TiO2／SO4^2—催化的α—蒎烯异构化反应

ＴｉＯ２／ＳＯ４＾２－型催化剂对α－蒎烯异构化反应有很高催化活性和较好选择性，主产物是莰烯和三环烯，副产物主要是双戊烯和三环烯，副产物主要是双戊烯和萜品油烯。中考察了催化剂制备方法，处理催化剂所用的硫酸和硫酸铵溶液的浓度，催化剂的焙烧温度，反应温度及反应时间等因素对催化剂性能的影响，并对催化剂表面性质和催化机理进行了初步探讨。     

TiO_2／SO~（2－）_4催化的α－蒎烯异构化反应

ＴｉＯ＿２／ＳＯ￣（２－）＿４型催化剂对α－蒎烯异构化反应有很高催化活性和较好选择性，主产物是莰烯和三环烯，副产物主要是双戊烯和萜品油烯。文中考察了催化剂制备方法、处理催化剂所用的硫酸和硫酸按溶液的浓度、催化剂的焙烧温度、反应温度及反应时间等因素对催化剂性能的影响，并对催化剂表面性质和催化机理进行了初步探讨。     

α—蒎烯等离子体聚合反应机理研究

应用ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＰＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＥＳＲ和ＩＲ等分析方法测定了α－蒎烯等离子体聚合过程中气相产物的组成及其聚合物结构。根据分析结果，提出α－蒎烯等离子体聚合机理是自由基聚合反应机理。     

α－蒎烯等离子体聚合反应机理研究

应用ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＰＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＥＳＲ和ＩＲ等分析方法测定了α－蒎烯等离子体聚合过程中气相产物的组成及其聚合物结构。根据分析结果，提出ａ－蒎烯等离子体聚合机理是自由基聚合反应机理。     

马尾松毛虫常灾区、偶灾区和无灾区松针挥发物特征

【目的】马尾松毛虫是我国发生最为严重的针叶林食叶害虫,呈现周期性暴发。不同暴发区松林生理特征影响松毛虫暴发过程的机制还不清楚。植物挥发物参与了许多重要的生理、生态过程,通过揭示不同松毛虫发生区域马尾松挥发物的释放特性,以及不同地区的松针挥发物含量与松毛虫暴发情况的相关性,可为更加精确地利用植物挥发物进行松毛虫趋避或者天敌引诱提供可靠的依据。【方法】在广西凭祥大青山地区选取3个典型的松毛虫暴发类型区即无灾区、偶灾区和常灾区,鉴定并比较3个林场松针挥发物的组分及含量。【结果】马尾松针叶挥发物主要包括 S －α－蒎烯、R －α－蒎烯、月桂烯、R －β－蒎烯、S －β－蒎烯、(+)－3－蒈烯、α－萜品烯、(+)－柠檬烯、(－)－柠檬烯、γ－萜品烯。常灾区、偶灾区和无灾区的松针挥发物组成比例差异很大。这些挥发物可以分为4类：第1类包括 R－α－蒎烯和月桂烯,与马尾松毛虫的暴发频率呈负相关( P ＜0.05);第2类包括S－β－蒎烯、γ－萜品烯和 (+)－3－蒈烯,与马尾松毛虫的暴发频率呈正相关(P＜0.01);第3类包括 R －β－蒎烯和(+)－柠檬烯,它们在3种松毛虫暴发区域的松针挥发物中呈现显著但不规则变化(P ＜0.05),最后一类包括S－α－蒎烯,(－)－柠檬烯和α－萜品烯,它们在3种松毛虫暴发区域的松针挥发物中无明显变化。【结论】松针挥发物的组成比例可能影响松毛虫的暴发情况。另外,天敌是控制松毛虫的重要因子,因此松针挥发物对马尾松毛虫天敌的作用程度也可影响害虫的暴发;无灾区或者偶灾区的针叶挥发物可能吸引更多的松毛虫天敌,从而对松毛虫的暴发起一定的控制作用。     

荆条精油成份研究简报

本研究采用GC/MS/DS联用的方法,分析了荆条精油,鉴定出其36种化学成份,其中有21种化合物含氧,16个单萜化合物,11个倍半萜化合物,3个二萜化合物。荆条精油的主要成份有α-侧柏烯,α-蒎烯,α-松油烯,1、8—桉叶素,4—萜品烯醇,α-萜品烯醇乙酯,异丁香烯,β-金合欢烯,α-丁香烯等。     

辽东冷杉(Abies holophylla Maxim.)松针油化学成分的研究

辽东冷杉松针油是一种挥发性的林化产品,我们利用色谱-质谱联用分析方法,对其成分进行了研究,共鉴定出13个化学成分:檀烯(1.68％),三环烯(2.44％),α-蒎烯(14.81％),莰烯(17.86％),β-蒎烯(3.51％),香叶烯(1.86％),△~3-蒈烯(244％),萜二烯-(1,8)(40.08％),α-萜品烯(0.61％),α-萜品醇(2.06％),醋酸葑酯(0.22％),醋酸冰片酯(11.80％),α-醋酸萜品酯(0.69％)。 分析发现,此种国产松针品与国外同类产品的不同之处,在于萜二烯含量比较高,并为左旋,这是辽东怜杉松针油的特殊性质。     

蒸馏龙脑过程中的残油成分分析

采用GC／MS法对水蒸气蒸馏和精制龙脑过程中的残油进行分离和鉴定，共分离了37种化合物，鉴定34种化学成分，残油中最多的2种化合物是樟脑（33.3%）和d－龙脑（31.3%），其它有依兰油烯（3.73%）、α－蒎烯（5.5%）、β－蒎烯（4.4%)、1，8桉叶油素（1.48%）、愈创木烯（1.18%）、α－萜品醇（1.65%）、α－GuBa烯（1.3%)和（＋）－香兰烯（2.1%）等。     

湿地松皮层含油树脂的单萜烯组成及其在遗传学研究中的应用

本文概述对湿地松单萜烯组成的变异和遗传的研究结果,举例说明如何利用所得到的结果对湿地松的遗传学进行研究.湿地松单萜烯组成的单株变异和遗传湿地松的含油树脂,约有20%是单萜烯类,其余的主要是各种树脂酸.木质组织含油树脂的单萜烯馏分主要由α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯及β-水芹烯构成;莰烯、香叶烯、α-水芹烯及苧烯常以次要成分的形式出现,偶尔还有痕量的△-3-蒈烯及γ-萜品烯.枝尖皮层组织     

超临界二氧化碳萃取砂仁精油化学成分的研究

广西阳春砂仁、经超临界的萃取得到砂仁精油。用ＧＣ－ＭＣ对精油进行化学成分研究，鉴定了十三个组分，主要是乙酸龙脑酯（６２．３３％）、樟脑（１８．１４％）、龙脑（５．３８％）、莰烯（４．６５％），还有柠檬烯、α＝蒎烯等。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.