软籽石榴新品种选育初报

1996～2007年,对枣庄市著名的郭村软籽石榴资源进行优选和配套栽培技术研究。通过优株选择、多代高接、引种试栽、辐射育种、脱毒快繁等多项研究,从郭村软籽石榴和岗榴资源中选出的2个软籽石榴优良无性系——‘枣选1号'和‘枣选3号',2007年9月通过山东省科技厅组织的鉴定,2007年12月通过山东省林木品种审定委员会审定。其果个、外观等经济指标均较原品种有较大改观,‘枣选1号',成年树平均株产30kg。果实圆球形,表面光滑,果皮70%着红色,向阳面呈鲜红色,间有浓红断续条纹,萼筒较长,萼片6裂反卷。单果重386g,最大果重468g,平均百粒重57.3g,出汁率92.5%。籽粒大而整齐,长形,青白色,放射线明显,籽粒透明,种子硬度3.74kg,仁软可食,含可溶性固形物15.8%,品质极上。5月上旬进入始花期,6月上旬进入盛花期。果实9月下旬成熟。‘枣选3号',成年树平均株产35kg。大型果,果实圆球形,果肩齐,表面光亮,果皮全面着鲜红色,向阳面呈艳红色,萼筒较短,开张。单果重424g,最大果重662g,平均百粒重51.9g,出汁率91.6%。籽粒略带红色,透明,种子硬度4.77kg,仁软可食,含可溶性固形物15.8%,品质极上。5月上旬进入始花期,6月上旬进入盛花期。果实9月底成熟。经多年多点试栽证明,‘枣选1号'和‘枣选3号'可以在鲁南及相似生态区推广。同时,使用杭州托普仪器有限公司提供的GW-1型谷物硬度计测量国内部分石榴品种的种子硬度,其数值区间为1.27～12.64kg,硬度最小的是‘突尼斯软籽',硬度为1.27kg,硬度最大的是‘冰糖籽'石榴12号样本,硬度为12.64kg,两者相差11.37kg。根据近年来笔者对软籽石榴种子的感官判别标准和生产实际需要,将石榴按照种子硬度划分为软籽石榴、半软籽石榴、普通石榴和硬籽石榴4个等级,每个等级级差为3kg。即一级为软籽石榴,籽粒硬度在0～4.5kg;二级为半软籽石榴,籽粒硬度在4.6～7.5kg;三级为普通石榴,籽粒硬度在7.6～10.5kg;四级为硬籽石榴,籽粒硬度在10.6kg以上。

A Preliminary Report on Variety Breeding of Soft-seeded Pomegranate

Optimization and the relevant cultivation technique research on well-known soft-seeded pomegranate from Guocun Village in Zaozhuang was carried out from 1996 to 2007. By employing superior tree selection, multi-generation top grafting, introduction and cultivation, radioactive breeding and virus-free and rapid propagation, ‘Zao Xuang l＇and ＇Zao Xuang Y, two soft-seeded pomegranate superior clone selected from soft-seeded pomegranate of Guocun Village and Gangliu, passed the appraisement of Shandong Science and Technology Department in September 2007 and was examined and approved by Shandong Province Forest Variety Evaluation Committee in December 2007. The size and appearance of ‘Zao Xuang 1＇ had been greatly improved, an average yield of grow-up plant was 30 ks. The fruits were original types with smooth surface. Seventy percent of peel was red. Sunny side of the fruits had scarlet and had fitful strip with strong red. The calyx tube of fruits was long and 6 sepals were revolute. Single fruit weight was 386 g and the largest was 468 g. The average weight of 100-grain was 57.3 g and the juice yield was 92.5%. The pomegranate grain was big, long, green- white, with obvious radiation, transparent. The seed hardness was 3.74 kg and edible. The soluble solid proportion was 15.8%. It began to flower in the early of May. The florescence was in the early of May. The fruit matures in late September. An average yield of grow-up plant of ‘Zao Xuang 3＇ was 35 ks. The fruits were big and original types. The fruit shoulder was flush and had bright surface. The total peel was bright red. Sunny side of the fruits was vivid red. The calyx tube of fruits was short and open. Single fruit weight was 424 g and the largest was 662 g. The average weight of 100-grain was 51.9g and the juice yield was 91.6%. The pomegranate grain was big, long, green-white, obvious radiation, transparent. The seed hardness was 3.74 kg and edible. The soluble solid proportion was 15.8%. It began to flower in the early of May. The florescence was in the early of May. The fruit matures in late September. The results from different sites for several years proved that ‘Zao Xuang 1＇ and ‘Zao Xuang 3＇ can be extended in southern Shandong and other similar ecological zone. Seed hardness of some domestic pomegranate varieties were from 1.27 kg to 12.64 kg measured by GW-1 Corn sclerometer from Hangzhou Top Instruments CO., LTD. The hardness of Tunisia＇s pomegranate was smallest, only 1.27 ks. The maximum hardness variety was bingtangzi pomegranate 12, 12.64 kg. The difference between the two was 11.37 ks. On the basis of soft-seeded pomegranate sense perception judgment standard of author＇s experience and the actual need of production, pomegranate can be divided into four levels according to seed hardness, which are soft-seeded pomegranate, half-soft-seeded pomegranate, general pomegranate and hard-seeded pomegranate. Differential of each level is 3ks, which are as follows. Level 1 is soft-seeded pomegranate, seed hardness 0-4.5ks. Level 2 is half- soft-seeded pomegranate, seed hardness 4.6-7.5kg. Level 3 is general pomegranate, seed hardness 7.6-10.5kg. Level 4 is hard-seeded pomegranate, seed hardness above 10.6ks.