Growth of Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis aestivalis Michx. as Affected by Temperature

Abstract

Four European (Vitis vinifera L.) winegrape cvs., ‘Semillon’, ‘Pinot Noir,’ ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and one American (Vitis aestivalis Michx.) winegrape cv. ‘Cynthiana’, were subjected to three temperature regimes in growth chambers set at 20/15°C, 30/ 25°C, or 40/35°C, for 16/8 hr day/night to determine the influence of temperatures on vine growth and development. In general, the best temperature for shoot and root growth 28 days after temperature treatments was 20/15°C for ‘Semillon’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Cynthiana’, and 30/25°C for ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Chardonnay’. Although 40/35°C reduced number of leaves, shoots, tendrils, and internodes, total leaf area (LA), and total shoot biomass of all the cultivars, the reduction was more pronounced in ‘Cynthiana’ than in the European cultivars. The average reduction in number of leaves at 40/35°C for the European cultivars was 47%, compared with 92% for ‘Cynthiana’. The two types of grapes adapted differently to high temperature. Shoot growth in the European cultivars continued under high temperature, whereas growth ceased in ‘Cynthiana’. Roots of ‘Cynthiana’, however, were less susceptible to the adverse effect of high temperatures than were the shoots. This study shows that the European cultivars were relatively more tolerant to high temperature than the American cultivar and they have a potential for production of wine in the climate of south central Kansas.     

引进美国制汁葡萄品种抗寒性的综合评价

以引进美国的13个制汁葡萄品种(美洲种或欧美杂种)为试材,通过人工低温胁迫处理1 a生休眠枝条,测定了冻害指数、电解质外渗率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛和游离脯氨酸6项生理生化指标的含量,采用隶属函数法综合评价了各品种的抗寒性.结果表明:13个品种的平均隶属度介于0.61～0.82,对低温冻害分属于中等抗寒、抗寒和高抗3个级别.其中,‘Blue Star’属于高抗,‘Golden Muscat’、‘Montreal’、‘Concord’、‘Concord Seedless’、‘Reliance Seedless’、‘Catawba’和‘Vanessa Seedless’7个品种属于抗寒,其余5个品种属于中抗.     

几个酿酒葡萄品种在广夏第三种植基地的栽培表现

以15个酿酒葡萄品种为试材,采取田间试验和室内检测相结合的方法,对广夏第3种植基地品种园的15个酿酒葡萄品种的主要物候期、生长结果习性及果实主要性状等进行了调查。结果表明:"黑比诺"抗寒、稳产、品质好,作为早熟的红色品种,具有推广价值;"赛美容"果穗大,丰产,品质优,可适当扩大栽培;"灰比诺"酸度低,风格较独特,可选择栽培。     

中国野生葡萄抗霜霉病相关基因VpPR4b及其启动子的克隆和功能分析

以中国野生葡萄(Vitis piasezkii)‘留坝-8’(抗霜霉病)和欧亚种葡萄(V.vinifera)‘黑比诺’(易感霜霉病)为材料,克隆得到抗霜霉病相关基因VpPR4b和VvPR4b。序列分析发现VpPR4b和VvPR4b核苷酸序列相似性为98.61%。VpPR4b编码区为432 bp,编码143个氨基酸,含有BARWIN保守结构域,属于典型的Ⅱ型PR4蛋白。VpPR4b和VvPR4b均可在霜霉菌侵染后诱导表达。亚细胞定位表明VpPR4b定位于细胞膜上。分别从‘留坝-8’和‘黑比诺’中克隆得到了VpPR4b和VvPR4b的启动子,其序列相似性高达95.65%,并且含有相似的顺式作用元件。通过酵母单杂交验证了转录因子WRKY40和WRKY75可以结合VpPR4b启动子。本研究的结果表明PR4b可能在葡萄抵御霜霉病侵染过程中发挥一定作用。     

Berry yields of two Finnish sea buckthorn cultivars under organic farming methods

Summary

The effects of different organic farming methods on berry production by two Finnish sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides) cultivars, ‘Terhi’ and ‘Tytti’, were studied in field experiments over 4 years at Merikarvia, western Finland. Four organic fertilisers, five mulches, and two land contours were used. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, fertilisation experiment, the fully-crossed effects of four different fertilisers and two land contours were tested for both cultivars. In the second, mulch experiment, the fully-crossed effects of five different mulches and two land contours were tested for the cultivar ‘Tytti’. Some sea buckthorn bushes produced a small number of berries in the second growing season. According to the three-way interactions, the effect of fertiliser on yield depended on the land contour in ‘Terhi’, but not in ‘Tytti’. Apatite increased yields in bushes grown on flat land. Yields increased in the third and fourth growing seasons, when ‘Terhi’ produced larger berries and yields than ‘Tytti’. ‘Terhi’ had a higher yield on ridged beds than on flat land. Berry size was larger on ridged beds compared to flat land in both cultivars. The effect of mulch depended on the land contour in the second and fourth growing seasons. In the second growing season, straw mulch increased berry production on the flat land compared to the other mulches. In the fourth growing season, a plastic mulch increased yields compared to organic mulches. The results of this experiment provide information on ways to improve sea buckthorn berry yields when organic farming methods are used.     

Highbush Blueberry Cultivar Trial in Ontario,Canada

ABSTRACT

A replicated trial of eleven cultivars was planted at Simcoe, Ontario in 1991. Plants were first harvested in 1994. After eight harvest seasons, ‘Bluegold’ was the highest yielding cultivar, averaging 6.8 t/ha, and ‘Toro’ had the largest berries, averaging 1.81 g per berry. ‘Bluetta’ was the earliest cultivar with on average 50% of its yield picked by 16 July and ‘Elliott’ the latest, with on average 50% of its yield picked by 27 August. Overall, ‘Duke’ proved to have the best combination of characteristics of the early cultivars, and ‘Nelson’ was the most impressive late cultivar.     

Effect of Planting and Harvesting Dates on Strawberry Fruit Quality under High Tunnels

ABSTRACT

There is an increasing demand in the market to improve strawberry quality by promoting human-health compounds content, as these may play a significant role in the prevention of chronic diseases. Strawberry cultivars, environmental conditions, and agronomical conditions have an effect on fruit characteristics; therefore, it is necessary to constantly generate information about the cultivar response to different production areas and cultural practices. The goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of two planting dates, two harvest dates, and four strawberry cultivars on total phenolic acid (gallic acid equivalent), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and soluble solid content?titratable acidity-1 (SSC?TA-1) ratio in Huelva, Spain. Sixteen treatments resulted from the combination of four cultivars, two planting dates, and two harvest dates. Strawberry ‘Camarosa’, ‘Sabrosa’, ‘Aguedilla’, and ‘Fuentepina’ were selected for both seasons and planted on 7 Oct. (early planting) and 21 Oct. (late planting). Mid-February and mid-April were considered early and late harvest, respectively. Nutraceutical and organoleptic responses were specifics for each cultivar. The highest SSC?TA-1 ratio was observed in ‘Fuentepina’ planted late and harvested early. ‘Aguedilla’ resulted in the highest phenolic content when harvested in the late season. Additionally, phenolic content was significantly higher when using late planting combined with late harvest in most of the cultivars. Late harvested ‘Camarosa’ showed the highest TA concentration, whereas ‘Sabrosa’ resulted in the highest SSC regardless of harvesting date. Additionally, ‘Aguedilla’ and ‘Sabrosa’ showed the highest ascorbic content. Strawberry quality could be improved by selecting the adequate planting and harvesting dates according to specific cultivars.     

黄瓜种子及幼苗期耐冷性鉴定

对6个生态类型的22个黄瓜品种（系）的种子在15 ℃低温下相对发芽力、2.5 ℃低温处理后胚根伸长速率和三叶一心期的相对电解质渗透率共4项指标分别进行了测定,并采用隶属函数法对22个品种（系）的耐冷性进行了综合评价。结果表明,8个华北型黄瓜品种（系）中有2个强耐冷性品系和1个耐冷品种,4个华南型黄瓜均属于不耐冷或冷敏感类型,美国露地型黄瓜、欧洲温室型和露地型黄瓜共9个品种（系）包括了耐冷、中等耐冷和不耐冷等不同类型|日本型黄瓜日节成表现为冷敏感类型。     

Strawberry Production,Growth and Development in Northern Climates

Abstract

This paper focuses on the cropping systems in northern European countries such as Norway and Finland. Winter injury commonly occurs in strawberry fields in northern climates and inadequate snow cover further aggravates the problem. During the last decade there has been an increase in programmed “out-of-season” strawberry production. Greenhouse producers aim for year-round production, whereas those using polyethylene tunnels extend the main production season to include May/June and September/October. The dominant strawberry cultivars in Nordic countries are ‘Senga Sengana’ for the processing industry and the Dutch cultivar ‘Korona’ is preferred for direct fresh market consumption due to its good flavor and high yields. Recently, ‘Honeoye’ has gained considerable interest among Danish and Swedish growers due to its high productivity and its relatively low susceptibility to grey mold. In Finland, the Norwegian cultivar ‘Jonsok’ is one of the most popular cultivars due to its high tolerance to winter injury and grey mold.     

杜鹃花品种耐寒性比较及其机制研究

以杜鹃花品种‘埃尔西 ? 李’、‘紫萼’和‘紫蝴蝶’为材料,在浙江杭州自然低温条件下（2013年12月至2014年3月）测定7个取样时期的叶片相对电导率,结合Logistic方程计算半致死温度（LT50）,并比较耐寒性强弱。同时测定耐寒性相关生理指标,通过主成分及相关性分析发现,蔗糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、丙二醛的含量与杜鹃花耐寒性关系密切,较高的蔗糖积累量及可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量可能是‘埃尔西 ? 李’抵御寒冷的主要途径;由MDA含量推测,膜脂不饱和脂肪酸含量上升可能是另一途径。运用隶属函数法对3个杜鹃花品种耐寒性进行综合评价,‘埃尔西 ? 李’耐寒性最强,‘紫蝴蝶’和‘紫萼’耐寒性相似,结合园林应用及冬季表现情况,判定‘紫蝴蝶’耐寒性稍好于‘紫萼’。     

Cultivars Resulting From Cherry Breeding in Germany

In Germany the sweet and sour cherry breeding is concentrated at the Julius Kühn-Institut in Dresden-Pillnitz. The main breeding goals are directed on sweet cherries for fresh market and sour cherries for processing. The selection of new cultivars is focused on fruit quality, high and stable fruit set and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In result of the breeding activities in sweet cherry four new cultivars, ‘Narana’, ‘Areko’, ‘Swing’, ‘Habunt’, were selected. ‘Narana’ is an early ripening cultivar with good fruit characteristics. ‘Areko’ ripens in the middle of the cherry season some days before cultivar ‘Kordia’ and has large, firm fruits. The both cultivars ‘Swing’ and ‘Habunt’ are self-compatible and more recommended for the use in house gardening. In sour cherry breeding four new cultivars, ‘Coralin’, ‘Spinell’, ‘Jachim’, ‘Boas’, were selected. The cultivar ‘Coralin’ shows good characteristics for processing and mechanical harvest and is tolerant to fungus diseases on leaves. With the large and tasty fruits, the cultivar ‘Spinell’ is mainly suitable for fresh consumption. The both other cultivars ‘Jachim’ and ‘Boas’ have a pillar growth habit.     

Evaluation of conditions for in vitro storage of commercial and minor grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars

In vitro culture represents a tool for the ex situ conservation of a high number of sanitised plants in a reduced space. However, the culture media and/or other growing conditions need to be optimised to minimising plant growth and storage cost. Growth on MW medium was evaluated in the commercial cultivars ‘Airén’, ‘Bobal’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Garnacha Blanca’, ‘Moscatel de Alejandría’, ‘Moscatel de Grano Menudo’, ‘Pedro Ximénez’, ‘Pinot Blanc’, ‘Pinot Gris’, ‘Sauvignon Blanc’, and ‘Tempranillo’; the minor cultivars ‘Chelva’, ‘Valencí Negre’, ‘Valencí Blanc’, and ‘Verdil’; and the endangered cv. ‘Esclafacherre’. Different growth rates were observed among cultivars: those with faster growth need to be subcultured every 1.5–2.0 months; those with the slowest growth every 3.5–4.0 months. The effect of halving the sucrose in MW reduced the growth of the cultivars that grew faster without compromising survival. When IBA was removed from MW, growth was also reduced in some cultivars. Therefore, small modifications of the MW composition are adequate for grapevine in vitro storage under standard incubation conditions. This is an advantage with respect to the change of temperature used in other work to achieve growth reduction, and allows the use of the same chamber for different in vitro culture procedures.     

蔗糖浓度对葡萄试管苗生长及光合作用的影响

糖为植物生长发育提供能量,也是形态建成的物质基础。但培养基的蔗糖浓度对葡萄试管苗生长及光合作用的影响研究较少,以‘黑比诺’葡萄试管苗为试材,以GS为基本培养基、蔗糖浓度30g/L为对照,分别研究蔗糖浓度0、60g/L对‘黑比诺’葡萄试管苗生理指标和光合参数的影响。结果表明:蔗糖浓度为30g/L试管苗生长状况最佳,试管苗干鲜重、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量均显著高于其他2个处理,总糖含量无显著差异;蔗糖浓度60 g/L处理试管苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量显著高于其他2个处理,在高糖及无糖处理下,试管苗叶片蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)与净光合速率(Pn)均显著低于正常浓度处理;叶绿素a、叶绿素b、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)在蔗糖浓度30 g/L处理下均显著高于其他2个处理,叶片中不同激素受蔗糖浓度的影响各不相同。综上,蔗糖浓度能够影响葡萄试管苗生物量、叶绿素相对含量、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及总糖含量变化,培养基蔗糖浓度过高或过低会影响叶绿素荧光参数的变化,进而影响光合作用。     

盐胁迫下两个苹果品种光合性能研究

研究不同浓度(0、0.2%、0.4%)NaCl盐分胁迫处理对"寒富"、"华红"2个苹果品种1a生嫁接苗叶片中光合作用和光合色素含量的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫改变了苹果叶片光合日变化曲线,使其光合性能整体下降;2个苹果品种的光合色素含量均随着盐浓度的增加而降低。综合分析发现,2个品种在盐胁迫下的光合能力为:"华红""寒富"。     

Resolving the Parentage of the Apple Cultivar ‘Meran’

In the mid-1970s, a new apple variety named ‘Meran’ was discovered in South Tyrol (northern Italy), which harbours the largest continuous apple growing area in Europe. The cultivar was registered for varietal protection and patented in several countries, and was declared to be a cross of the varieties ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Morgenduft’ (synonym ‘Rome Beauty’). The parentage of ‘Meran’ has, however, been questioned, and the present study aimed to assess the descent of this cultivar by the combined use of molecular genetic and bioinformatic tools. Five accessions of ‘Meran’ were collected from three different European germplasm collections and analysed at 14 variable microsatellite DNA loci. Subsequently, computer software was used to allocate the most likely parent pair from a set of cultivars representative for the apple growing area of South Tyrol in 1975. The molecular genetic data clearly excluded ‘Morgenduft’ as a gene donor to ‘Meran’ and provided strong evidence that ‘Meran’ is a cross of the cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonathan’, confirming previous assumptions based on morphological traits of the tree and fruit.     

不同酿酒葡萄品种白藜芦醇合酶基因的克隆和序列分析

以红葡萄品种“赤霞珠”、“品丽珠”、“黑比诺”和白葡萄品种“雷司令”为试材,采用改良CTAB法提取葡萄叶片组织中的DNA,并扩增得到4个酿酒葡萄品种的白藜芦醇合酶基因部分片段.结果表明:红葡萄品种“赤霞珠”、“品丽珠”、“黑比诺”的扩增产物均为1 419 bp,白葡萄品种“雷司令”扩增产物为1 417 bp.通过序列多重比较分析,所得到的4个白藜芦醇基因片段与Genbank中河岸葡萄(AF128861)的该基因序列同源性较高(90％以上),外显子区同源性高于内含子;红色葡萄姊妹品种之间、红色葡萄不同品种之间、红色葡萄与白色葡萄品种之间的序列同源性依次递减.     

绿爬山虎新品种‘翠玉’

 ‘翠玉’是绿爬山虎野生种经多年驯化选育而成的新品种。卷须发达,幼叶及成熟叶均为绿色,近轴叶面有显著泡状隆起。生长迅速,攀援能力强,抗寒、抗旱、耐热能力突出。可用于北京及其周边地区公园林下植被覆盖、坡体绿化及构筑体垂直绿化。     

Physiological and anatomical responses of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivars to heat-stress duration

It is necessary to identify the heat-tolerant cultivars of bedding plants in order to cope with the challenges of the global warming. The physiological and anatomical responses of four calendula cultivars (Candyman’, ‘Zen’, ‘Indian Prince’, and ‘Pacific Beauty’) to four duration levels (0, 7, 14 and 21 days) of heat stress (in a mean range of 35–42°C), were investigated after their establishment under greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that calendula cultivars displayed different responses to various heat duration levels in most parameters. Although the gas exchange of ‘Candyman’ was the highest in control treatment, it showed a considerable reduction in all levels of stress durations. In contrast, ‘Indian Prince’ maintained gas exchange and chlorophyll content and exhibited the most resistance to heat stress among others, especially for longer duration exposure, which might be resulted from the greater soluble sugar content, higher stomatal density, and thicker leaves. Experiment to assess cell membrane thermostability showed heat stress resulted in significant increase in electrolyte leakage percentage as the incubation temperature of all cultivars was increased. However, the least membrane stability was observed in ‘Zen’, indicating the higher sensitivity of this cultivar to heat-stress conditions in comparison to three other cultivars.     

Seasonal fluctuations of carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism of three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars grown at seven sowing times

Summary

Seasonal fluctuations of carbohydrate composition and concentrations, and the activities of related enzymes of three domesticated tomato cultivars including two large (Lady First and Momotaro) and one cherry-fruited (Minicarol) cultivar were examined at 45 d interval with seven sowing times. Fruits picked in cool seasons (early winter to spring seasons) had higher sugar concentrations than those of warm seasons. Fructose and glucose in nearly equal amounts were the predominant sugar in all seasons. Sucrose was present in trace quantities, but cherry tomato cultivar ‘Minicarol’ accumulated more than the large fruited types. Acid invertase (AI) (EC 3.2.1.26) activity was highest during cool seasons at the red stage of ripening, while fruit matured during warm seasons (May to August) had lowest activity. The sucrose synthase (SuSy) (EC 2.4.1.13) showed significantly higher activity during cool seasons in rapidly growing fruits followed by very low activity in mature non-growing fruits. There were no significant differences in sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) (EC 2.4.1.14) activity. A highly significant positive correlation was found with sucrose accumulation in the case of SuSy but there was a negative correlation with AI activity and none with SPS. Therefore, in all growing seasons, AI and SuSy, rather than SPS could play a central role in regulating sugar accumulation in both large and cherry tomatoes. The result suggested planting season had no adverse effect on the trends of carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism in developing tomato cultivars, but in cool-season crops there is an improvement in fruit carbohydrate accmulation with more enhanced enzyme activities than in warm-season crops. These observations may help in selecting molecular genetic targets, and provide information for biotechnologists who wish to improve desired quality criteria of domesticated tomato genotypes.     

枣裂果机理的初步研究

对壶瓶枣、黑叶枣和郎枣裂果及其果实的生理、机械力学性质和解剖结构进行观察测定,结果表明:三个品种裂果发生从白熟期开始,而后,随着果实的成熟,裂果敏感性增加.这与枣果实的可溶性糖含量增加、水势下降、果皮韧性降低有关.壶瓶枣最易裂果,其次是黑叶枣,再次是郎枣,三个品种在同一时期裂果敏感性的差异与它们的果肉弹性、可塑性有关,与它们之间的水势、可溶性糖含量以及 K、Ca、Mg 含量无关.容易发生裂果的壶瓶枣和黑叶枣果皮角质层比不易裂的郎枣薄,其厚度依次为:6.81μm、6.41μm、8.28μm.