超声波结合嫩化剂对虾干嫩化效果的影响

该文在超声波处理虾干的基础上，采用L₉(3⁴)试验对虾处理条件进行优化，以探讨超声波与嫩化剂对虾干嫩化效果的影响。结果表明：在超声波单因子试验中，超声波能显著改善虾干的组织结构，但同时降低氨基酸含量；加深虾干的色泽；L₉(3⁴)正交试验结果表明，超声波结合嫩化剂处理虾干，不但能显著改善虾干的嫩度，而且较好地保持了虾干的营养成分，各因素对虾干剪切力的影响主次顺序为超声波＞木瓜蛋白酶＞氯化钙＞复合磷酸盐；最佳组合为300 W超声波7 min、0.2%CaCl₂、0.008%木瓜蛋白酶、不添加复合磷酸盐，可达到较好的嫩化效果。此时虾干的剪切力为136 kg/cm²，游离氨基酸含量为19.3 mg/g。方差分析表明，超声波结合木瓜蛋白酶对虾干嫩化效果显著，而CaCl₂和复合磷酸盐嫩化效果不显著。     

猕猴桃低温、气调、保鲜剂复合贮藏保鲜技术

猕猴桃是呼吸跃变型果实，温度、乙烯和呼吸强度是影响贮藏寿命的主要因素，采用低温、限气和保鲜剂复合贮藏保鲜技术，贮温(0±0.5)℃，O₂ 2%～3%，CO₂ 4%～5%，KMnO₄作乙烯吸收剂，简易库贮藏，可使其贮藏180 d以上，平均果实硬度 ≥2.5 kg/cm²，硬果率≥92%,商品果率≥96%，维生素C保存率≥80%，鲜度指数≥90%。贮后果实外观新鲜，果脐绿色，色、香、味、形俱佳。     

天然保鲜剂与气调包装对牛肉火腿切片货架期的影响

该文以真空包装组为对照，在9℃、光照贮藏条件下，采用天然保鲜剂和气调包装对牛肉火腿切片进行了保鲜试验。结果表明：真空包装组(对照组)中的乳酸菌数量上升很快，28 d时就已大大超过6.70 log(cfu·g)^-1。随着乳酸菌的生长繁殖，各处理组产品的pH值不断下降。气调包装(60%CO₂+40%N₂)未显示出明显的抑菌作用，气调包装产品的a^*值(红度)随着贮藏时间的延长显著下降(p<0.05)，褪色明显。天然保鲜剂(150 mg/kg Nisin+0.3%茶多酚)对乳酸菌有很好的抑制作用，采用切片后浸渍方式比腌制前添加方式的效果更好，能够延长牛肉火腿切片的货架期，保鲜剂对产品a^*值影响不明显(p＞0.05)。天然保鲜剂、气调包装对硫代巴比妥酸反应物(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS)变化的影响都不大(p＞0.05)。     

宰后冷却工艺对冷却猪肉肉色、质量分类的影响

研究了宰后猪胴体分别采用常规冷却工艺(宰后45 min起，(3±0.5)℃、0.4 m/s冷风冷却24 h)和二阶段急速冷却工艺(宰后35 min起，-20℃、2 m/s冷风冷却1.5 h；(3±0.5)℃、0.4 m/s 冷风冷却22.5 h)对冷却猪肉肉色、质量分类的影响。通过测定冷却猪肉pH值 和T(温度)及肉色仪器测定参数值(L^*、a^*、b^*)和肉色分值， 确定了它们之间的相关性，并进行猪肉质量分类判断。结果表明， 常规冷却工艺冷却猪肉的T_45min与pH_45min、L^*、肉色分值呈极显著性相关(p＜0.01)，相关系数分别为-0.37，0.45，-0.39；L^*与肉色分值呈最大的负相关，相关系数达-0.80；PSE猪肉占18.6%,RFN(正常)猪肉占80.4%,而DFD猪肉仅占1.0%。二阶段急速冷却工艺在宰后初期比常规冷却工艺不仅有效降低冷却猪肉温度，而且同时使其pH值下降缓慢；其PSE猪肉降至12.0%，RFN(正常)猪肉升至87.0%，DFD猪肉仍为1.0%。提示二阶段急速冷却工艺可改善冷却猪肉肉色、进而提高其质量。     

CaCl2和6-BA溶液处理对枣果软化褐变及相关酶活性的影响

试验探讨了鲜枣贮藏过程中果肉软化褐变与PG活性、PPO活性的关系以及采前CaCl₂和6-BA溶液处理对采后枣果果肉软化褐变、PG活性、PPO活性的影响。结果表明，枣果采后硬度逐渐下降且与贮藏时间呈极显著负相关，PG活性在贮藏期间呈起伏变化，与枣果软化无显著相关性。 随贮藏时间延长果肉褐变指数逐渐增大，PPO活性逐渐升高，PPO活性与果肉软化褐变的发生相一致。采前用1% CaCl₂、15 mg/kg 6-BA以及1% CaCl₂+15 mg/kg 6-BA对枣果进行喷雾处理，能降低采后枣果的PG活性和PPO活性，抑制果肉硬度的下降和果肉的褐变进程。1% CaCl₂处理可使赞皇大枣贮藏末期的果肉硬度比对照增加1.2 kg/cm²；1% CaCl₂+15 mg/kg 6-BA处理可使赞皇大枣贮藏末期的果肉硬度增加1.5 kg/cm²。15 mg/kg 6-BA处理对枣果软化褐变及PG活性、PPO活性有一定影响，但效果不及CaCl₂处理。     

宰后处理方式对羊肉品质的影响

羊屠宰后直接放入0～4℃库吊挂排酸，易使肉发生冷收缩，使肉的嫩度下降，不利于加工。该文以德国美丽奴肉羊为试验对象，屠宰后采用不同的处理方式，研究其对羊肉品质的影响。试验结果显示较佳的处理方式为：宰后在12～15℃预冷8 h再跟腱吊挂成熟108 h，这样可以很好地防止羊肉的冷收缩，背最长肌剪切力值为(1.32±0.18)kg/cm²，蒸煮损失率为20.4%。研究结果对实际生产具有很好的应用价值。     

高透光率青梅浓缩汁贮藏过程颜色的动力学研究

该文研究了高透光率青梅浓缩汁在贮藏过程中吸光度与贮藏温度、贮藏时间的关系，建立了颜色变化动力学模型，为高透光率青梅浓缩汁贮藏条件的优化控制及保质期预测提供了科学依据。结果表明：高透光率青梅浓缩汁的吸光度变化(A₀-A)符合Arrhenius模型，且为零级反应，其反应常数K₀为1.13×10⁷，活化能Ea为59.89 kJ/mol。经验证，该模型预测值与试验实测值的相关系数达0.999，表明该模型是合适有效的。     

施氮水平对太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系土壤温室气体通量的影响

应用静态明箱-气相色谱法对4 个施氮肥水平N0 [0 kg(N)·hm^-2]、N200 [200 kg(N)·hm^-2]、N400 [400kg(N)·hm^-2]、N600 [600 kg(N)·hm^-2]的夏玉米-冬小麦季轮作体系2008~2010 年的土壤温室气体(CH₄、CO₂ 和N₂O)排放通量进行研究, 同时观测5 cm 土层土壤温度并记录降水量。结果表明: 太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田生态系统为CH₄ 吸收汇, CO₂ 和N₂O 排放源。随着氮肥施入量的增加土壤对CH₄ 的吸收速率降低, 而CO₂ 和N₂O 的排放速率增加。冬小麦季施氮处理土壤对CH₄ 的吸收速率显著低于无氮肥的N0 处理, 而N600处理土壤CO₂ 和N₂O 排放速率显著高于N0 处理(P<0.05)。施肥和灌溉会直接导致土壤CO₂ 和N₂O 的排放通量增加, 同时土壤对CH₄ 的吸收峰值减小。土壤温度升高和降水量增加以及干湿交替加剧均会造成N₂O 和CO₂排放速率增加。同时在持续干燥和低温条件的冬季不施氮处理观测到土壤对N₂O 的吸收现象。N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤CH₄ 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为-1.42、-0.75、-0.82、-0.92(2008~2009 年)和-2.60、-1.47、-1.35、-1.76(2009~2010 年), N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤CO₂ 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为15 597.6、19 345.6、21 455.9、29 012.5(2008~2009 年)和10 317.7、11 474.0、13 983.5、20 639.3(2009~2010年), N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤N₂O 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为1.05、2.16、5.27、6.98(2008~2009年)和1.49、2.31、4.42、5.81(2009~2010 年)。     

川中丘陵区农村生活污水资源化利用后的土壤养分特征

[目的] 探究川中丘陵地区施用经无害化处理的生活污水后，不同类型土壤在不同深度土层中各养分指标的变化特征，为农村生活污水的无害化处理和资源化利用提供科学支撑。 [方法] 对三格化粪池处理后的农村生活污水进行资源化利用。在耕地中设置G₀(37.5 L/m²)，G₂(75 L/m²)，G₀(空白)3种施用处理；在林地中设置L₁(37.5 L/m²)，L₂(75 L/m²)，L₃(112.5 L/m²)，L₀(空白)4种施用处理。结合层次分析法(AHP)与主成分分析法(PCA)对各养分指标权重进行计算，对各处理在不同深度土层中的施用效果进行综合评分。 [结果] 在生活污水不同的资源化利用处理除L₃土壤养分评价等级为“良”外，其余处理皆为“优”。各处理下，耕地中各深度土层养分评价得分排序一致表现为：G₁＞G₀＞G₂；林地中0-20 cm土层表现为：L₀＞L₂＞L₁＞L₃；20-40 cm土层表现为：L₁＞L₀＞L₂＞L₃。耕地施用对提升土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾有明显的效果；林地少量施用对提升20-40 cm除速效钾外其余土壤养分的效果较好。 [结论] 短期来看，在农村生活污水资源化利用时，适量的施用可改善耕地土壤的养分，对于林地无需施用土壤养分就可较好保持。     

低温胁迫对圆叶决明的伤害及施用Ca肥防护效果的研究

圆叶决明在0℃低温下分别胁迫6、12、18、24 h后,叶片叶绿素总量较对照(25℃)下降21.89%、26.04%、28.16%、29.31%,可溶性蛋白质含量、H₂O₂含量和·O^-₂净产生速率随胁迫时间增加,活性氧清除酶SOD的活性随胁迫时间先上升后下降。施Ca²⁺处理可明显降低圆叶决明叶片·O^-₂净产生速率、H₂O₂含量和细胞质膜的电解质渗透率,同时提高了叶绿素含量和抑制活性氧的产生,其中以0.5 mmol/L浓度的CaCl₂处理效果为最佳,说明Ca²⁺对低温胁迫下圆叶决明的膜结构起有效的保护作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.