small grain. Genetic analysis of the mutant showed that the two types of phenotype, normal and small grain in the segregating populations derived from the T-DNA heterozygotes, fit the ratio of 3∶1. Test for Basta resistance showed that all the mutants were resistant while the normal plants segregated for resistant and susceptible by the ratio of 2∶1. The results indicated that the mutant phenotype cosegregated with Bar gene. The small grain mutant caused by T-DNA insertion was confirmed by PCR amplification aiming at T-DNA. [Conclusion] The grain shape mutant is useful for isolation of the tagged gene and genetic improvement in rice.     

Identification and Genetic Analysis of a Novel Rice Spotted-Leaf Mutant with Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

A spotted-leaf mutant of rice HM143 was isolated from an EMS-induced IR64 mutant bank. Brown lesions randomly distributed on leaf blades were observed about 3 wk after sowing. The symptom lasted for the whole plant growth duration. Histochemical analysis indicated that cell death occurred in and around the site of necrotic lesions accompanied with accumulation of hydrogen hyperoxide. Agronomic traits were largely similar to the wild type IR64 except seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight which were significantly decreased in the mutant. Disease resistance of the mutant to multiple races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was significantly enhanced. Genetic analysis showed that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively termed splHM143. In addition, using molecular markers and 1023 mutant type individuals from an F2 segregating population derived from the cross HM143/R9308, the spotted-leaf gene was finally delimited to an interval of 149 kb between markers XX25 and ID40 on the long arm of chromosome 4. splHM143 is likely a novel rice spotted-leaf gene since no other similar genes have been identified near the chromosomal region.     

QTL Mapping of Chlorophyll Contents in Rice

The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic factors controlling the chlorophyll content of rice leaf using QTL analysis. A linkage map consisting of 207 DNA markers was constructed by using 247 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an indica-indica rice cross of Zhenshan97B×Milyang 46. In 2002 and 2003, the contents of chlorophyll a and b of the parents and the 247 RILs were measured on the top first leaf, top second leaf, and top third leaf, respectively. The software QTLMapper 1.6 was used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs), additive by environment (AE) interactions, and epistatic by environment (AAE) interactions. A total of eight QTLs in four intervals were detected to have significant additive effects on chlorophyll a and b contents at different leaf positions, with 1.96-9.77% of phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL, and two QTLs with significant AE interactions were detected. Epistasis analysis detected nine significant additive-by-additive interactions on chlorophyll a and b contents, and one pair of QTLs with significant AAE interactions was detected. On comparison with QTLs for yield traits detected in the same population, it was found in many cases that the QTLs for chlorophyll a and b contents and those for yield traits were located in the same chromosome intervals.     

Phenotypic characterization and fine mapping of mps1,a premature leaf senescence mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Leaves play a key role in photosynthesis in rice plants. The premature senescence of such plants directly reduces the accumulation of photosynthetic products and also affects yield and grain quality significantly and negatively. A novel premature senescence mutant, mps1(mid-late stage premature senescence 1), was identified from a mutant library consisting of ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS) induced descendants of Jinhui 10, an elite indica restorer line of rice. The mutant allele, mps1, caused no phenotypic differences from the wild type(WT), Jinhui 10, but drove the leaves to turn yellow when mutant plants grew to the tillering stage, and accelerated leaf senescence from the filling stage to final maturation. We characterized the agronomic traits, content of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic efficiency of mps1 and WT, and fine-mapped MPS1. The results showed that the MPS1-drove premature phenotype appeared initially on the leaf tips at the late tillering stage and extended to the middle of leaves during the maturing stage. Compared to the WT, significant differences were observed among traits of the number of grains per panicle(–31.7%) and effective number of grains per panicle(–38.5%) of mps1 individuals. Chlorophyll contents among the first leaf from the top(Top 1st), the second leaf from the top(Top 2nd) and the third leaf from the top(Top 3rd) of mps1 were significantly lower than those of WT(P0.05), and the levels of photosynthetic efficiency from Top 1st to the forth leaf from the top(Top 4th) of mps1 were significantly lower than those of WT(P0.01). Results from the genetic analysis indicated that the premature senescence of mps1 is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, and this locus, MPS1 is located in a 37.4-kb physical interval between the markers Indel145 and Indel149 on chromosome 6. Genomic annotation suggested eight open reading frames(ORFs) within this physical region. All of these results will provide informative references for the further researches involving functional analyses and molecular mechanism exploring of MPS1 in rice.     

低叶绿素b水稻突变体的抗氧化酶系统研究(英文)

[Objective] The mitigative effect of antioxidase system of a rice mutant with low chlorophyll b on photooxidative damage was studied.[Method] A rice mutant with low chlorophyll b and its wild type were taken as experimental materials to comparatively research their peroxide (H2O2) contents, the activity and isozymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in chloroplast.[Result] Compared with the wild type, there were many kinds of SOD, POD and CAT isozymes in leaf cells and chloroplast cell of mutant, and the activity of SOD, POD and CAT isozymes in leaf cells and chloroplast cell of mutant was also correspondingly higher. Under intense light condition, the H2O2 content of chloroplast in mutant was less than that in the wild type. [Conclusion] The higher activity of scavenging active oxygen can relieve the photooxidative damage made by excessive light energy of intense light on photosynthetic membrane, which is an important reason for higher photosystem Ⅱ (PS II) stability of this mutant.     

Identifi cation of a novel male sterile wheat mutant dms conferring dwarf status and multi-pistils

Plant height and fertility are two important traits of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), whose mutants are ideal materials for studies on molecular mechanisms of stem and floral organ development. In this study, we identified a dwarf, multi-pistil and male sterile(dms hereafter) wheat mutant from Zhoumai 18. Simple sequence repeat(SSR) marker assay with 181 primer pairs showed that only one locus of GWM148-2B was divergent between Zhoumai 18 and dms. There were three typical phenotypes in the progeny of dms, tall(T; ca. 0.8 m), semi-dwarf(M; ca. 0.6 m) and dwarf(D; under 0.3 m) plants. Morphological investigation indicated that the internode length of M was shortened by about 20–50 mm each; the internode number of D was 2 less than that of T and Zhoumai 18, and its internode length was shorter also. The pollen vigor and hybridization test demonstrated that dms mutant was male sterility. Segregated phenotypes in progeny of M suggested that the multi-pistils and sterility were controlled by one recessive gene locus which was designated as dms temporarily, and the plant height was controlled by a semi-dominant gene locus Dms. Therefore, progeny individuals of the dms had three genotypes, Dms Dms for tall plants, Dmsdms for semi-dwarf plants and dmsdms for dwarf plants. The mutant progenies were individually selected and propagated for more than 6 generations, thus a set of near isogenic lines of T, M and D for dms were developed. This study provides a set germplasms for studies on molecular mechanisms of wheat stem and spike development.     

Heredity and gene mapping of a novel white stripe leaf mutant in wheat

Spotted leaf(spl) mutant is a type of leaf lesion mimic mutants in plants. We obtained some lesion mimic mutants from ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Guomai 301(wild type, WT), and one of them was named as white stripe leaf(wsl) mutant because of the white stripes on its leaves. Here we report the heredity and gene mapping of this novel wheat mutant wsl. There are many small scattered white stripes on the leaves of wsl throughout its whole growth period. As the plants grew, the white stripes became more severe and the necrotic area expanded. The mutant wsl grew only weakly before the jointing stage and gradually recovered after jointing. The length and width of the flag leaf, spike number per plant and thousand-grain weight of wsl were significantly lower than those of the WT. Genetic analysis indicated that the trait of white stripe leaf was controlled by a recessive gene locus, named as wsl, which was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 6 B by SSR marker assay. Four SSR markers in the F_2 population of wsl×CS were linked to wsl in the order of Xgpw1079–Xwmc104–Xgwm508-wsl–Xgpw7651 at 7.1, 5.2, 8.7, and 4.4 c M, respectively and three SSR markers in the F_2 population of wsl×Jimai 22 were linked to wsl in the order of Xgwm508–Xwmc494–Xgwm518-wsl at 3.5, 1.6 and 8.2 c M, respectively. In comparison to the reference genome sequence of Chinese Spring(CS), wsl is located in a 91-Mb region from 88 Mb(Xgwm518) to 179 Mb(Xgpw7651) on chromosome 6 BS. Mutant wsl is a novel germplasm for studying the molecular mechanism of wheat leaf development.     

水稻507ys黄绿叶突变体的遗传鉴定与候选基因分析

【目的】对水稻507ys黄绿叶突变体进行遗传鉴定与候选基因分析。【方法】用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）处理粳稻品种日本晴（Nipponbare）,从突变体库中获得一份黄绿叶突变体507ys。对该突变体进行表型观察以及主要农艺性状调查分析。将507ys与正常绿色品种进行杂交,调查F1代的叶色表型和F2群体的叶色分离情况,分析该突变表型的遗传行为。利用（507ys/明恢63）的F2作为定位群体,对507ys突变基因进行精细定位且遴选候选基因,对候选基因进行DNA测序验证及编码蛋白序列同源性分析。同时,测定507ys突变体和野生型亲本的光合色素含量,并利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）精确分析它们的叶绿素组成成分,以进一步揭示507ys黄绿叶突变基因的候选基因。【结果】507ys黄绿叶突变体整个生育期呈黄绿色。与野生型亲本日本晴相比,507ys突变体在分蘖期叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量分别下降52.1%和58.1%,成熟期株高、每株有效穗数、每穗着粒数和结实率分别减少8.3%、51.0%、7.4%和11.6%。507ys与正常绿色品种日本晴和明恢63杂交的F1表现正常的绿色,F2群体绿色正常植株与黄绿叶突变植株分离比符合3﹕1,表明507ys的黄绿叶突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。该突变基因定位在第10染色体长臂近端部SSR标记RM333和InDel标记L3之间,遗传距离分别为0.56 cM和0.14 cM,两标记之间的物理距离约为60.2 kb,此区间内包含13个有注释的预测基因。基因组序列分析发现,507ys突变体中编码叶绿素酸酯a加氧酶的OsCAO1（LOC_Os10g41780）在编码区第2 198位碱基（CDS第1 057位碱基）处,碱基G突变为碱基A,造成编码蛋白的氨基酸序列第353位的谷氨酸（E）突变成赖氨酸（K）。对叶绿素组成成分分析表明,507ys突变体叶片中只有叶绿素a,没有叶绿素b。【结论】507ys突变体基因是已报道的叶绿素酸酯a加氧酶基因OsCAO1的等位基因。507ys突变体在OsCAO1外显子上发生的一个点突变使得其体内叶绿素酸酯a加氧酶失活,造成叶绿素b合成受阻。     

水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl13的鉴定及候选基因分析

【目的】对水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl13 (yellow-green leaf 13 )进行表型鉴定和候选基因检测,以便了解水稻叶色形成和调控的分子机制。【方法】经甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变籼稻恢复系缙恢10号（Jinhui 10）,从中筛选出1份遗传稳定的黄绿叶突变体命名为ygl13,对突变体的表型进行系统观察,调查其成熟期的主要农艺性状,分别测定野生型和突变体苗期和孕穗期的叶片光合色素含量,同时利用透射电镜观察野生型和突变体ygl13的叶肉细胞及叶绿体结构。将表型正常的不育系西农1A与突变体ygl13杂交,根据F₁和F₂群体的性状表现与分离情况,分析该突变性状的遗传行为,并以F₂作为基因定位群体,对突变体ygl13进行候选基因遴选和突变位点测序验证。【结果】突变体ygl13的植株叶片在整个生育期均呈现黄绿色,与野生型缙恢10号相比,突变体ygl13苗期和孕穗期叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均极显著降低。透射电镜观察结果显示,与野生型相比,突变体ygl13叶绿体结构异常,基质片层减少退化,类囊体片层减少,不规则的散乱分布。农艺性状调查结果表明,突变体ygl13穗总粒数增加了26.06%,株高和结实率分别降低了12.33%和18.82%,但穗长、有效穗、穗实粒数和千粒重无显著差异。F₂群体正常叶色的植株数与黄绿叶植株数分离比经χ²测验符合3﹕1分离比例（χ²=2.35＜χ²_0.05=3.84）,表明ygl13的黄绿叶性状由1对隐性核基因控制。YGL13被定位于第8染色体短臂InDel标记ID43和ID69之间,遗传距离分别为4.0和0.5 cM,区间物理距离约为318 kb,共有52个基因。经测序比对分析发现,ygl13突变体在OsSIG1编码区的第1 005个碱基G突变为碱基A（位于第三外显子）,造成编码色氨酸（Trp或W）的密码子突变为终止密码子,导致蛋白翻译提前终止,则该基因编码520个氨基酸的蛋白质突变为334个氨基酸的截短蛋白。qRT-PCR结果表明,突变体ygl13部分光合色素代谢途径和光系统相关基因表达紊乱。【结论】水稻突变体ygl13的黄绿叶性状由1对隐性核基因控制,该基因与已报道的水稻质体σ因子OsSIG1为等位基因。     

EMS诱变六倍体小麦偃展4110的形态突变体鉴定与分析

 【目的】构建小麦EMS突变体库,为小麦功能基因组学研究准备基础材料。【方法】利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）诱变处理小麦品种偃展4110种子,将获得的M2代材料进行生物学性状与农艺性状鉴定,部分M3材料播种家系进行验证。【结果】对M2代全生育期田间表型进行观察鉴定,突变群体的表型变异率约为6.6%;获得了幼苗、叶、茎、穗及成熟期等生物学特性与主要农艺性状的变异体和突变体,变异类型丰富,特别是发现了自然突变中少见的变异类型,如株高在10-15 cm左右的特矮变异类型。【结论】本研究所构建的两个偃展4110 EMS突变群体较为理想,可望有效地被用于小麦功能基因组研究和小麦遗传改良中。     

水稻穗退化突变体spd11的遗传分析及候选基因鉴定

【目的】对水稻穗退化突变体spd11进行遗传分析及候选基因鉴定,以便了解水稻穗发育的调控机制。【方法】用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）处理粳稻品种中花11的直立密穗突变体dep2,从突变体库中筛选到一份穗退化突变体spd11。观察该突变体表型,并调查其主要农艺性状。由于突变体不能结实,将可分离出spd11突变植株的株系分单株收种、种植,并对后代株系的分离情况进行调查统计,分析该突变性状的遗传行为。将spd11杂合植株与冈46B杂交的F₂后代作为定位群体,对spd11突变体进行基因定位,遴选候选基因并进行DNA测序验证;同时,对不同物种中spd11候选基因的同源基因所编码蛋白进行进化树和序列比对分析。【结果】与其对照亲本相比,spd11植株剑叶长度增加23%;穗部一次枝梗明显缩短,且一次枝梗数量减少58%。小穗几乎完全退化为白色絮状物,偶尔可见个别退化不完全的颖花着生,且该颖花仅由一个完全闭合的颖壳组成,不能正常结实。除此以外,spd11的分蘖数及剑叶宽等农艺性状无显著差异。遗传分析表明,在可分离出spd11突变株的后代中,一部分株系无分离,全部植株均为正常株,而另一部分株系有突变株分离,并且正常植株与突变植株分离明显,分离比例经卡方（χ²）测验符合3﹕1,表明spd11的突变性状由一对隐性核基因控制。利用分子标记将该突变基因定位于第1染色体长臂2个In/Del标记ch1-2295和ch1-2299之间约43.2 kb的区域内,遗传距离分别为0.23 cM和0.46 cM,该区间内共有8个预测基因。测序分析发现,spd11突变体中OsLOG编码区第116位碱基G突变为碱基A,造成编码蛋白的第39位半胱氨酸（C）突变为酪氨酸（Y）。同源蛋白比对和系统进化分析表明LOG蛋白在不同物种中都是高度保守的,并且spd11的突变发生在非常保守的氨基酸上。对已报道的多个log等位突变体的突变位点和突变表型严重程度的比对分析表明,spd11突变位点可能处于OsLOG蛋白功能的关键位点。【结论】SPD11可能是细胞分裂素激活酶基因OsLOG的等位基因,spd11在OsLOG外显子上一个关键位点发生了突变,导致OSLOG蛋白功能受损,使细胞分裂素的活化进程受阻,从而产生了穗退化的突变表型。     

甘蓝型油菜黄化突变体的叶绿体超微结构、 气孔特征参数及光合特性

【目的】揭示甘蓝型油菜自发黄化突变体NY的叶绿体超微结构、气孔特征参数与光合色素含量及光合特性之间的关系,为探讨突变材料的黄化机理和在育种实践上的应用提供理论依据。【方法】以突变体NY及其野生型NG,及组配的F1（NY×NG）、rF1（NG×NY）为研究材料,进行五叶期心叶和平展叶的叶绿体超微结构观察、气孔特征参数调查、光合色素含量测定、光合特性测定及农艺性状考察。【结果】突变体NY黄化心叶和黄绿平展叶的叶绿体发育程度均差于野生型NG及F1、rF1;NY黄化心叶下表皮气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数较NG少40%左右,黄绿平展叶中数目与NG等相近;NY的Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)、Car含量及组成,净光合速率均显著低于同时期NG及F1、rF1;NY生育期推迟,经济性状变差,单株籽粒产量下降,但组配F1和rF1的农艺性状和光合特性均能恢复至正常水平。【结论】黄化突变体NY是叶绿体结构发育缺陷所导致的缺总叶绿素型突变体,其叶绿体结构发育异常,基粒和基粒片层数的减少致使叶绿素含量过低,是其光合速率较低和农艺性状较差的主要原因。     

水稻OsABC1K3突变体鉴定及其对强光胁迫的响应

【目的】强光胁迫能够抑制植物光合作用,严重时造成光合器官破坏,影响作物生长和产量。以T-DNA插入突变体为材料,研究水稻ABC1（activity of bc1 complex）激酶基因OsABC1K3响应强光胁迫的生理功能。【方法】根据水稻基因组注释数据库预测的OsABC1K3不同转录本共有序列设计引物,采用3′ RACE对OsABC1K3可变剪接进行验证;从水稻T-DNA插入序列数据库中获得该基因的T-DNA插入突变体osabc1k3,通过加代繁殖和PCR检测取得纯合突变体,调查突变体株高、结实率、种子大小等农艺性状,采用Arnon法测定叶片色素含量,利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统测定抽穗期旗叶光合速率,采用透射电镜分析叶绿体超微结构;将生长于300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光照强度下的野生型和突变体幼苗转移至800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光照强度进行强光处理,观察植株表型,分析叶绿体超微结构和叶绿素含量变化;用含20 μmol·L^-1甲基紫精（MV）和0.1%吐温20的水溶液喷洒野生型和突变体幼苗叶片表面,以单独用0.1%吐温20喷洒的幼苗作为对照,观察叶片表型,测定处理后超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR分析突变体淀粉合成、叶绿体异戊二烯基脂合成及叶绿体ABC1激酶基因的表达。【结果】OsABC1K3仅检测到一个转录本LOC_Os05g25840.3。osabc1k3突变体株高和结实率下降,种子变小,其中,粒宽下降了13.4%,粒厚下降了6.8%,千粒重下降了18.2%,而粒长与野生型无显著差异。突变体叶片叶绿素含量下降,而叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量高于对照。突变体叶绿体形态正常,但缺乏淀粉粒。光合活性分析表明,突变体叶片光合速率与野生型无显著差异。强光处理7 d后,突变体叶片发生黄化;9 d后,部分植株枯死。强光处理后突变体叶绿体类囊体结构紊乱,出现大量的空泡。进一步对叶绿素含量进行测定表明,突变体叶片叶绿素衰减程度显著高于对照。然而,MV处理后突变体叶片坏死程度、SOD活性及MDA含量与野生型无显著差异。此外,OsABC1K3突变影响了叶片淀粉合成、叶绿体异戊二烯基脂合成及叶绿体ABC1激酶基因的表达。【结论】OsABC1K3可能不参与水稻氧化胁迫的防御,而通过遗传控制的信号途径调控强光胁迫响应。     

谷子条纹叶突变体A36-S的细胞学特性分析及基因定位

【目的】谷子是C₄模式植物,其叶色突变体是研究C₄光合途径的良好材料。通过研究谷子条纹叶突变体A36-S的细胞学特性并对突变基因进行定位,为克隆突变基因、解析谷子叶绿体合成及发育机理、进一步理解C₄光合调控机制奠定基础。【方法】谷子条纹叶突变体A36-S是由育种创制的中间材料A36自然变异而来。对比A36-S及其正常表型等基因系A36-N的表型特征,调查二者的株高、叶宽、叶长、穗重、千粒重、结实率等农艺性状指标;测定A36-S和A36-N的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合指标,分析A36-S的光合特性;观察A36-S和对照品种豫谷1号的叶片半薄横截切片和超薄切片,分析A36-S叶片解剖结构特征,分别统计叶肉细胞和维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体的数量和面积,从而分析叶绿体合成及发育情况;构建A36-S×SSR41的F₂分离群体,统计群体中正常表型单株与条纹叶单株的数量,进行遗传分析;分别构建F₂分离群体正常单株与条纹叶单株的DNA混池,采用集团分离分析法（BSA法）进行突变基因的定位;筛选、开发多个SSR标记及In-Del标记,扫描F₂群体中条纹叶单株,进行进一步基因定位。【结果】谷子条纹叶突变体A36-S在全生育期表现出叶片不规则白色条纹的表型。农艺性状分析表明,相比其近等基因系A36-N,A36-S在株高、叶宽、穗重、千粒重、结实率等表型上均显著下降。光合指标测定表明A36-S叶片中叶绿素含量明显降低,尤其是叶绿素b含量下降更为严重,同时净光合速率也明显下降。叶片解剖结构观察发现,与对照豫谷1号相比,A36-S的Kranz结构变化并不明显,但叶绿体数量和大小都显著低于对照。观察叶绿体超微结构,发现A36-S的不同细胞间叶绿体发育状况差异较大,依据叶绿体发育情况可将叶片细胞可分为3类：Ⅰ类细胞具有正常发育的叶绿体;Ⅱ类细胞叶绿体基粒及片层结构减少;Ⅲ类细胞则叶绿体结构严重异常甚至不含有叶绿体。遗传分析表明A36-S表型受隐性单基因控制,利用F₂分离群体将突变基因定位在第4染色体7.66—27.90 Mb区间内。【结论】谷子A36-S条纹叶突变体表现为农艺性状及光合能力下降,叶片细胞叶绿体的数量、大小及结构均表现出显著异常。条纹叶性状受隐性单基因控制,利用分子标记将候选基因定位于第4染色体7.66—27.90 Mb区间内。     

水稻白化转绿基因gra75的精细定位和生理特性分析

【目的】对水稻白化转绿突变体gra75（green-revertible albino 75）进行基因定位,并对其生理特性进行分析。【方法】利用EMS处理粳稻品种日本晴（Nipponbare）的迟熟突变体10079,从后代中获得一个白化转绿突变体gra75。对该突变体的形态特征、生理特性及主要农艺性状进行观察与分析,并应用（gra75/浙辐802）的F2群体精细定位目标基因,遴选候选基因。【结果】gra75突变体叶片从第4叶开始表现出白化性状,从第8叶开始恢复到正常绿色,之前白化的叶片也会逐渐转为淡绿色,成熟期主要农艺性状与野生型没有明显的差异。突变体苗期白化叶的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著下降,叶肉细胞中叶绿体数目减少,并且叶绿体形态发育不饱满,类囊体片层、基粒和淀粉粒数目减少。遗传分析表明该性状是由1对隐性核基因控制,该基因位于第6染色体短臂InDel标记HC1和HC2之间,遗传距离分别为0.06 cM和0.6 cM,物理距离为120 kb。对该区域候选基因分析和测序,发现LOC_Os06g07210基因（编码核糖核苷酸还原酶大亚基RNRL1）在编码区第716位碱基C突变成T,导致其编码蛋白第239位的丙氨酸（Ala）突变成缬氨酸（Val）。【结论】gra75突变体基因与已报道的水稻淡绿叶基因V3（Virescent3）为等位基因,但gra75突变体苗期的白化转绿性状能稳定表达,且白化表型对后期的主要农艺性状影响不显著,故该突变基因作为叶色标记基因在水稻遗传育种中具有较大的应用价值。     

水稻直立短穗突变体esp的转录组研究

【目的】克隆水稻直立短穗基因Erect and Short Panicle（ESP）,分析其参与的基因调控途径,解析ESP控制株型、穗长等农艺性状的分子机理。【方法】以直立短穗突变体esp及其野生型为材料,成熟期进行株高、穗长、粒长等表型测定;构建籼粳杂交F₂定位群体,挑选与突变表型一致的F₂单株,利用与突变性状连锁的分子标记对目的基因进行定位;对野生型和突变体进行基因组测序,结合定位结果,找到突变位点,克隆ESP;利用生物信息学软件进行进化树和基因表达分析;提取野生型和突变体幼穗中的RNA并建库,GO（gene ontology）聚类分析表达差异基因,同时根据KEGG（kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes）数据库,分析野生型和突变体中植物激素信号转导和内质网蛋白加工相关基因的表达变化,并通过qRT-PCR验证。【结果】通过表型观察和农艺性状调查,与野生型相比,直立短穗突变体esp株高降低,穗长变短,穗型由弯曲变为直立,每穗粒数减少,粒长变短,粒宽和千粒重增加;有效穗数无显著差异。利用突变体esp与PA64构建籼粳F₂定位群体,将目的基因定位于水稻第7染色体长臂标记C7-11和C7-14之间7.58 Mb区间内,基因组测序发现LOC_Os07g42410第6内含子与第7外显子连接位点由碱基G变异为A,导致第6内含子不能被剪切,蛋白翻译提前终止;该基因与已报道的OsDEP2/OsEP2为等位基因。进化分析显示该基因广泛存在于单子叶和双子叶植物中;表达分析表明ESP在茎秆、花序、雌蕊、内外稃和子房中高度表达,其表达水平随着子房变大而逐渐降低。利用转录组分析突变体和野生型幼穗中的基因表达,结果表明,与野生型相比,esp突变体中表达差异显著（差异>1.5倍）的基因630个,其中235个表达上调,395个表达下调。GO分析显示植物激素信号转导和内质网蛋白加工相关基因受到不同程度地调控,利用qRT-PCR进行验证,结果与转录组数据一致。【结论】直立短穗基因ESP与已报道的直立穗基因OsDEP2/OsEP2为等位基因,其突变导致株高降低、穗长变短等多个表型;ESP可能通过调节植物激素信号转导、内质网蛋白加工过程中的基因表达,进而影响植株的发育。     

一个水稻早衰突变体基因的精细定位

【目的】对水稻叶片早衰突变体W330进行遗传分析及精细定位,获得控制突变表型的基因。【方法】用60Co-γ辐射诱变籼型水稻恢复系中恢8015,从突变体库获得一份叶片早衰突变体W330。对该突变体进行表型观察和主要农艺性状调查。利用多代自交稳定的突变体W330与粳稻品种02428杂交,观察F1和 F2的表型,并统计F2群体中早衰突变表型与正常野生型的分离情况,分析该突变表型的遗传行为。利用构建的F2群体进行精细定位和候选基因分析,然后对候选基因进行DNA测序、酶切分析、表达分析、酶活测定及进化分析。【结果】突变体W330从三叶期开始出现叶片衰老,直至抽穗期及黄熟期。与野生型相比,突变体W330株高变矮、分蘖减少、叶片变窄、抽穗期不变、每株有效穗数、每穗着粒数和结实率亦显著降低。W330与02418杂交的F1表现正常,F2群体中正常植株与早衰突变植株的分离比符合3﹕1,表明突变体W330的突变性状受1对隐性核基因控制。利用F2定位群体及SSR、Indel标记,最终将目标基因定位在第3染色体短臂上2个分子标记CD-5与CD-7之间,物理距离约为21.5 kb。基因预测表明该区域共有4个完整的ORFs。其中,LOC_Os03g0131200编码一个过氧化氢酶OsCATC,基因组序列分析表明,W330突变体中的该基因从ATG开始第109位,在第一个内含子的末位发生了一个C到G的颠换,造成第一个内含子没有剪切,最终导致翻译提前终止,酶切试验验证了这一突变位点。与野生型亲本中恢8015相比,W330突变体在三叶期叶片中的过氧化氢酶的活力下降了47.8%,而过氧化氢含量上升了2.7倍。由此,推定W330与OsCATC等位。系统进化分析发现,OsCATC与水稻中同源的过氧化氢酶不在同一进化分支上。实时荧光定量PCR发现,与其野生型相比,突变体W330叶片中的OsCATA和OsCATB的表达量显著上升,而OsCATC的表达量没有明显的变化。推测,这3个高度同源的基因在水稻体内可能存在互补机制。【结论】W330突变体基因是已报道的过氧化氢酶基因OsCATC的等位基因。W330突变体在第一个内含子上发生的一个点突变造成可变剪切的发生,使得水稻一个过氧化氢酶失活,导致突变体W330突变表型的出现。