鲤鱼冷藏中的鲜度变化与货架期

以感官、化学和微生物为指标,研究了养殖鲤鱼在0℃(冰藏)、5℃、10℃和15℃贮藏过程中的鲜度变化和货架期,并对菌落总数、嗜冷菌、假单胞菌、挥发性盐基氮与感官评价的一致性程度进行了探讨。结果表明,在0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃的贮藏过程中,鲤鱼的高品质期分别为426 h、189 h、95 h和58 h,货架期分别为713 h、382 h、146 h和87 h。各温度高品质期终点和货架期终点时菌落总数分别为6.63±0.45 lg cfu/g、7.18±0.29 lg cfu/g,假单胞菌数分别为5.69±0.75 lg cfu/g、6.50±0.33 lg cfu/g,挥发性盐基氮均值分别为9.90±0.52 mg/100 g、20.52±0.34 mg/100 g。各温度下高品质期终点和货架期终点时各指标均值均无显著差异(P0.05),表明菌落总数、假单胞菌和挥发性盐基氮作为鲤鱼低温贮藏的鲜度指标与感官鲜度评价有较好的一致性。     

大黄鱼冷藏过程中的鲜度变化

研究了大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)贮藏于0℃(冰藏)、3℃、7℃和10℃过程中,在感官、化学和微生物品质方面的变化特性,并对其货架期进行分析,探讨了菌落总数、嗜冷菌、假单胞菌、产H2S菌、TVBN和TMA与感官评价的一致程度.结果表明,大黄鱼是海水鱼中鲜度下降较慢的种类,在O℃、3℃、7℃、10℃的贮藏过程中,大黄鱼的高品质期分别为330 h、208 h、114 h和87 h,货架期分别为523 h、368 h、197 h和150 h.各温度高品质期终点和货架期终点时菌落总数(CFU)/g的对数平均值分别为6.10±0.30和6.67±0.35,产H2S菌数(CFU/g)的对数平均值分别为5.82±0.33和6.37±0.22,TVBN均值分别为(14.77±0.5)mg/(100 g)和(28.02±1.19)mg/(100 g);TMA均值分别为(2.55+0.62)mg/(100 g)和(9.84±1.28)mg/(100 g),各温度下高品质期终点和货架期终点时各指标均值均无显著差异(P>0.05),表明菌落总数、产H2S菌数和TVBN值作为大黄鱼低温贮藏的鲜度指标与感官鲜度评价有较好的一致性.     

大菱鲆0、25℃贮藏的鲜度变化和货架期

以感官、化学和微生物为指标,对大菱鲆在冰藏(0℃)、室温(25℃)贮藏过程中的鲜度变化和货架期进行了研究,并探讨了菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、三甲胺氮(TMA)与感官评价的一致性程度。结果表明,0℃和25℃贮藏大菱鲆,高品质期分别为526 h和26 h,货架期分别为763 h和49 h;TVC在高品质期终点分别为6.88、6.38 lg(cfu/g),在货架期终点分别为7.67、7.90 lg(cfu/g);TVBN在高品质期终点分别为15.97、16.46 mg/100g,在货架期终点分别为33.1、28.58 mg/100 g;TMA在高品质期终点分别为1.29、0.74 mg/100 g,在货架期终点分别为12.89、11.37 mg/100g。各指标间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),表明TVC、TVBN值、TMA值作为大菱鲆贮藏中的品质指标保持较好的一致性。大菱鲆0℃和25℃贮藏的主要腐败菌均为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.),其次为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)。     

养殖大黄鱼冷藏过程中细菌菌相的变化

采用感官、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、菌落总数对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)在0℃、5℃冷藏过程中的品质变化特征进行分析,并对细菌菌相进行定性和定量研究。结果表明,冷藏初期、高品质期和货架期终点菌落总数N(CFU/g)的对数值(lgN)分别为5.40±0.17、6.98±0.17、7.38±0.09,TVBN分别为(7.00±1.82)mg.100-1.g-1、(13.00±1.42)mg.100-1.g-1、(29.92±1.75)mg.100-1.g-1。冷藏初期分离获得211株菌株,84.8%是革兰氏阴性菌,出现少量革兰氏阳性菌(6.2%),优势菌群是肠杆菌科细菌(6.6%)、气单胞菌属(14.2%)、不动杆菌属(13.3%)、摩氏杆菌属(11.8%),并出现了一定比例的假单胞菌属、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和其他细菌。冷藏过程中细菌菌相逐渐变得单一,腐败希瓦氏菌上升趋势明显。高品质期时,0℃冷藏大黄鱼优势菌群为腐败希瓦氏菌(45.8%)和缺陷短波胞单胞菌(13.6%);5℃冷藏大黄鱼优势菌群为腐败希瓦氏菌(37.9%)和假单胞菌属(15.6%)。货架期终点时,0℃、5℃冷藏大黄鱼优势菌为腐败希瓦氏菌,比例分别为75.5%和59.6%。     

罗非鱼冷藏过程细菌种群的变化

对养殖尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)0～10℃贮藏过程中感官、化学、微生物品质和细菌种群消长研究表明,初始样品挥发性盐基氮为(8.08±0.29)mg/(100g),菌落总数(CFU/g)的对数值为4.79±0.60;细菌种群复杂,种类繁多,分离到570株菌,其中80.5%为革兰氏阴性菌,13.6%为革兰氏阳性菌,优势菌是假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.)(36.5%)、肠杆菌科细菌(Enterobacteriaceae)(14.2%)和气单胞菌(Aeromonas spp.)(15.3%),同时检出了一定比例的不动杆菌和其他细菌。冷藏过程中肠杆菌科细菌、气单胞菌等生长受到抑制,细菌菌相组成逐渐变得单一,适应低温环境下革兰氏阴性菌比例不断增加,0℃、5℃、10℃贮藏至货架期终点时,阴性菌的比例分别达到86.4%、88.9%、100.0%;假单胞菌增殖显著,比例分别达到80.7%、68.1%、60.0%,可确认其为0～10℃贮藏罗非鱼的优势腐败菌。假单胞菌的种类变化趋势显示,优势顺序分别为荧光假单胞菌(P.uorescens)、恶臭假单胞菌(P.putida)、铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)、产碱假单胞菌(P.alcaligenes),0℃、5℃、10℃贮藏至货架期终点时,假单胞菌中荧光假单胞菌分别占52.1%、53.1%、59.3%,可确认其为最优势种群。     

冷藏和冰藏条件下虹鳟鱼鱼片品质变化研究

为了科学地了解虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)鱼片贮藏过程中的品质变化规律,以建立高效的品质控制技术,研究了虹鳟鱼鱼片在冷藏(3±1)℃和冰藏(0±1)℃条件下挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、色泽、腺苷三磷酸(ATP)关联物、K值及菌落总数(TAC)等指标的变化,评价不同温度对虹鳟鱼片品质的影响。结果显示:虹鳟鱼片TVB-N的增长速度在冷藏条件下显著高于冰藏条件,冷藏至第9天为20.72 mg/100g,冰藏至第15天为25.76 mg/100g;冷藏至第6天TAC为7.40 lg cfu/g,冰藏至第12天TAC为8.27 lg cfu/g;与冰藏相比,冷藏条件下虹鳟鱼片K值较高;肌苷酸(IMP)含量分别在冷藏8 h(8.36μmol/g)和冰藏24 h(8.70μmol/g)达到最大值,即冷藏和冰藏虹鳟鱼片的最佳食用时间分别是宰杀后的8 h和24 h。结合各项指标变化,冷藏和冰藏虹鳟鱼片的货架期分别为6 d和12 d。     

冷藏养殖大黄鱼指数腐败货架期模型的构建与评价

通过感官、化学、微生物学分析对0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼鲜度和货架期进行研究,构建和验证了指数腐败货架期模型。结果表明,0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼货架期终点时菌落总数、假单胞菌数、嗜冷菌数和产H2S细菌数分别为6.64~7.60、6.24~6.96、6.16~6.90、6.14~6.62 lg cfu/g,挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺分别为27.15~30.12 mg/100g和8.44~10.83 mg/100g。0、5、8和10℃冷藏大黄鱼的货架期分别为17.8±2.5、9.3±1.1、7.0和5.4±1.3 d,并用于构建指数腐败货架期模型。用0、3、7℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼货架期验证指数腐败货架期模型,相对误差为?6.1%~4.6%,显示该模型可以快速有效预测0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼的剩余货架期。     

罗非鱼特定腐败菌生长动力学模型和货架期预测

以有氧冷藏养殖罗非鱼为研究对象,建立和验证了用于预测冷藏罗非鱼微生物学质量和剩余货架期的特定腐败菌生长动力学模型。感官、总挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)评价和微生物生长动态分析表明,罗非鱼在0～15℃贮藏中的特定腐败菌为假单胞菌,在0、5、10、15℃,感官货架期终点的假单胞菌数平均值为7.70±0.11log10cfu·g-1。假单胞菌在0、5、10、15℃的生长实验值用于建立生长动力学模型表明,Gompertz方程能很好地描述假单胞菌在0～15℃温度区域的生长动态。Nmax(最大菌数)受贮藏温度的影响不大,在4种温度下平均值在8.85±0.18log10cfu·g-1。温度对μmax(最大比生长速率)和Lag(延滞时间)的影响,采用Belehradek方程描述呈现良好线性关系。用贮藏在3、8℃假单胞菌的生长实验值,验证建立的模型,偏差度为0.97～1.01,准确度为1.02～1.04,货架期预测值和实测值的相对误差分别为3.47%和-7.91%,显示建立的模型可以快速可靠地实时预测0～15℃贮藏罗非鱼的微生物学质量和剩余货架期。     

复合生物保鲜剂结合冰温贮藏对红鳍东方鲀的保鲜效果

为了延长红鳍东方鲀鱼块的货架期,利用响应面Box-Behnken原理设计柠檬酸、百里酚和海藻酸钠3因素3水平响应面分析实验,建立以菌落总数为响应值的二次多项式回归模型。并通过pH、汁液流失率、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、菌落总数及优势腐败菌假单胞菌等指标测定,对最佳配比的复合生物保鲜剂的保鲜效果进行了验证。结果显示,冰温下,柠檬酸、百里酚、海藻酸钠的最优配比分别为0.68%、1.45%、1.94%,贮藏30 d时菌落总数为最低值5.50 lg (CFU/g),并且3种保鲜剂两两间均存在极显著的交互作用。经验证,该复合生物保鲜剂可以显著抑制微生物的增长,有效降低贮藏过程中的TVB-N含量、TBA含量,显著减缓了鱼块的腐败变质发生,货架期较对照组的15 d延长至30 d。     

软烤扇贝贮藏过程中的品质和细菌相变化

研究了软烤扇贝在10℃,25℃贮藏条件下的细菌种类、生长情况及品质变化,结果表明,产品贮藏初期的pH、水分活度(Aw)值分别为6.72±0.01、0.91±0.07,Aw控制较好,而pH值偏高.产品贮藏初期菌落总数为(2.43±0.03)lg(CFU)/g,耐热菌数为(2.02±0.14)lg(CFU)/g,厌氧菌数为(1.30±0.11)lg(CFU)/g,细菌相比较单一,主要包括芽孢杆菌(71.8%)、玫瑰小球菌(12.8%)、葡萄球菌(10.3%).10℃贮藏到达货架期终点176 d时,细菌总数、耐热菌数、厌氧菌数分别为(5.56±0.17)lg(CFU)/g、(5.41±0.05)lg(CFU)/g、(2.11±0.08)lg(CFU)/g;25℃贮藏到达货架期终点73d时,细菌总数、耐热菌数、厌氧菌数分别为(5.00±0.28)lg(CFU)/g和(5.13±0.11)lg(CFU)/g、(3.97±0.13)lg(CFU)/g.不同温度下,贮藏过程中的细菌相变化不同,25℃贮藏过程中玫瑰小球菌比例上升,从原来的12.8%上升至83.4%,而芽孢杆菌比例下降;而在10℃贮藏过程中芽孢杆菌比例基本没有发生变化,而棒状杆菌比例上升至28.2%.     

The Relationship Between Electric Impedance and Quality Parameters of Ungutted and Gutted Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Stored at 4°C

In order to understand the relationship between electric conductivity and quality parameters of common carp during storage, the electric impedances in the frequencies ranging from 1 to 20 kHz, total viable count (TVC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and K values of gutted and ungutted common carp were determined during 4°C storage. The result showed that the change ratio of electric impedance (Q value) of both gutted and ungutted common carp decreased with increasing storage time, while TVC, TVB-N, and K values increased gradually. There was a good correlation between Q values and TVC, TVB-N, and K values of gutted and ungutted common carp, and their correlation coefficients were 0.952, 0.965, 0.928, and 0.956, 0.975, and 0.938, respectively. This result demonstrated that Q value is valid to predict some quality parameters of common carp during 4°C storage.     

养殖大黄鱼冰藏流通的货架期试验

本文于2004年7月对养殖大黄鱼进行了冰藏流通货架期的试验研究，监测了实际流通全过程的鱼体温度和鲜度质量的变化。结果表明，大黄鱼冰藏流通过程的总体设计是合理的，但在夏季，鱼在捕获后的处理加工中没有得到及时的有效冷却，运输和流通中不使用冷藏车、冷藏库，不仅增加了用冰量，而且冰融化较快，大大缩短了冰藏大黄鱼的货架期，冰藏3d后再次在上层加覆盖细碎冰．鱼可保持高品质期4d，货架期5.75d。     

A Comparative Study on the Quality Changes of Croaker (Johnius dussumieri) Fish Stored in Slurry Ice and Flake Ice

In the present study, the effect of storage in slurry ice compared to conventional flake ice (control) on the quality of croaker (Johnius dussumieri) fish was evaluated. Biochemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses were performed. Total volatile base nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, and pH values were lower for fish stored in slurry ice than in control. Similarly, aerobic plate count and Pseudomonas sp. count were also found at lower population levels in fish stored in slurry ice. Texture profile analysis revealed that fish stored in slurry ice showed improved texture. Based on the microbiological and sensory analysis, the shelf life of croaker fish stored in slurry ice was 15 days.     

Appraising the Shelf Life of Farmed Cobia,Rachycentron canadum,by Application of a Quality Index Method

Freshness is the main concern of seafood quality, and the principal method to evaluate seafood freshness is sensory evaluation. The aim of this work was to study the quality changes of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, under ice storage through sensory and physical analysis as well as bacterial counting of specific spoilage organisms (SSOs). In particular, the utilization of a quality index method (QIM) scheme was proposed. Samples stored for 0–30 d were analyzed with the QIM. Ten panelists observed and registered the changes occurring in the fish starting on day zero and ending when the fish were spoiled. After developing the scheme, 11 sensory attributes were described in 23 points, which detailed the appearance of skin, eyes, abdomen, gills, and flesh deterioration. The volatile nitrogen compound measurements and microbiological data of the SSOs determined a shelf‐life of 19 d for the samples. Sensory analysis showed a rejection point at 15.67 d of ice storage. The natural degradation of myofibrillar proteins and collagen was observed during ice storage. In conclusion, a shelf‐life of 15 d was defined for raw cobia stored on ice.     

腌制鳙鱼片在冷藏过程中品质变化规律的研究

文章研究了腌制鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）鱼片在冷藏过程中的品质变化规律.将鱼片用质量分数为2％的食盐进行腌制处理,置于4 ℃下冷藏,通过测定感官指标和硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值、色泽、脂肪酸组成等理化指标,探究腌制对鳙品质的影响.结果显示,腌制组鱼片的货架期为15 d,对照组为9d;腌制组和对照组的pH分别在第9天和第3天达到最低值,分别为6.73和6.81;腌制组TBA值的增长速度显著高于对照组;与对照组相比,腌制鱼片的亮度低,肉色偏红、偏蓝;腌制组鱼片的总多不饱和脂肪酸（∑PUFA）,尤其是n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结果表明,腌制虽然能够延长鳙鱼片冷藏时的货架期,但是会加速鱼片变色,促进脂肪酸尤其是n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化.     

Effect of Delayed Icing on the Microbiological,Chemical, and Sensory Properties of Caspian Sea Golden Grey Mullet (Liza aurata)

Research has shown that fresh fish is an extremely perishable food as compared to other food commodities. In this study, quality deterioration during storage of golden grey mullet (GGM) iced for 0, 6, and 12 h after landing was monitored. Microbiological indices (total viable count, TVC; psychrophilic counts, PTC; lactic acid bacteria, LAB; and Enterobacteriaceae counts, EBC), chemical parameters (pH; total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N; peroxide value, PV; thiobarbituric acid, TBA; and free fatty acids, FFA) values increased over the preicing duration. Delayed icing did not lead to significant increases (p > 0.05) in TVC, PTC, LAB, and EBC throughout the period of storage. All chemical indices increased during storage (p < 0.05). This study showed that sensorial analysis of GGM correlated well with microbiological analysis. Results of this study based on the microbiological and raw fish sensorial data indicated that the shelf life of GGM stored in ice immediately after catch was approximately 10–11 days, while the 6- and 12-h delays in icing shortened the shelf life to approximately 6–7 and 2–3 days, respectively.     

在不同贮藏温度下鲢肌肉鲜度的变化

以总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)作为肌肉鲜度的评定指标,研究在冷藏(4℃)和冷冻(-18℃)条件下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)背部和腹部肌肉鲜度的变化情况。结果表明,在贮存过程中,鲢背部和腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均符合一级反应动力学模型;随着温度的升高,反应速率加快;在4℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为27～38 h,二级鲜度为51～65 h,到81～88 h腐败变质;在-18℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为11～18 d,二级鲜度为36～43 d,到73～77 d腐败变质;在同一贮存时间,腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均高于背部;并且,鲢肌肉的TVB-N与TBA呈极显著(P<0.01)的正相关关系。     

Sensory Quality and Shelf Life of MAP Redfish (Sebastes marinus) Fillets as Affected by Previous MA Bulk Storage of Whole Fish

Abstract

The shelf life of iced redfish is known to be 16–19 days. This study evaluated the effects of modified atmosphere (CO₂/N₂: 60/40) in bulk storage of redfish and subsequent modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fillets. Fish were evaluated by sensory, microbiological and chemical methods. Modified atmosphere (MA) bulk storage of whole fish for more than 5 to 10 days did not improve their sensory quality or significantly increase shelf life. In fact, the study showed negative effects in texture and overall appearance. MAP of fillets processed from 10-day MA bulk stored fish showed a modest increase in shelf life, but negatively affected their texture. Sensory qualities, i.e., tenderness, that decreased under MA bulk storage were improved upon aerobic storage for fish stored under MA for 5 to 10 days, but not 14 days. Lower microbial levels were found in MA bulk stored fish and MAP fillets compared to traditionally iced fish, while higher TMA levels were found in MAP fillets.