不同动物TLR7基因研究概况

Toll样受体是调控机体免疫反应的一类重要模式识别受体,不仅能识别病原微生物调控免疫应答反应,启动固有免疫机制,其引发的信号通路还能引起适应性免疫反应的活化。其中Toll样受体7(Toll-like receptor 7,TLR7)参与抗病毒免疫反应,在天然免疫中起重要作用。论文就TLR7基因的发现、不同动物单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析、免疫调控作用研究、不同动物TLR7基因参与抗病毒作用及展望进行综述。     

固有免疫相关模式识别受体研究进展

固有免疫是机体免疫系统防御微生物感染的第1道防线。模式识别受体(PRRs)中的Toll样受体(TLRs)、核苷酸寡聚结合域样受体(NLRs)和视黄酸诱导基因1样受体(RLRs)等识别不同或重叠的微生物组成成分,形成相应的信号转导产生免疫应答。近些年对于固有免疫相关PRRs的研究也取得了较大的进展,为免疫相关疾病的治疗提供了思路。本文对固有免疫相关PRRs的特征及不同PRRs的信号传导途径之间相互作用进行综述。     

鸡Toll样受体的研究进展

Toll样受体是进化保守的模式识别受体家族成员之一,介导天然免疫反应,通过识别病原体相关分子模式激活信号转导途径,引起炎性因子、趋化因子以及共刺激分子等表达,产生快速免疫应答。禽类与哺乳动物的Toll样受体具有同源性,但是也存在一定的差异性。目前,已经发现10种鸡Toll样受体,在天然免疫中发挥不同的作用,并且鸡Toll样受体配体具有作为疫苗佐剂的潜力。本文主要是对鸡Toll样受体的结构、信号转导通路和鸡Toll样受体在天然免疫中的作用进行综述。     

动物Toll样受体8的免疫学功能研究进展

Toll样受体是天然免疫中最早发现的模式识别受体,是生物界最古老的免疫系统组成部分之一,在识别病原和影响免疫应答方面具有非常关键的作用。Toll样受体8(TLR8)属于Toll样受体中的TLR7/8/9亚家族,通过识别配体激活信号级联反应,导致促炎细胞因子的产生,发挥抗病毒和抗细菌感染作用。论文就TLR8的结构与活化、配体识别、细胞分布、信号通路、细胞因子产生和疾病相关性等进行简要综述,可使人们更加全面地认识TLR8,对于动物免疫系统的研究以及动物疫病的防控具有一定的参考意义。     

禽类Toll样受体的分子进化与作用机制研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是先天免疫系统重要的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRR).TLRs通过与病原微生物的病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)相结合,活化相关信号途径,引发抗病原体防御反应、炎症反应以及活化T细胞等免疫效应.目前已经识别了10个禽类Toll样受体,包括与其它脊椎动物在结构上具有高度同源以及作用模式相对保守的TLR1\6\10、2、3、4、5、7和21,以及禽类所特有的chTLR15.本文主要阐述有关禽类Toll样受体的分子进化以及独特的作用方式研究的最新进展.     

家禽TLR5的研究进展

Toll样受体(TLRs)是最早发现的哺乳动物天然免疫模式识别受体家族,也是研究最广泛的模式识别受体(PRRs),其研究极大地丰富了免疫生物学内涵。TLRs和其他PRRs识别病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),可以激活细胞信号通路,产生各种炎症细胞因子,趋化因子和Ⅰ型干扰素(IFNs),从而迅速触发一系列抗微生物免疫反应。文章主要讨论家禽TLR5基本结构特点、信号通路及其抗感染作用,以为家禽TLR5的深入研究提供新的科学线索。     

鸡Toll样受体4信号通路及在鸡沙门菌抗病研究中的应用进展

Toll样受体作为一种模式识别受体,在先天免疫中通过识别病原体相关的分子模式,诱导炎症因子和细胞因子产生,在机体对抗感染过程中发挥重要作用.Toll样受体4(toll-1ike receptor 4,TLR4)是Toll样受体家族中识别细菌脂多糖最重要的模式受体.研究表明,TLR4及其信号通路的基因变异和表达调控与沙门菌的抗性有关.本文综述了TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路及其在鸡沙门菌抗病研究中的应用,并对其进行了展望.     

Toll样或非Toll样配体佐剂研究进展

有效的疫苗含有可活化天然免疫系统的佐剂组分,从而激发抗原特异性的免疫应答.Toll样受体(toll-like receptors,TLR)是一种重要的天然识别受体,大多数疫苗佐剂都是TLR配体.少数佐剂通过其他的识别受体和信号通路,以TLR非依赖性的方式来活化天然免疫系统.非Toll样配体佐剂的作用靶点主要是近来发现的NOD样受体(Nod-like receptor,NLR)、RIG(retinoic-acid-inducible gene)样受体(RIG-like receptors,RLR)等胞内天然免疫受体.文章对Toll样或非Toll样配体作为疫苗佐剂的研究进行了综述.     

模式识别受体在肠炎中的功能及信号转导

<正>模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor,PRR)是一种种系编码受体,是抵御可能感染的第一道防线。其通过识别病原微生物保守分子结构,活化一系列信号通路,引发天然免疫反应,维持肠道动态平衡,成为固有免疫应答的枢纽[1]。炎症性肠病(Inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)的主要表现形式是溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)     

Toll样受体与益生菌免疫

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是天然免疫反应中重要的细胞表面模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs),而益生菌在动物免疫中起着重要的作用,本文就TLRs的种类、配体类型和信号转导途径、益生菌的免疫作用、Toll样受体信号通路与益生菌的免疫作用的关系作简要综述。     

LPS和嗜水气单胞菌胁迫下东北林蛙不同组织内TBK1转录产物表达动态的研究

TBK1是IKKs蛋白激酶家族中的一员,也是免疫应答的重要调节因子之一,在Toll样受体通路等多条信号通路中均能发挥作用。Toll受体作为先天免疫中最为重要的一类模式识别受体,能够特异性地识别病原微生物的保守结构。为了探究东北林蛙在LPS和嗜水气单胞菌刺激下TBK1表达量变化的规律,本研究运用荧光定量PCR检测东北林蛙在嗜水气单胞菌和LPS两种不同的刺激源刺激下肾脏、肺脏、脾脏和肝脏中TBK1的表达水平。结果表明:在嗜水气单胞菌和LPS处理下,肾脏、肺脏、脾脏和肝脏中的TBK1表达量变化显著(P <0. 01),但在不同组织中,LPS和嗜水气单胞菌刺激下TBK1的表达量变化趋势并不完全一致。推测在不同的组织中不同的刺激源产生免疫应答的时间不尽相同。和不同物种的实验数据对比分析,发现各物种TBK1分子的表达量变化关系的规律不显著,推测在不同物种的不同器官中,受到外源微生物侵染时会有选择的激活不同的信号转导通路完成免疫应答。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of equine Toll-like receptor 9

Innate immunity relies on a series of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), to detect conserved microbial components. TLR9 is typically expressed intracellularly in immune cells such as dendritic cells and recognizes unmethylated bacterial or viral cytosine-phosphate-guanine DNA (CpG-DNA). To investigate innate immune responses through TLR9 signaling pathway in horses, we cloned and characterized equine TLR9. Protein sequence analysis shows that equine TLR9 has a typically conserved cytosolic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, three leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs, with greater than 82% identity to human, monkey, bovine, canine, feline, porcine and ovine orthologs. Equine TLR9 mRNA expression was characterized for spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood leukocyte samples. Flow cytometric analysis of equine TLR9 expression using a cross-reactive TLR9 mAb identified high constitutive expression of equine TLR9 in PMNs, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes as well as other leukocytes; similar to human TLR9 expression. The conservation of equine TLR9 and high expression profile in leukocytes suggests that equine TLR9 is a frequent target for unmethylated CpG-DNA, an essential mechanism for the activation of innate immunity.     

RNAi suppression of zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 (zfPGRP6) mediated differentially expressed genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and caused increased susceptibility to Flavobacterium columnare

In Drosophila, Toll signaling cascade, which resembles the mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-1R signaling pathways and regulates the expression of anti-microbial peptide genes, mainly relies on peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) for the detection of bacterial pathogens. To explore the effect of zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 (zfPGRP6) on Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RNA interference (siRNA) and real time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) methods were used to identify differentially expressed genes regulated by zfPGRP6. The target genes included TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, IL1R, Sterile-alpha and Armadillo motif containing protein (SARM), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B2 (p100/p52). The results of RQ-PCR showed that RNAi-mediated suppression of zfPGRP6 significantly down-regulated the expression of TLR2, TLR5, IL1R, SARM, MyD88 and p100/p52. The expression of beta-defensin-1 was also down-regulated in those embryos silenced by zfPGRP6. In challenge experiments to determine the anti-bacterial response to Gram-negative bacteria, RNAi knock-down of zfPGRP6 markedly increased susceptibility to Flavobacterium columnare.     

Toll样受体信号通路在两栖类中的研究进展

两栖类处于脊椎动物由水生向陆生进化的过渡阶段,进化地位重要。近年来因疾病的爆发、生境破碎化、环境污染、紫外辐射增加、人为过度捕捉和生物入侵等诸多因素引起的全球范围内两栖类种群数量锐减已引起人们的广泛关注。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)家族是一类从线虫到哺乳动物普遍存在的高度保守的模式识别受体(PRRs),可以识别侵入机体病原体的病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),是两栖类先天性免疫防御系统的重要组成部分。本文结合近些年国内外对两栖类TLRs的研究对两栖类TLRs结构特征、进化特点、在两栖类发育早期的差异表达特征和两栖类TLRs信号通路中相关分子的表达研究进行概述。目前对于两栖类TLRs的研究发现两栖类TLRs兼具鱼类和哺乳类TLRs的特征,并在从鱼类到两栖类到哺乳类的进化过程中,TLRs家族部分成员如TLR2的配体识别功能可能发生了一定程度的特化;在两栖类早期发育阶段,获得性免疫不够完善,以TLRs为主的先天免疫防御系统在抵御病原体的侵袭方面发挥了重要作用;在特定病原菌和病毒的胁迫下,可能激活了TLRs下游不同的途径参与两栖类对病原体的免疫应答反应。     

Toll样受体信号传导通路的研究进展

Toll样受体（toll like receptors,TLRs）能识别病原微生物相关分子模式,募集含有Toll/白介素-1受体（TIR）结构域的接头蛋白分子,通过髓样分化蛋白88（MyD88）依赖性信号传导通路或由β-干扰素TIR结构域衔接蛋白（TRIF）依赖性信号传导通路启动信号传导,继而引发特异性的免疫应答。作者就TLRs的结构特征、分布、配体识别、参与信号传导的接头蛋白分子及介导的信号传导通路的最新研究进展进行综述。     

Pattern recognition receptors in companion and farm animals - the key to unlocking the door to animal disease?

The innate immune system is essential for host defence and is responsible for early detection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Upon recognition of microbes by innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, diverse signalling pathways are activated that combine to define inflammatory responses that direct sterilisation of the threat and/or orchestrate development of the adaptive immune response. Innate immune signalling must be carefully controlled and regulation comes in part from interactions between activating and inhibiting signalling receptors. In recent years, an increasing number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including C-type lectin receptors and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), has been described that participate in innate recognition of microbes, especially through the so called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recent studies demonstrate strong interactions between signalling through these receptors. Whereas useful models to study these receptors in great detail in the murine and human system are now emerging, relatively little is known regarding these receptors in companion and farm animals. In this review, current knowledge regarding these receptors in species of veterinary relevance is summarised.     

TLR9 agonists: immune mechanisms and therapeutic potential in domestic animals

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that recognize conserved microbial molecules. Engagement of TLRs activates innate and adaptive immunity. TLR-mediated activation of immune cells results in upregulation of cytokines, chemokines and costimulatory molecules. These early innate responses control pathogen spread and initiates adaptive immune responses. Synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), agonists for TLR9, had shown great promise as immunotherapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants in laboratory animal models of infectious disease, allergy and cancer. However, it has become apparent that CpG ODN are less potent immune activators in domestic animals and humans. The disparity in immune responses between rodents and mammals has been mainly attributed to differences in cellular expression of TLR9 in the various species. In this article, our current understanding of the immune mechanisms, as well as the potential applications of CpG ODN will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on domestic animals.