西昌地区实施退耕还林工程后的景观格局变化

利用西昌市1996和2004年2期TM影像数据,对西昌地区实施退耕还林工程以来的景观格局变化进行分析.结果表明:1996-2004年,西昌地区林地面积增长明显,草地面积迅速减少,耕地面积略有增长,耕地、林地和草地类型间的转化频繁;耕地景观随着斑块数和斑块密度的减少破碎度降低,而林地和草地的破碎度增加;耕地和林地斑块形状不规则性增强;就整体景观而言,西昌地区林地的优势度进一步提高,景观均匀度下降.建议在今后实施退耕还林工程时,合理安排还林和还草任务,同时对退耕后耕地面积仍有增长的现象给予关注.     

新疆额尔齐斯河流域北屯段景观动态

利用MSS,TM和ETM+三期遥感影像,以景观生态学理论为指导,以地理信息系统为技术手段,结合地形图、植被图和外业调查资料,选取斑块数、平均斑块面积、平均斑块形状指数、平均斑块分维数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,定量分析新疆额尔齐斯河流域北屯段1972-2000年的景观格局及动态变化.结果表明:荒漠植被一直是额尔齐斯河流域北屯段的景观基质;28年间,耕地面积增加了9.62%,荒漠面积减少了11.75%,居民地面积增加了0.15%,河漫滩林地和湿地类型面积分别减少了0.44%和1.06%;景观格局分析表明,整个额尔齐斯河流域北屯段斑块数增加了,平均斑块面积减少了,与1972年额尔齐斯河流域北屯段景观相比,2000年额尔齐斯河流域北屯段景观变得零散、破碎.平均斑块形状指数和平均斑块分维数的增加,揭示了额尔齐斯河流域北屯段景观斑块形状呈复杂化趋势;景观多样性指数和均匀度指数的增加,表明额尔齐斯河流域北屯段景观类型异质性程度减弱,各景观类型分布趋于均匀化;从不同时期各类型转移概率矩阵看,河漫滩林地是28年间保持率最低的景观类型,主要转化方向是草地,其次是耕地,转化的主要原因是人口增长、牲畜数目增加、林牧政策及引水截流等.     

徐州主城区景观格局变化分析

选择2010年的Landsat-5影像和2016年的Landsat-8影像,通过Arcgis目视解译和地面核查,建立了徐州市主城区这两个时期的土地利用类型数据,利用Fragstats对这两个时期的景观指数进行了分析计算。结果表明:徐州主城区范围内的耕地面积有较为显著的减少,耕地景观破碎化。建设用地面积增加明显,分散到其他土地类型的间隙中。林地面积略有增加,并且形状变得复杂。草地的3个指数基本没有变化,说明草地斑块在最近几年来没有太多变化。水体的3个景观指数都有所上升,景观稳定性提高。2016年徐州市主城区景观的PD、SHDI、LSI指数上升,其他指数下降,说明最近几年徐州主城区景观整体更加地破碎化了。     

柳河县近20年森林景观格局动态变化分析

以吉林省柳河县1995年、2004年和2015年3期Landsat TM遥感影像为主要数据源,应用Arcgis 9.3和Fragstats 3.3软件,结合景观生态学原理,通过选取多种景观格局指数以及面积转移矩阵方法对柳河县森林景观格局的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明,柳河县有林地和耕地面积所占比重最大,为优势景观,且多以规则较大斑块分布。灌木林地、疏林地和未成林地面积所占比重较小,且呈碎小斑块零星分布。景观面积转移主要表现在耕地、有林地的增多转化与湿地向有林地、耕地以及建设用地的减少转化。1995-2015年,研究区景观破碎化和分离程度明显下降,香农多样性指数和香农均匀性指数都经历了小幅度上升而后大幅度下降的变化,表明作为优势景观的有林地与耕地对研究区的控制作用加大,研究区丰富程度和复杂程度减少,异质性降低。     

土地利用景观格局变化的服务功能响应研究——以大清河水系阜平流域为例

以河北省大清河水系阜平流域为研究对象,利用景观格局指数分析法、服务功能价值量评价法及相关分析等方法,研究了1985—2015年该区域土地利用景观格局及生态系统服务价值变化规律,分析了服务功能与土地利用景观格局之间的相互关系,探讨了生态服务功能对土地利用景观格局变化的响应过程。结果表明:1)研究区近30年城市、林业、农业、水域景观呈增加趋势,荒漠、草地景观呈减少趋势。总体上表现为斑块数量减少,平均斑块面积增大,各景观类型连通性增强,景观结构愈加稳定。2)研究区生态服务总价值在2000年最高(58.08亿元),2000年之前呈增加趋势,2000年之后呈减少趋势。林地服务价值贡献率最大,其次为农田和草地;单项服务价值中维持生物多样性与保持土壤服务贡献率最大,其次为气体调节和气候调节。3)生态系统总服务价值与斑块密度、景观形状指数、面积加权平均形状指标、面积加权平均分维数、平均斑块面积、聚集度均有较强的相关性。     

基于LUCC和景观格局变化的海南东寨港红树林湿地动态研究

[目的]探究海南东寨港红树林湿地的动态变化,为推进红树林湿地保护、海岸带修复、退塘还湿等重大生态措施的开展提供理论参考。[方法]本研究从景观格局和土地利用两个层面描述东寨港地区红树林湿地的动态变化特征,通过结合土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)和景观生态指数2种方法,探究红树林湿地动态变化。[结果](1)从土地利用的角度看,1988—2016年间,研究区域养殖水面和建筑面积大比例增长,分别从占总面积的1.6%和1.86%,上升到11.89%和9.39%;林地和耕地面积相对减少,占比分别从17.61%和38.89%,下降到11.83%和27.06%;(2)从景观角度看,斑块密度和数量的上升、平均斑块面积的下降、面积加权平均形状破碎化指数的高位稳定等景观指标状态都显示东寨港地区在研究区间内景观破碎化程度正在逐渐加大;(3)景观破碎化指数与各景观类型面积变化的相关性分析结果表明,耕地面积的减少加上建筑用地和养殖水面面积的增加促使景观破碎化的加重;(4)红树林在整个研究区间内总面积未出现明显波动,与其它地类间的互动主要表现在耕地、养殖水面和水域之间的转换。[结论]东寨港红树林湿地在近30年间,发生了养殖水面和建筑面积的增长以及林地和耕地面积的减少等土地利用变化,而耕地面积的减少,建筑用地和养殖水面面积的增加促使景观破碎化加重。     

天然林森林资源的景观分析

为了研究天然林森林资源的景观变化,文章使用了景观空间格局分析软件包FRAGSTATS,主要计算了景观形状指数、平均形状指数、面积加权斑块平均形状指数、双对数破碎度、斑块平均分维度、面积加权斑块平均破碎度、香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数、辛普森多样性指数、辛普森均匀度指数、修正辛普森均匀度指数、修正辛普森多样性指数。结果表明:面积加权斑块平均形状指数、双对数破碎度、斑块平均破碎度略有下降,也就是说,斑块(小班)形状变化不大。森林景观的变化要滞后资源的变化。各种斑块的多样性指数变化不明显。斑块丰富度和斑块丰富度密度大幅上升。     

张家口市崇礼区景观格局分析

为了解2022年冬奥会主要赛区崇礼区的景观格局特征,利用ArcGIS和Fragstats软件,研究崇礼区景观格局特征及景观分布随地形因子变化规律。结果表明:(1)崇礼区林地景观面积比例最大,为43.64%,其次为草地(30.16%)、耕地(22.34%)、建设用地(3.06%)、未利用地(0.79%)和水域(0.01%);建设用地斑块数量最多(1 852块),水域斑块数量最少(4块)。未利用地的斑块密度最大(0.346 8个/hm~2),林地斑块密度最小(0.002 7个/hm~2);面积标准差和变动系数均为林地最大(3 764.35 hm~2,10.01),水域最小(2.43 hm~2,0.61)最小;林地的景观边缘密度最小(45.36 m/hm~2),其景观连通性较好,而水域景观边缘密度最大(315.93 m/hm~2),其景观连通性最差;水域景观和耕地景观周长-面积分维数较大(分别为1.542 8和1.447 1),其景观形态结构不稳定,而草地景观由一系列团聚的大斑块组成,斑块形状简单,状态较稳定。(2)随着海拔的增加,林地、草地、耕地、建设用地和未利用地分布面积表现先增加后减少,林地成为优势景观,人类开发利用程度降低;随着坡度的增加,建设用地、耕地和水域景观分布面积减少,林地和草地成为主要景观类型;林地景观多集中在阴坡区域,草地景观集中在阳坡地区,耕地和未利用地在各坡向分布较均匀。     

2000—2020年海南岛流域景观格局时空演变及其推动因素分析

该研究基于景观格局指数对海南岛三大典型流域2000—2020年土地利用变化与景观格局演变特征进行分析,并揭示其驱动因素。结果表明：（1）流域内林地、耕地等类型面积呈减少趋势,建设用地、水域类型面积呈增长趋势,南渡江流域建设用地类型增长速率明显高于其他流域。（2）在类型层次上,流域内林地、草地和耕地景观斑块异质性强,斑块离散程度增大,破碎化程度加剧,斑块趋于复杂化;在景观层次上,流域内景观具有破碎度高、异质性强、连通性下降、景观均衡分布、优势度降低的变化特征,其中南渡江流域景观变化更为显著。（3）流域内土地利用类型变化与景观格局变化的主要驱动力为人口数量、GDP等社会经济因素。研究综合分析了海南岛三大流域的景观格局演变特征及其驱动因子,为海南岛典型流域的后续水土治理、景观空间优化提供科学参考。     

新疆额尔齐斯河流域北屯段景观格局及破碎化

利用多波段遥感影像数据和地理信息系统技术,结合植被图及外业调查,采用多个景观格局指数首次定量分析新疆额尔齐斯河流域景观空间格局及破碎化特征.借助ERDAS image8.7软件,将额河流域景观类型划分为7大类10小类,其中包括5大类8小类植被类型,影像总的分类精度达到87.2%.5大类植被类型面积比例分别为耕地16.5%、河漫滩林地2.6%、湿地1.6%、草地10.5%、荒漠52.2%.格局指数分析表明;河漫滩林地在景观中呈小斑块分布,其斑块最大周长和最大面积及平均面积均小于其他植被类型;河漫滩林地的斑块形状比较复杂,其平均斑块形状指数、平均斑块分维数和类型边界密度指数均高于其他植被类型;多个景观指数都表明河漫滩林地在景观中的破碎化程度最高,这主要是由于河漫滩林地丰富的生物多样性和资源富集性吸引了人类高强度的干扰所致.额河流域景观类型面积分布最不均匀,但景观类型斑块数分布相对较均匀.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.