太空搭载循化线辣椒SP2代的农艺性状与辣椒碱提取率的相关性分析

对"实践八号"返回式卫星搭载循化线辣椒种子SP2代农艺性状进行了调查,检测了变异性;并对SP2代辣椒碱提取率与其农艺性状的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:循化线辣椒种子经太空诱变处理后,SP2代处理在株高、茎粗、叶片、植株开展度以及果实纵径、横径、单果重及单株产量等方面均与对照表现出较大差异,且以正向变异居多;对SP2代辣椒碱提取率与株高、果纵径、植株径粗的相关程度较高,可将其作为品种选育的指标之一。     

四种生物有机肥在辣椒上的肥效试验

生物有机肥的应用能有效改良土壤,增强作物抗性。本文通过研究生物有机肥在辣椒上的增效作用,为辣椒合理施肥与辣椒品质的提高提供了科学依据。本试验选用纳米营养素、凹凸棒肥、微生物菌剂、壳聚糖甲壳聚糖粉4种生物有机肥,对辣椒品种"好辣1号"进行肥效试验。通过对供试辣椒的青枯病、病毒病、疫病发生情况和产量进行统计分析,结果表明经过壳聚糖甲壳聚糖粉处理的辣椒植株发病率最低,比对照降低60.7%;经过纳米营养素处理的辣椒小区产量和单株产量均为最高,比对照小区增产29.63%、单株增产15.67%。     

不同整枝方式对杂交番茄制种产量的影响

研究了不同整枝方式对杂交番茄生长的影响,结果表明,采用三秆整枝的植株在茎粗、株高、主茎叶片数、植株开展度等指标上均优于其他处理,其植株的种子产量最高,可达35.6 kg/667 m2,各处理对杂交番茄种子产量的影响顺序为:三秆整枝(A3)双秆整枝(A2)四秆整枝(A4)单秆整枝(A1)。     

不同秸秆生物发酵菌种对辣椒生长发育和产量的影响

以‘荷兰37-76’辣椒为试材,研究比较了4种秸秆生物发酵菌种对辣椒生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明:供试的4种秸秆生物发酵菌种均能促进辣椒植株长势,增强植株抗病性,提高其产量;但供试的4个菌种在效能上存在差异,以沃丰宝生物制剂效果最好,该处理的辣椒长势和产量以及植株抗病性都明显高于对照及其它处理,其次为百沃秸秆发酵复合菌剂.     

6个辣椒自交系农艺性状配合力分析

为提高辣椒亲本的选配效率,以6个辣椒自交系为亲本,按照Griffing完全双列杂交的第四组方法配制15个杂交组合,对7个农艺性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明:671、678和716是较优良的亲本,671×716是较优良的杂交组合。株幅、果宽、每株果数和平均单果质量主要受加性效应控制,株高、果长和单株产量主要受非加性效应控制。根据性状间的相关性,株高可作为产量选择的间接指标。     

不同育苗方式对辣椒杂交制种产量及质量的影响

为提高辣椒制种效益,对甘肃省河西走廊辣椒杂交制种中采用的2种不同育苗方式对制种产量、质量的影响进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,基质苗比传统土壤苗有显著的增产效果,能显著提高杂交授粉坐果率、单株结果数、单株产籽量,对单果籽粒数和种子质量指标没有显著影响。     

不同整枝方式对杂交辣椒制种产量的影响

研究了不同整枝方式对杂交辣椒生长的影响,结果表明采用四干整枝的辣椒株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、最大叶面积等指标均优于其他处理,其产量最高,667m^2产量可达38．65kg,各处理杂交辣椒产量顺序为：A3〉A2〉A1〉A4。     

添加不同物料对设施土壤番茄生长及产量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了增施不同比例的物料(农家肥、草炭、炉渣、河沙和稀土活钙剂)对设施土壤番茄生长发育及产量的影响.结果表明:添加不同物料处理,番茄幼苗生长发育和单株产量存在很大差异.其中,增施农家肥和草炭能促进番茄植株生长发育和产量形成,植株直径、平均高度、单果重和单株产量均高于对照.而仅增施河沙和炉渣的番茄植株生长发育和产量形成受到影响,直径、平均高度、单果重和单株产量低于对照.但农家肥和河沙配合施用效果最好.     

太空诱变对循化线辣椒M1代植物学及孢粉学性状的影响

对“实践八号”返回式卫星搭载循化线辣椒种子M1代的植物学及孢粉学性状进行观察和分析。结果表明：循化线辣椒种子经太空诱变处理后,M1代中株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽等主要植物学性状变异幅度和变异系数均比对照大;M1代与对照进行孢粉学研究表明：M1代花粉在形状上出现了畸形、皱缩和空洞等性状的变化;与对照相比,M1代花粉比对照要小,差异达到极显著水平;M1代花粉活性降低,与对照存在显著差异;并且在M1代中发现一株花粉半不育的单株。     

平衡施肥对辣椒生长和增产提质的影响

为明确平衡施肥对辣椒生长的影响和增产增收的效果,构建辣椒高产优质的生产技术体系和促进农业产业绿色、高效、可持续性发展,于2023年2—8月开展田间施肥试验,共设置不施肥(CK)、缺氮施肥(PK)、缺磷施肥(NK)、缺钾施肥(NP)和氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)5个处理,探究不同施肥处理对辣椒生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：氮磷钾平衡施肥有助于促进辣椒株高和茎粗的生长,与对照相比较,氮磷钾平衡施肥处理辣椒的株高和茎粗分别显著增加21.31%和26.54%;不同施肥处理辣椒产量在28 157.39～33 520.05 kg/hm²,均极显著高于对照,氮磷钾平衡施肥处理产量最高,较对照增加17341.82kg/hm²,增产率为107.19%;氮磷钾平衡施肥还能极显著提升盛果期辣椒品质指标,辣椒VC含量、游离氨基酸含量和可溶性总糖含量较对照分别提高66.67%、39.28%和43.82%;氮肥和钾肥对于辣椒产量和品质提升的贡献高于磷肥。氮磷钾平衡施肥(尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾用量分别为782.61、2 416.67、193.55 kg/hm^2<...     

红籽瓜主要产量性状的遗传力及相关性分析

以红籽瓜农家品种及自交系为供试材料,采用随机区组试验设计,用方差分析法估算了单株坐瓜数、单瓜重、单瓜种子数、单瓜种子重、种仁重、千粒重、出仁率、产籽率和种子体积的广义遗传力;并对43个红籽瓜品种9个产量性状的遗传力、遗传变异系数和相关性进行了研究。结果表明,上述9个产量性状的广义遗传力分别为12.86%,80.14%,75.96%,74.39%,48.01%,17.12%,24.97%,18.60%和37.07%。单瓜重、单瓜种子数和单瓜种子重的遗传力较高,对其进行早世代单株选择有较好的效果;遗传变异系数以千粒重和出仁率较高,选择潜力大。性状间相关性的研究表明:通过对单瓜重的选择,可实现对单瓜种子数、单瓜种子重、种仁重和种子体积等性状的间接选择。并对红籽瓜产量性状遗传力分析结果及其在育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

Effects of pollen-load on fruit yield,seed production and germination in melons,cucumbers and squash

Summary

Four cultivars of each of three cucurbit species were used to examine the effects of pollen-load (i.e., the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma of pistillate flowers) on fruit-set, seed-set, and germinability (i.e., germination percentage and germination rate) in four greenhouse experiments. Increasing pollen-load increased the number of fruit per plant in the four melon cultivars over two growing seasons, and in two non-parthenocarpic cucumbers, but had no effect on all four squash cultivars. In most cases, increasing pollen-load increased the number of fully-developed seeds, decreased the percentage of empty seeds, and tended to decrease mean seed weights. On average, melons produced 2.2 fruits per plant in the Winter, and only 0.9 fruits per plant in the Autumn. In contrast, melons produced 275 fully-developed seeds per fruit in the Autumn, but only 57 seeds in the Winter. Mean melon seed weight was higher in Autumn, and the sum of all seed yield component effects resulted a significantly higher seed yield per plant in the Autumn. Germinability of melon seeds from the Autumn season, and of squash seeds from the Winter season, were not significantly affected by pollen-load treatment. These data are contrary to the theory that microgametophyte competition has a positive effect on the vigour of the progeny. The lower germinability of melon seeds obtained by passive pollination (i.e., self-pollination in covered flowers) may be due to the fact that pollination without insect or human interference yielded only a few seeds per fruit, and, under such circumstances, there may be a survival advantage for slow and distributed germination.     

籽用南瓜新品种梅亚雪城2号的选育

利用杂种优势选育出植株形态、果形、皮色、种片大小一致,抗病性强,产量高且稳定的籽用南瓜杂交优良品种梅亚雪城2号。该品种植株生长势强,叶色浓绿,分枝性较弱,第1朵雌花着生节位第9～10节。果实扁圆形,果皮银灰色;单瓜产籽量100～117g,单瓜籽数300粒,每hm2产量1400kg;种片横径12mm,纵径22mm,百粒重36.52g;蛋白质含量35.39%,较常规品种增加8.35%;籽粒长椭圆形,雪白,商品性好。全生育期105d。于2006年2月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

Sensitive stages of fruit and seed development of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. Shishito) exposed to high-temperature stress

The sensitivity of developmental stages to high temperature was investigated in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. Shishito). Plants were subjected to heat stress (38/30 °C day/night) immediately after anthesis for 5 or 10 days, or from 10 to 30 days after anthesis (DAA), from 30 DAA until harvest of the seeds, or immediately after anthesis until harvest of the seeds. Control plants were grown at 30/22 °C (day/night). Exposure to high temperature (heat stress) during different periods of development after anthesis adversely affected fruit growth, seed yield, and seed quality in chili pepper. Heat stress for the whole period after anthesis, and from 30 DAA until harvest reduced the growth period of chili fruits by 15 and 10 days, respectively. Heat stress from 10 to 30 DAA reduced fruit width and fruit weight. The early stage of seed development from anthesis until 10 DAA was sensitive to high temperature, which affected fruit length, fruit weight and seed set. Applying high temperatures to plants for 10 DAA increased the proportion of abnormal seeds per fruit. High temperatures from 10 DAA until 30 DAA inhibited carbohydrate accumulation and adversely affected seed germinability and vigor. These results suggest that the stage of development at which chili peppers are exposed to high temperatures is an important factor in fruit and seed growth and in seed quality.     

菜用大豆鲜荚粒性状的遗传潜力分析

对15个菜用大豆品种鲜荚采摘期的农艺性状及品质性状的遗传潜力进行了研究。相关分析表明:鲜百粒重与荚宽,单株粒数与单株荚数,地上部生物学产量与鲜荚产量、鲜粒质量,鲜荚产量与鲜粒质量,单株荚数与地上部生物学产量间呈显著正相关。鲜籽粒脂肪含量与地上部生物学产量、鲜粒质量间呈显著负相关。鲜百粒重、鲜籽粒蛋白质含量的遗传力相对较高,单株产量的遗传变异系数较大,鲜荚产量和单株产量的遗传进度最大。     

The Effect of Distance from Pollinizer Varieties on the Fruit Set on Trees in Plum and Apple Orchards

The fruit set on plum trees decreased greatly with increase in distance from pollinizer trees, and less so with increase in distance from honey-bee colonies. Trees adjacent to pollinizers had a greater set on the sides facing the pollinizers than on their far sides. Parts of trees touching “ bouquets ” had a greater set than parts without bouquets.

In an apple orchard with main variety and pollinizer trees in separate blocks, the fruit set was greater on the main variety trees adjacent to the pollinizers than on trees farther away. In an apple orchard with a pollinizer tree as every third tree in every third row, main variety trees had a greater fruit set, more seeds per fruit, and more carpels with seeds per fruit, on the sides near to their adjacent pollinizers than on their far sides. The fruit set, number of seeds per fruit, and number of carpels with seed per fruit, were greater the nearer the trees were to the adjacent pollinizer.

These results are discussed in relation to the foraging behaviour of honey-bees and to methods of arranging pollinizer and main variety trees in orchards.     

籽用南瓜主要经济性状配合力分析

6个籽用南瓜自交系按双列杂交设计配制36个组合,对单瓜质量、瓜横径、瓜纵径、籽粒宽、籽粒长、单瓜籽粒数、百粒重、单瓜产籽量等8个主要经济性状的配合力进行了研究。通过对遗传参数的估计,单瓜质量、瓜纵径、单瓜籽粒数、单瓜产籽量等4个性状遗传型间的差异主要取决于基因的非加性效应,利用这些效应最可靠的方法就是通过优势育种途径;籽粒长、瓜横径、百粒重、籽粒宽等4个性状主要受基因的加性效应控制,能够较稳定地遗传,可以在早代亲本选配时选择这些性状。     

番茄温敏型核雄性不育系T-4生理生化指标间的相关及通径分析

以温敏型核雄性不育系T-4及对照First为试材,花期观察花粉发芽率,测定其可溶性糖、淀粉、游离脯氨酸和蛋白质,结果期调查单果种子数,从而分析各项生理指标的相关性。结果表明:可溶性糖、淀粉、游离脯氨酸及蛋白质含量两两之间的相关性均达到了极显著水平;可溶性糖、淀粉、游离脯氨酸和蛋白质含量与果实种子数和花粉发芽率的相关均达到极显著水平;脯氨酸对花粉发芽率和果实种子数的直接通径系数都很高,分别为0.8341和0.9889。     

Quality fruit improvement in sweet pepper culture by bumblebee pollination

The percentage of ovules that set seeds per fruit has been used to evaluate the bumblebee activity of a two campaigns greenhouse trial. The experiment was carried out with two commercial cultivars of sweet pepper, ‘bell’ type, called Bardenas and Vergasa. The averages of the percentages of seed set per fruit of the two campaigns were 49.8% (Bardenas) and 40.7% (Vergasa) on the pollination treatment, whereas the averages of the control (self-pollination) treatment were 27.5% and 25.7%, respectively. Percentages of seed set per fruit was strongly related with the number of bee visits, but weakly with duration of visits.     

种子处理对西瓜细菌性果斑病的防治效果

利用干燥与药剂相结合、引发与药剂相结合的种子采后处理方法对西瓜种子的除菌效果进行了研究。应用PCR方法检测未经人工接种的西瓜种子,幼苗生长方法检测人工接种和自然带菌(Ac)的西瓜种子,结果表明,未经人工接种的西瓜种子中,从没有发酵经室内阴干4h后热风烘干、以及不管是否发酵室内阴干的种子上均检测到Ac菌的特异性条带。人工接种Ac菌的西瓜种子随着室内阴干时间的延长,幼苗细菌性果斑病(BFB)的发病率呈上升的趋势,由阴干3h的0.9%上升到阴干6h的20.4%。同时随着阴干时间的延长,种子的成苗率降低,由阴干3h的52.6%下降到阴干6h的23.9%。说明快速干燥能有效控制带菌种子幼苗BFB的发生,提高种子的健康质量。不同杀菌剂对自然带菌(Ac)西瓜种子杀菌效果的研究结果表明,不管是药剂处理种子还是含药的固体基质引发处理种子,其种子质量都没有显著的差别。药剂处理的种子平均每株幼苗的鲜质量均高于含药的固体基质引发处理的种子幼苗的鲜质量。通过幼苗生长鉴定,含药固体基质引发处理的相对防治效果在57.1%～78.6%之间,而药剂处理的相对防治效果在84.6%～100.0%之间。含药的固体基质引发处理对降低幼苗BFB发病率的效果要差。