影响母牛受胎率若干因素的探讨

<正> 母牛“冷配”受胎率的高低,受多方面因素的影响,我们于1984—87年对部分影响授精效果的因素进行了初步探讨,现将结果整理如下: 1.输精时间与受胎率的关系 据114头次发情奶牛,距排卵不同时间输精的受胎效果统计(见表1),排卵前4—12小时授精效果最好,与其它授精时间相比,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。据我场母牛的发情排卵规律调查,发情开始到排卵平     

5种同期排卵-定时输精方案在奶牛场生产中的应用研究

选择新疆石河子地区某规模化牛场300头产后泌乳奶牛,采用5种不同的"同期排卵+定时输精"处理方案,研究其对产后泌乳牛发情率、受胎率及21 d妊娠率的影响。结果表明:5组不同处理方案的产后泌乳奶牛发情率,受胎率及21 d妊娠率均显著高于未经任何处理的对照组(P0.05)。因此,在规模化牛场对奶牛进行同期排卵方案处理时,增加一个孕酮栓装置,可以有效地提高定时输精后的受胎率,较好地提高奶牛场的繁殖效率。     

孕马血清对提高奶牛受胎率的效果观察

对屡配不孕奶牛在发情周期第11天肌注PMSG，第13天肌注氯前列烯醇，发情后输精．可有效提高情期受胎率，另对产后60天以上未配过的奶牛作同期发情处理，在第11肌注PMSG，第13天肌注氯前列烯醇，发情后输精，也明显可提高情期受胎率。结果显示：在屡配不孕牛组中A1组的受胎率40％（4／10），A2组的受胎率10％（1／10）；同期发情组中B1组的受胎率43．8％（7／16）．B2组的受胎率30．8％（4／13）。以上结果显示应用PMSG可明显提高奶牛情期受胎率。     

提高奶牛繁殖力的研究

选用７１５头奶牛作为试验牛，１７２头奶牛作为对照牛，试验处理：临床健康奶牛、排卵延迟奶牛经ＬＲＨ－Ａ或ＨＣＧ处理后，１次输精的受胎率，情期受胎率，总受胎率显著高于对照牛。     

预同步定时输精程序对提高奶牛产后繁殖效率的效果观察

在产后35～40d应用预同步定时输精程序对奶牛进行同步排卵处理,结果显示,奶牛产后80d的参配率和情期受胎率分别达到92.6%和46.7%,产后80d和180d的总受胎率分别达到43.3%和93.5%,均显著高于应用其他处理方法或未做处理的对照组。应用预同步定时输精程序,可以节约观察发情时间,提高工作效率,缩短奶牛产后首次配种时间,减少奶牛空怀天数,为奶牛场创造可观的经济效益。     

应用促黄体素释放激素提高奶牛繁殖力试验

在５３９头黑白花奶牛中进行促黄体素释放激素（ＬＲＨ－Ａ）提高繁殖力试验，其中３８１头母牛在授精时每头肌注ＬＲＨ－Ａ２００μｇ，１５８头母牛作为对照。试验结果：肌注ＬＲＨ－Ａ的临床健康母牛一次输精受胎率为７８．８８％，显著高于对照牛的４８．０５％；肌注ＬＲＨ－Ａ的排卵延迟母牛一次输精受胎率为７３．３３％，情期受胎率６８％和总受胎率８５％，显著高于对照牛的２５％、２６．８６％和６４．２８％：产后１４天肌注ＬＲＨ－Ａ的母牛产犊间隔为３６０．３１±２７．６７天，显著短于对照牛（３９４．７３±０．３２天）。结果表明，应用ＬＲＨ－Ａ处理能明显提高奶牛繁殖力。     

奶牛输精操作过程中应掌握的工作

1输精时间的确定奶牛的发情周期平均为21天左右,发情持续期较短,大约20小时,排卵一般发生在发情结束后10~16小时,因此,准确的发情鉴定与适时输精是提高受胎率的有力保证。奶牛输精的实践表明,在母牛接受爬跨、卵泡发育期的后期或卵泡成熟期输精可     

闽北山地群牧黄牛发情排卵和输精适期的研究

近两年来,我们对闽北山地群牧黄牛的发情排卵和输精适期进行了研究,结果表明:本地黄牛发情周期平均为21.57±9.90天,其变动范围较大,发情周期分布在16—25天者仅占50%;发情盛期持续时间平均为10.11±3.04小时,集中在7—12小时者占85.71%;发情母牛拒绝爬跨后至排卵的时间平均为10.67±6.20小时,排卵时间集中在8—11小时者占57.50%;发情期中的适时输精时间是在母牛接受爬跨后9—11小时之内。情期受胎率可达85.71%;母牛在发情期内进行一次和两次输精对受胎效果的影响差异不显著。因此我们认为输精与受胎的关系贵在适时而不在输精次数的多少。     

同期发情处理在安化本地水牛繁殖的应用

为研究同期发情处理对安化本地水牛繁殖性能的影响,试验分别采用定时输精法、不同激素处理进行同期同期发情处理,并对比青年牛与经产牛对同期发情效果的差异。结果表明:注射Gn RH后18h~20h定时输精和注射Gn RH后观察发情症状适时输精的受胎率为分别为23.53%和37.04%;在同期发情处理后,在第一次配种后注射h CG、LRH-A3或Gn RH,受胎率分别为32.43%、29.17%和38.46%,对照组受胎率为21.05%;青年母牛的同期发情率为51.52%,显著低于经产牛的73.58%,青年母牛和经产牛配种受胎率和总体受胎率分别为47.06%、24.24%和46.15%、33.96%。因此,在安化水牛上适时输精要优于定时输精,第一次配种后注射一定剂量h CG和Gn RH能够提高受胎率,同期发情处理应尽量选择经产牛。     

提高牛人工授精受胎率的措施

1 输精时间 牛输精时间的把握至关重要,往往受胎率的高低决定于输精员对授精时间的把握.牛一般在发情后24～36 h排卵,卵子在输卵管内保持受精能力的时间只有18～20h,随着时间的推迟受精能力降低.     

褪黑素对荷斯坦奶牛妊娠率及生殖激素的影响

试验旨在探明皮下注射褪黑素（MT）对荷斯坦奶牛配种妊娠率及血清生殖激素的影响。用计步器法确定自然发情的首次配种荷斯坦奶牛150头，对其中70头进行颈部皮下肌内注射褪黑素30 mg，12 h后进行人工输精；选择170头产后首次配种的荷斯坦奶牛进行同期排卵-定时输精处理，其中90头荷斯坦奶牛最后一次注射促性腺激素释放激素（gonadotropin-releasing hormone，GnRH）的同时进行颈部皮下肌内注射褪黑素30 mg，16 h后进行人工输精。在进行二次配种的荷斯坦奶牛中选择153只进行皮下注射褪黑素。荷斯坦奶牛输精后20~35 d进行妊娠检查，详细记录首次配种妊娠母牛头数、二次配种妊娠母牛头数、产犊数。选取同期排卵-定时输精的荷斯坦奶牛25头，皮下注射褪黑素8 h后用放射免疫法检测其血清中褪黑素、促卵泡素（FSH）、促黄体素（LH）、雌二醇（E₂）的含量及35 d妊检时妊娠母牛血清中孕酮（P₄）含量。结果显示，与自然发情和同期排卵对照组相比，其对应的皮下注射褪黑素组荷斯坦奶牛的妊娠率及产犊率均显著提高（P<0.05）；皮下注射褪黑素组的双犊率显著提高（P<0.05），首次配种妊娠率和产犊率均显著提高（P<0.05），二次配种妊娠率和产犊率均差异不显著（P>0.05）。血清激素检测结果表明，与对照组相比，皮下注射褪黑素组血清中褪黑素、LH、E₂含量均显著增加（P<0.05）；35 d妊检时，皮下注射褪黑素的妊娠母牛P₄含量显著增加（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明，皮下注射褪黑素能够提高荷斯坦奶牛的妊娠率、产犊率及血清中LH、E₂和P₄含量，说明皮下注射褪黑素能够促进卵母细胞成熟和排卵，并提高配种妊娠率。     

The effect of time of artificial insemination on fertilization status and embryo quality in superovulated cows

Thirty nonlactating Holstein cows were superovulated to determine the effect of artificial insemination time on fertilization status and embryo quality. During the luteal phase of the estrous cycle, cows were administered 38 mg FSH-P in a 4-d descending dose regimen. Luteolysis was induced with two injections of prostaglandin on the last day of FSH-P treatment. All cows were continuously monitored for behavioral estrus using the HeatWatch estrus detection system. All cows were inseminated once with one .5-mL straw (50 x 10(6) sperm) at either 0 (n = 10), 12 (n = 10), or 24 h (n = 10) after the first standing event. The elapsed time (mean +/- SD) from the first prostaglandin dose to the first standing event was 39.4 h +/- 7.7 h. The (mean +/- SD) duration of behavioral estrus was 13.2 h +/- 4.1 h. The (mean +/- SD) number of standing events was 27 +/- 17. Five hundred twenty-nine embryos and ova were recovered nonsurgically 6 d after insemination. Fertilization rates were 29 (0 h), 60 (12 h), and 81% (24 h) (P < .01). Percentages of excellent and good, fair and poor, and degenerate embryos were not different (P > .05). Percentages of embryos with accessory sperm were 5 (0 h), 8 (12 h), and 41 (24 h) and differed between the 0 and 24 h and the 12 and 24 h inseminations (P < .01). Artificial insemination of superovulated, nonlactating Holstein cattle 24 h after onset of estrus increased fertilization rate and percentage of embryos with accessory sperm compared with insemination at 0 or 12 h after onset of estrus. Embryo quality was not affected by time of insemination.     

同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及效果分析

为探究同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及不同同期排卵技术处理效果，指导同期排卵技术优化。本研究自动监测了18头20月龄左右同期排卵（GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛和17头产后40~60 d预同期排卵（PG-PG-GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛的体温和活动量，应用自动检测系统进行母牛发情监测。结果发现，同期排卵处理母牛发情时阴道温度平均升高（0.43±0.20）℃，持续（12.37±2.73）h；活动量平均升高（18.28±18.61）倍，持续（11.00±1.68）h；排卵时阴道温度平均下降（0.20±0.10）℃，持续（11.00±1.68）h。自动化发情监测显示，同期排卵处理母牛7头发情并排卵；预同期排卵母牛GnRH处理前全部发情排卵。两种同期排卵处理，虽可改变母牛性周期进程，促进母牛性周期同步化，但均难以使母牛性周期完全同步。因此，将同期排卵-定时输精和发情鉴定技术科学结合才能取得更好的繁殖效果。     

夏南横交母牛繁殖性能调查

通过对581头1 240胎次夏南横交母牛繁殖性能的调查显示,夏南横交母牛的初情时间平均为472.3 d,发情周期为19.6 d,初配时间为493.2 d,妊娠期为285.9 d,产后初配时间为60.3 d,难产率为1.05%,2.5岁前产头犊可达94.0%,2~10.5岁产犊率为86.0%。     

A field study on estrus detection in lactating beef cattle

Estrus detection efficacy and heat detection protocol were studied by means of a field study carried out on 878 lactating beef cows in 60 French herds. Average herd size was 48, and 75% of the farmers partly or exclusively used artificial insemination. The cows were calved between October 1992 and March 1993. Estrus was recorded daily by the farmers. Cycling status was determined by progesterone radioimmuno-assay 2 months after calving. The relationship between the estrus detection protocol and the delay period from calving to first observed estrus was analysed using survival curves and the Cox proportional hazard model, adjusting for confounders. Seventy-one percent of the cows were seen in estrus by the farmers; the interval between calving and the first observed estrus ranged from 9 days to more than 5 months and the median was 56 days. Two months after calving, 44% of the cycling cows had not been seen in heat by the farmers and 11% of the non-cycling cows had been reported to have been in estrus. The heat detection protocol varied widely between farmers, depending on the considered estrus signs, schedule and time spent looking for signs. Two factors were significantly related to a shorter interval from calving to first observed heat: the use of artificial insemination (which relates to the farmer's interest in heat detection) and an overall daily time spent for heat detection greater than 1 h. Cows in tie stalls had a delayed interval to the first observed estrus. These results show that many farmers did not adapt their reproduction practice sufficiently to an earlier calving period. There is room for improvement since in many cases the heat detection protocol does not match the required standards for optimal heat detection.     

Administration of p.g. 600 to sows at weaning and the time of ovulation as determined by transrectal ultrasound

This study determined whether the interval from estrus to ovulation was altered by giving P.G. 600 to sows at weaning. Mixed-parity sows received P.G. 600 i.m. (n = 72) or no treatment (n = 65) at weaning (d 0). Beginning on d 0, sows were observed for estrus twice daily. At the onset of estrus and thereafter, ultrasound was performed twice daily to determine the average size of the largest follicles and time of ovulation. Weaning age (20.1+/-0.4 d) did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. More P.G. 600 sows expressed estrus within 8 d (P < 0.01) than controls (94.4% vs 78.4%, respectively). Parity was associated with expression of estrus (P < 0.02), with 78% of first-parity and 93% of later-parity sows exhibiting estrus. However, no treatment x parity effect was observed (P > 0.10). The interval from weaning to estrus was reduced (P < 0.0001) by P.G. 600 compared with controls (3.8+/-0.1 d vs 4.9+/-0.1 d). Follicle size at estrus was not affected by treatment (P > 0.10). The percentage of sows that ovulated did not differ (P > 0.10) for P.G. 600 and control sows (90.3% vs 81.5%, respectively). Time of ovulation after estrus was not affected by treatment and averaged 44.8 h. However, univariate analysis indicated that the interval from weaning to estrus influenced the interval from estrus to ovulation (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001). Further, multivariate analysis showed an effect of treatment on the intervals from weaning to estrus, weaning to ovulation (P < 0.0001), and estrus to ovulation (P < 0.04). Within 4 d after weaning, 81% of the P.G. 600 sows had expressed estrus compared with 33% of controls. However, this trend reversed for ovulation, with only 35% of P.G. 600 sows ovulating by 36 h after estrus compared with 40% of controls. The estrus-to-ovulation interval was also longer for control and P.G. 600 sows expressing estrus < or = 3 d of weaning (45 h and 58 h, respectively) than for sows expressing estrus after 5 d (39 h and 32 h, respectively). Farrowing rate and litter size were not influenced by treatment. However, the interval from last insemination to ovulation (P < 0.02) indicated that more sows farrowed (80%) when the last insemination occurred at < or = 23 to > or = 0 h before ovulation compared with insemination > or = 24 h before ovulation (55%). In summary, P.G. 600 enhanced the expression of estrus and ovulation in weaned sows but, breeding protocols may need to be optimized for time of ovulation based on the interval from weaning to estrus.     

氯前列醇诱导夏河牦牛同期发情辅助繁殖

[目的]研究探讨氯前列醇诱导牦牛同期发情的效果。[方法]选择夏河县桑科种羊场母牦牛为试验牛,采用氯前列醇注射液诱导牦牛同期发情。通过统计阶段发情率及产犊率来判断生殖激素不同处理方式对牦牛辅助繁殖的影响。[结果]首次氯前列醇注射液肌注2 mL处理后,牦牛发情率及产犊率大于第2次氯前列醇注射液肌注3.2 mL处理及第3次氯前列醇注射液肌注3.2 mL处理。[结论]通过氯前列醇处理牦牛同期发情,提高首次处理的发情率可有效提高整体产犊率,生殖激素调控藏区牦牛同期发情来提高牦牛繁育率。     

Effect of timing of artificial insemination after synchronization of ovulation on reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of timing of artificial insemination on pregnancy rates, calving rates, abortion rates, twinning rates, and calf gender ratio after synchronization of ovulation with Ovsynch protocol in Holstein dairy cows. The ovulation of 219 lactating Holstein dairy cows was synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol. Therefore, cows received an injection of GnRH followed by an injection of prostaglandin F_2α 7 days later and a second treatment with GnRH 2 days later. Cows were artificially inseminated at 0, 12, or 24 h after the second injection of GnRH. Reproductive performance did not differ between cows inseminated at 0 h (n?=?82), 12 h (n?=?66), or 24 h (n?=?71) after the last injection of GnRH (pregnancy rate: 0 h 48 %, 12 h 47 %, 24 h 52 %; abortion rate: 0 h 5 %, 12 h 0 %, 24 h 11 %; calving rate: 0 h 43 %, 12 h 47 %, 24 h 41 %; twinning rate: 0 h 2 %, 12 h 0 %, 24 h 0 %; calf gender ratio (F/M): 0 h 61:39 %, 12 h 48:52 %, 24 h 39:61 %; P?>?0.05). Pregnancy rates for cows inseminated in postpartum times of 50–75, 76–100, and >100 days within the first and ≥3 parities were statistically similar (P?>?0.05), but pregnancy rates for cows inseminated at different postpartum times of 50–75, 76–100, and >100 days within the second parity were different (P?<?0.01). In general, pregnancy rates of cows inseminated at different postpartum times (P?<?0.01) and parities (P?<?0.001) differed. The findings of the current study showed that rates of pregnancy, abortion, calving, and twinning of Holstein dairy cows subjected to artificial insemination at different times after synchronization were similar. These results also indicate that the timing of artificial insemination after synchronization did not influence calf gender ratio. Furthermore, pregnancy rates of Holstein dairy cows inseminated after synchronization were significantly influenced by postpartum time and parity number.     

Relationships between body weight and milk yield during the early postpartum period and bull and technician and the reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight (BW) change during the early postpartum period and BW on day 50 post partum on the subsequent expression of estrus and fertility at first insemination before day 90 post partum. The data were derived from 1036 postpartum cows reaching 90 days in milk. The following data were recorded for each animal: lactation number, daily milk production at day 50 post partum, calving date, days in milk at estrus and at AI, insemination date, insemination number, inseminating bull, AI technician and body weight at calving, at day 50 post partum and at AI. Of the 1036 cows registered, 817 (78.9%) showed first estrus before day 90 post partum and were inseminated. Using logistic regression procedures and based on the odds ratio a one unit (kg) increase in the daily milk production at day 50 post partum and a one unit (kg) decrease in the BW between calving and day 50 post partum were related to a 1.03-fold increase and a 0.97-fold decrease in the estrus expression rate before day 90 post partum, respectively. Of the 817 cows inseminated before day 90 post partum, 437 became pregnant (53.5%). A one unit increase in the BW at day 50 post partum produced a 1.003-fold increase in the early fertility rate. Pregnancy rate before day 90 was also influenced by the season at calving, bull providing semen and technician. In conclusion, the register of BW during the postpartum period may be a useful tool for evaluating the nutritional status and its relationship with the subsequent reproductive efficiency in dairy cows.     

母牛同期发情试验及受胎产犊效果观察

[目的]为了解决牛群分散,交通不变问题.[方法]本文利用同期发情处理方法,并为了观察牛同期发情及受胎产犊效果.在红塔、新平和元江分三批对102头母牛进行同期发情处理(放置阴道栓+注射氯前列烯醇),撤栓后根据发情情况用冷冻精液对97头母牛进行人工授精,[结果]表明同期发情率95.1%.150～160 d后对输精母牛进行妊...