软籽石榴种子硬度发育与种皮细胞壁显微结构的关系研究

为了解软籽石榴种子硬度发育特性,以软籽品种‘突尼斯软籽’、半软籽品种‘以色列酸’和硬籽品种‘青皮’为材料,测定了不同发育时期的种子硬度、可溶性固形物含量和籽粒质量,并对其成熟种子种皮细胞进行石蜡切片,间苯三酚和番红固绿染色观察,比较种皮细胞显微结构和木质化程度,同时对不同产地的‘突尼斯软籽’石榴进行种子硬度比较。结果表明,种子最大硬度出现在果实发育后期,而非果实成熟时期,不同品种种子硬度变化趋势一致。‘突尼斯软籽’种子硬度在花后97 d达到最高,为(2.939±0.895)kg;半软籽‘以色列酸’和硬籽‘青皮’在花后106 d到达最高,硬度分别为(5.571±2.106)和(9.203±3.006)kg。在花后124 d(成熟时期),‘突尼斯软籽’、‘以色列酸’和‘青皮’的种子硬度分别为(2.887±0.735)、(4.242±1.036)和(8.192±2.561)kg。5个产地的‘突尼斯软籽’成熟石榴种子硬度没有显著差异,软籽性状不受种植地理环境变化而改变。显微结构观察发现成熟时期石榴种皮外层细胞高度木质化,‘突尼斯软籽’石榴的种皮外层细胞壁厚度显著低于‘以色列酸’和‘青皮’。     

大籽粒石榴新品种‘晶榴’

‘晶榴’是从山东省枣庄市白皮石榴群体中选育出的大籽粒新品种。果实近圆形,平均单果质量455 g,最大820 g;果皮白色,果形圆或有棱;籽粒硬,平均百粒质量78.3 g;籽粒白色,内有少量针芒状放射线,可溶性固形物含量15.1%,风味甜。较抗裂果,丰产性状稳定。     

石榴软籽新品种‘豫农早艳’的选育

‘豫农早艳’石榴是由‘突尼斯软籽’石榴芽变选育出的早中熟软籽石榴新品种。果实近球形,果形指数0.84;平均单果质量300 g,最大单果质量680 g;果皮底色黄绿,着玫红色晕,着色面积超过70%;萼筒较短,萼片开张或半开张;籽粒粉红色。‘豫农早艳’石榴百粒重37.0 g;出籽率62.3%以上,出汁率84.6%;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)17.1%,pH 3.4,维生素C含量12.6 mg·100 g^-1。风味酸甜可口,籽粒易剥离;籽粒硬度3.26 kg·cm~(-2),核软可食。果实生育期120 d左右,在郑州荥阳(东经113.35,北纬34.79)9月中下旬成熟,比‘突尼斯软籽’石榴早熟约10 d。该品种植株长势中庸,树姿半开张;耐旱、耐瘠薄,较抗冻,适应性较强。货架期20 d左右,5℃冷库贮藏60 d左右。适合黄河以南石榴适生区栽培,第2年开花结果,丰产,稳产。     

10个新疆梨品种开花生物学及果实品质特征研究

了解新疆梨品种的开花生物学及果实品质特征,为其合理利用提供数据参考。在10个新疆梨品种的生殖生长期,对开花物候期、花部特性、花粉特性及果实品质特性等进行测定对比分析。结果表明:除‘艾温切克’‘库尔勒黄酸梨’外,其他8个品种花期一致,但果实成熟期有明显差异;‘库尔勒香梨’与其他品种的花器官特征无明显差异;‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花粉活力较强、单花药花粉量较多;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’等4个品种的单果重较大,显著大于‘库尔勒香梨’;‘艾温切克’的果实硬度最小,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C含量均较高,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异或显著高于‘库尔勒香梨’。综上,‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花期与‘库尔勒香梨’重叠,花粉量较多、萌发率最高,花器官特征与‘库尔勒香梨’接近,可作‘库尔勒香梨’的备选授粉树;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的果实品质及口感好、果实成熟期早,且果皮颜色与其他品种有明显差异,可作为优良育种材料。     

栝楼新品种‘皖蒌17号’

栝楼新品种‘皖蒌17号’是以‘皖蒌6号’为母本,‘2号雄株’为父本杂交选育而成。生长周期220 d左右,中晚熟;坐果多,果形近圆形,青果期果皮浅绿色,成熟期果皮橙黄色;1年生植株平均单果质量389.8 g,2年生植株平均单果质量399.7 g,存在一柄多果现象;种子长椭圆形,饱满,外壳深棕色,出籽率12.88%,千粒质量333.0 g;1年生和2年生单株块根质量分别为8.70 kg和16.50 kg。高抗流胶病与炭疽病。     

Malus cv. Baskatong as an indicator of pollen spread in intensive apple orchards

The Malus cv. Baskatong, possessing a dominant gene for red leaf colour, was used to assess the range of a pollinizer in intensive apple orchards. In 1980 in the centre of each of six orchards, a Baskatong pollinizer was planted. All orchards had more cultivars to provide for cross-pollination. For three to seven years, seeds were gathered from trees surrounding the ‘Baskatong’ pollinizer at ten distances from 2.5 to 40 m and in 8-12 directions. After stratification, the seeds were germinated in a glasshouse and green and red seedlings were counted. ‘Baskatong’ pollen was tested for suitability by controlled hand pollinations on six apple cultivars. Flowering periods of ‘Baskatong’ and all of the apple cultivars involved were assessed over three years. ‘Baskatong’ pollen gave good fruit and seed. The ‘Baskatong’ flowering period did not fully cover those of the apple cultivars, because its bloom period was shorter. Nevertheless, red seedlings arose from the seed samples in all orchards, although not in all years. The percentages of red seedlings found were low except, in a few cases, close to the pollinizer, probably because of the adequate cross-pollination. There was no distinct directional effect, but with increasing distance from the pollinizer the percentages of red seedlings declined sharply. Although red seedlings were occasionally found as far as 40 m from the ‘Baskatong’, most occurred within a circle with a radius of 5 m. In one orchard the upper limit of the radius was about 15 m, probably because the pollinizer tree was larger than those in the other orchards. The implications of the findings for orchard lay-outs and pollinizer siting are discussed, taking a circle with a radius of 5 m as an effective range.     

辣椒新品种‘新科18号’

‘新科18号’是利用雄性不育系‘161A’为母本,恢复系‘07-199’为父本,培育的三系杂交辣椒新品种。果实羊角形,纵径22.3 cm,横径3.7 cm,肉厚0.34 cm,平均单果质量76.9 g;果实表面光滑,黄绿色,味微辣,皮薄、质脆,口感极佳,鲜果维生素C含量0.911 mg · g-1,平均产量56 590 kg · hm-2,适合早春保护地设施栽培。     

香榧新品种‘玉山鱼榧’的选育

‘玉山鱼榧’是从磐安县野生榧树古树中选育出的新品种,母树为实生起源古树,通过无性繁殖培育子代。该品种种实、种核比当前香榧主栽品种‘细榧’大,种核表面有2~6只榧眼,成熟期较迟。种实长倒卵状椭圆形,假种皮维管束直或扭曲,平均单个鲜质量10.8 g,纵径3.74 cm,横径2.28 cm,种形指数1.65,假种皮厚0.35 cm,鲜出核率36.39%,干出核率67.15%;种核平均单个鲜质量3.9 g,纵径3.37 cm,横径1.49 cm,核形指数2.28,壳厚0.08 cm,干核出仁率66.55%;种仁平均单个干质量1.6 g,脂肪含量48.6%,总糖含量0.83%,蛋白质含量18.02%,品质佳,商品性能优良。在浙江磐安开花期4月中旬,成熟期第二年9月中旬,种实发育期17个月,树势强,结果早,丰产,稳产,经济寿命长。幼苗和幼树喜阴湿,怕高温干旱和强日照,开始结实后又需要有充足的阳光,根系耐湿性差,怕积水。采用SSR分子标记对‘玉山鱼榧’的遗传鉴定表明,‘玉山鱼榧’与‘细榧’在DNA水平上存在明显的差别。‘玉山鱼榧’适宜在浙江省香榧产区栽培,其栽培技术要求与‘细榧’相同。     

柚新品种‘老哥金柚’

‘老哥金柚’是从‘安江早香柚’优良芽变中选育出的新品种。树姿开张，树势强，枝梢较密，坐果力强。果实卵圆形，果皮浅黄色，果面油胞突出，果肉脆嫩无渣，香气浓，平均单果质量1 213.0 g。少核或无核，含可溶性固形物14.3%、可滴定酸0.32%、维生素C 0.468 mg · g-1。10月中旬果实成熟。丰产、稳产，初果期产量约18 900 kg · hm-2，盛果期约47 100 kg · hm-2。抗逆性强。     

软籽石榴新品种选育初报

1996～2007年,对枣庄市著名的郭村软籽石榴资源进行优选和配套栽培技术研究。通过优株选择、多代高接、引种试栽、辐射育种、脱毒快繁等多项研究,从郭村软籽石榴和岗榴资源中选出的2个软籽石榴优良无性系——‘枣选1号'和‘枣选3号',2007年9月通过山东省科技厅组织的鉴定,2007年12月通过山东省林木品种审定委员会审定。其果个、外观等经济指标均较原品种有较大改观,‘枣选1号',成年树平均株产30kg。果实圆球形,表面光滑,果皮70%着红色,向阳面呈鲜红色,间有浓红断续条纹,萼筒较长,萼片6裂反卷。单果重386g,最大果重468g,平均百粒重57.3g,出汁率92.5%。籽粒大而整齐,长形,青白色,放射线明显,籽粒透明,种子硬度3.74kg,仁软可食,含可溶性固形物15.8%,品质极上。5月上旬进入始花期,6月上旬进入盛花期。果实9月下旬成熟。‘枣选3号',成年树平均株产35kg。大型果,果实圆球形,果肩齐,表面光亮,果皮全面着鲜红色,向阳面呈艳红色,萼筒较短,开张。单果重424g,最大果重662g,平均百粒重51.9g,出汁率91.6%。籽粒略带红色,透明,种子硬度4.77kg,仁软可食,含可溶性固形物15.8%,品质极上。5月上旬进入始花期,6月上旬进入盛花期。果实9月底成熟。经多年多点试栽证明,‘枣选1号'和‘枣选3号'可以在鲁南及相似生态区推广。同时,使用杭州托普仪器有限公司提供的GW-1型谷物硬度计测量国内部分石榴品种的种子硬度,其数值区间为1.27～12.64kg,硬度最小的是‘突尼斯软籽',硬度为1.27kg,硬度最大的是‘冰糖籽'石榴12号样本,硬度为12.64kg,两者相差11.37kg。根据近年来笔者对软籽石榴种子的感官判别标准和生产实际需要,将石榴按照种子硬度划分为软籽石榴、半软籽石榴、普通石榴和硬籽石榴4个等级,每个等级级差为3kg。即一级为软籽石榴,籽粒硬度在0～4.5kg;二级为半软籽石榴,籽粒硬度在4.6～7.5kg;三级为普通石榴,籽粒硬度在7.6～10.5kg;四级为硬籽石榴,籽粒硬度在10.6kg以上。     

石榴新品种‘红宝石’

 ‘红宝石’石榴是从‘大红袍’栽培群体中选出的中熟优异芽变新品种。成熟时果皮大红色,平均单果质量487.5 g,最大675.0 g,平均百粒质量38.8 g,可食率（出汁率）68%,含可溶性固形物14.8%,可溶性总糖12.98%,维生素C 40.6 mg · kg^-1,可滴定酸0.30%。高产,抗旱,耐瘠薄。     

优质荔枝新品种——凤山红灯笼的选育

凤山红灯笼是从自然实生变异中选育出的优质、丰产稳产荔枝新品种。果实正心形,皮色红艳,平均单果质量25.5 g,果肉黄蜡色、厚1.0~1.3 cm,肉质爽脆细嫩,味清甜带微香;可溶性固形物含量17.8%,可滴定酸0.081%、还原糖9.92%、蔗糖5.59%、总糖15.8%、维生素C 214 mg·kg-1;可食率80%,焦核率82%以上。坐果力强,抗裂果性好。在广东汕尾,3月中旬开花,6月下旬成熟。     

Studies on the Nutrition of Tulips and Narcissi

Summary

We explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar.     

火龙果新品种‘双色1号’

双色1号’火龙果是从‘红水晶’实生后代群体中选育的新品种。果实近球形,果皮暗红色,平均单果质量350.7 g,最大740.5 g,可食率78.5%,果肉外红内白,肉质软滑,香味独特,可溶性固形物13.5%,可滴定酸0.23%。自花结实能力强,耐贮运,每年开花结果10 ~ 12批次。     

中晚熟砂梨新品种‘金丰’

‘金丰’是由‘金水1号’ב丰水’杂交选育出的中晚熟砂梨新品种。树势强,树姿开张。果实圆形,平均单果质量320 g,果皮黄褐色,果面光滑,无果锈,肉质细,汁液多,可溶性固形物含量11.14% ~ 12.04%。果实生育期147 d,在武汉地区8月中下旬成熟。早果,丰产,较抗黑斑病。     

无核柚新品种‘华柚2号’

‘华柚2号’是将‘国庆1号’温州蜜柑愈伤组织原生质体与‘华柚1号’叶肉原生质体融合创制的二倍体雄性不育胞质杂种。树势中等，花瓣短而退化，雄蕊败育，雌蕊正常。果实扁圆形，隔离种植下完全无核，平均单果质量1 232.47 g，果皮中等厚，可食率57.03%。果肉粉红色，囊壁薄，果肉化渣多汁，风味浓，可溶性固形物12.37% ~ 13.33%，总酸0.90% ~ 1.20%，固酸比10.42 ~ 14.13，维生素C 24.26 mL • L-1。在湖北武汉地区种植，果实11—12月成熟，5年生嫁接树单株产量约50 kg。     

早熟金柑新品种‘金秋早’

早熟金柑新品种‘金秋早’是从福建省尤溪县‘尤溪金柑’园中优良实生单株选育而成。生长健壮。果实近球形,果皮橙黄至橙红色,单果质量17~26 g,皮肉脆嫩化渣,酸甜可口,风味浓。果汁可溶性固形物含量13%,总酸0.8%,总糖9%,维生素C 394 mg·L~(-1)。每果种子数5~7个。成熟期在11月上旬,比‘尤溪金柑’早15~20 d。适宜在福建省尤溪金柑适栽区种植。     

西瓜新品种‘吉科20号’

‘吉科20号’西瓜为大果型早熟杂交一代新品种。果实圆形，果皮硬，墨绿色有暗条纹，果粉浓密。果肉大红色，质地脆爽，中心可溶性固形物含量12.8%，籽较大。全生育期95 d，果实发育期33 d。平均单果质量9.25 kg，产量93 525 kg · hm^-2。适于适宜在吉林、辽宁、黑龙江春露地或拱棚栽培。     

观赏型芭蕾苹果新品种‘芭蕾玉棠’

‘芭蕾玉棠’（Malus hybrida‘Balei Yutang’）是以‘舞美’（Malus × domestica Borkh. ‘Maypole’）为母本,以西府海棠（Malus spectabilis）‘Reversii’为父本,在杂交后代中选育出的观赏型芭蕾苹果新品种。树体柱型、生长势中等。春季叶亮绿色,夏季浓绿,秋季金黄色。花蕾粉红色,花开放时花瓣粉白色。幼果绿色,成熟时果皮黄绿色,成熟期枝头硕果累累,观赏效果好。     

节瓜良种‘桂优2号’

 ‘桂优2号’节瓜是以优质抗病早熟自交系‘W3’为母本, 以分枝性强, 结瓜数多的自交系‘N2’为父本杂交选育而成。瓜长28～32 cm, 横径7～8 cm, 嫩瓜单瓜质量0.60～0.75 kg, 老熟瓜1.20～1.50 kg。瓜肉丰厚, 紧实, 心室小, 味清甜爽脆。具有优质、高产、抗病、瓜型小、单株结瓜数多等特点, 嫩瓜总产量93.05 t·hm- 2 , 老熟瓜总产量90.60 t·hm^-2。