太湖狸多胎机理研究：猪输卵管冲洗液中葡萄糖含量和AKP活性与排卵数,妊

通过测定二花脸和大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代杂种猪输卵管冲洗液中葡萄糖含量和碱磷酸活性，以探讨与排卵数和妊娠儿数间的关系。结果表明：大约克猪输入卵管冲液中葡萄糖含量高于二花脸猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代猪。而排卵数和妊娠胎儿数均低于二花脸猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２它们间ＡＫＰ活性差异不显。     

二花脸和大约克猪的卵泡发育排卵数和妊娠子宫对胎儿数的影响

本文以二花脸和大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代为材料，研究其卵泡发育、排卵数和妊娠子宫对胎儿数的影响。结果显示：二花脸猪在卵巢体积和未成熟卵泡数方面低于大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代，而卵泡成熟率、排卵数和妊娠胎儿数都高于大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代。二花脸猪妊娠２８～３０天的孕角长度和体积比大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代的大，但每个胎儿所占的孕角长度和体积却小。表明二花脸猪不仅排卵多，而且胚胎活力强，胚胎与子宫间具有复杂的协同关系，以利于胎儿的生长发育     

太湖猪子宫和输卵管冲洗液的葡萄糖含量

用Ｈａｇｅｄｏｒｎ－Ｊｅｎｓｅｎ二氏定糖法分别测定梅山猪、二花脸猪和梅山×大白杂一代在性周期不同阶段子宫和输卵管冲洗液的葡萄糖含量，以探讨太湖猪多胎机理。结果表明：二花脸猪输卵管和子宫冲洗液的葡萄糖平均含量高于梅山猪和杂种猪（０．０５＜Ｐ＜０．１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；在性周期不同阶段，输卵管冲洗液中的葡萄糖含量：梅山猪黄体后期、二花脸猪黄体早期均显著高于卵泡期（Ｐ＜０．０５），猪种内其他各期比较差异不明显，但不同猪种间比较，杂种猪黄体早期显著低于其他二品种（Ｐ＜０．０１）。子宫冲洗液的葡萄糖含量；猪种内及猪种间各期比较有一定差异（０．０５＜ｐ＜０．１）。试验亦表明，二花脸猪输卵管和子宫及其梅山猪输卵管冲洗液葡萄糖含量呈较明显的周期性变化。     

二花脸猪乳中生长因子的动态及其与大约克猪的比较

通过２个系列实验,分析了二花脸猪乳中生长因子（ＩＧＦ－Ⅰ、ＥＧＦ和胰岛素）在泌乳早期（１￣２１ｄ）的含量及其变化规律,并与大约克猪进行了比较研究。结果表明,二花脸和大约克猪乳中ＩＧＦ－Ⅰ在初乳中浓度很高,分娩１周后迅速下降,泌乳第７￣２１天变化不大。在泌乳第１￣７天,二花脸猪乳中ＩＧＦ－Ⅰ低于大约克猪,泌乳第７天以后又高于大约克,但２种猪的差别不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。猪乳中的ＥＧＦ变化规律基本上和     

二花脸与大约克猪21-羟化酶基因位点限制性片段长度多态性比较

本研究采用ＲＦＬＰｓ分析方法对１２头无亲缘关系的二花脸和１２头无亲缘关系的大约克猪的２１－羟化酶基因位点限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰｓ）类型进行比较研究,结果５种限制性内切酶（ＢａｎⅠ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＫｐｎⅠ、ＰｓｔⅠ和ＴａｑⅠ）在２品种中形成了Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ、Ｇ、Ｈ、Ｉ９种ＲＦＬＰｓ类型。其中大约克出现Ａ～Ｈ８种类型,而二花脸只有Ⅰ类型,表明大约克和二花脸在此基因位点存在显著差异。     

不同猪种生殖道冲洗液中的葡萄糖水平

我国的梅山猪、二花脸猪以早熟多产闻名中外。关于这些猪的多产机理,国内外进行过许多研究。但对生殖道分泌物中的葡萄糖含量与繁殖性能的关系未见详细报道。本试验比较了不同猪种子宫、输卵管冲洗液中的葡萄糖含量,以作为深入研究湖猪高繁殖力机理的依据。 1 材料和方法     

猪子宫和输卵管冲洗液的果糖含量

对27头未孕经产母猪,用双重蒸馏水冲洗子宫、输卵管,测定冲洗液中果糖含量。其结果:冲洗液中梅山猪(11头)平均为110.375±51.52毫克/毫升;二花脸猪(11头)平均为97.78±60.14毫克/毫升;大约克夏×梅山杂种猪(5头)平均为89.28±64.52毫克/毫升。输卵管冲洗液中果糖含量,梅山猪平均为107.44±83.56毫克/毫升;二花脸猪117.96±80.87毫克/毫升;大梅杂种猪平均为84.52+21.87毫克/毫升。冲洗液中果糖的含量个体之间差异很大,但猪不同类群之间差异不明显。     

两种山羊及杂交代血液生化遗传标记研究(Ⅰ)

用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板电泳法，研究安哥拉山羊、山谷型藏山羊及杂种Ｆ１、Ｆ２血液中Ｈｂ、Ａｌｂ、Ｔｆ、ＡＫＰ、ＥＳ、ＬＤＨ、Ａｍ等基因座表明，血液Ｈｂ、Ａｌｂ、ＬＤＨ、Ａｍ呈单态；血液Ｔｆ、ＡＫＰ、ＥＳ等基因座呈多态。Ｔｆ基因座有三种基因型（ＡＡ、ＡＢ、ＢＢ）由Ａ基因和Ｂ基因控制。ＡＫＰ有两种基因型（ＡＫＰＦ、ＡＫＰＯ）。ＥＳ酶带类型复杂，可分为三区：ＥＳⅠ呈红色、ＥＳⅡ呈褐色、ＥＳⅢ呈紫褐色。运用血液Ｈｂ、Ｔｆ、ＡＫＰ、Ａｌｂ、Ａｍ的基因频率计算基因杂合度表明，安哥拉山羊的杂合度最小，Ｆ１代的杂合度最大。分析群体间遗传相似系数与级进杂交的变化一致；分析基因型分布差异表明亲本品种差异最大，安哥拉山羊与Ｆ１、Ｆ２间，Ｆ１和Ｆ２间差异较小。     

二花脸猪乳中生长因子的动态分析及其与大约克猪的比较

通过 2个系列实验 ,分析了二花脸猪乳中生长因子 (IGF Ⅰ、EGF和胰岛素 )在泌乳早期 (1～ 2 1d)的含量及其变化规律 ,并与大约克猪进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,二花脸和大约克猪乳中IGF Ⅰ在初乳中浓度很高 ,分娩 1周后迅速下降 ,泌乳第 7～ 2 1天变化不大。在泌乳第 1～ 7天 ,二花脸猪乳中IGF Ⅰ低于大约克猪 ,泌乳第 7天以后又高于大约克 ,但 2种猪的差别不显著 (P >0 0 5)。猪乳中的EGF变化规律基本上和IGF Ⅰ相同。在泌乳第 1天 ,二花脸猪乳中的EGF显著低于大约克猪 (P <0 0 5) ,第 1天以后 2种猪没有明显差异。二花脸和大约克猪乳中的胰岛素在初乳很高 ,产后 4d迅速下降 ,4d以后变化幅度不大。二花脸猪乳中的胰岛素在泌乳早期 (1～ 2 1d)全都低于大约克猪 ,其中在泌乳第 1天、第 6～ 7天、第 8～10天和第 11～ 14天这 4个阶段显著低于大约克猪 (P <0 0 5)。     

猪FSHβ亚基基因RFLPs研究初报

本文用猪ＦＳＨβ基因ｃＤＮＡ作为探针,对二花脸猪、梅山猪、长白猪、大约克猪、香猪基因组ＤＮＡ进行ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＢａｍＨｉ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ三种性内切酶的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹分析,发现猪品种之间在该位点变异较大,而且发现ＦＳＨβ／ＲａｍＨＩＲＦＬＰｓ中,太湖猪表现出品种内一致性。本研究为进一步分析ＦＳＨ是否对太湖猪高的排卵率有影响了一定基础。     

猪240日龄GLU和GSP含量的全基因组关联分析

试验采集了435头240日龄苏太猪和760头240日龄白色杜洛克×二花脸F2资源家系猪的血清以检测其血糖和糖基化血清蛋白指标,并利用Illumina porcine 60 K SNP芯片判定个体的基因型,同时进行了全基因组SNP与2个性状关联性分析,以及定位影响苏太猪和白色杜洛克×二花脸F2资源家系猪个体240日龄血糖和糖基化血清蛋白的QTL。结果表明,试验共定位到5个影响血糖和糖基化血清蛋白的QTL,且均为5%染色体显著水平,但其中2个可能是假阳性结果,这些QTL位于不同染色体区域,解释表型变异为3.719%和3.724%。     

猪窝产仔数的表型和遗传参数估计

对二花脸猪、大白猪、杂交一代和回交一代四个群体共计 2 0 1 0窝产仔数的资料进行了统计遗传分析。结果表明 :各胎次组中 ,随着二花脸猪血缘的减少 ,窝产仔数 (总产仔数和活产仔数 )平均值有下降的趋势。猪总产仔数和活产仔数的遗传力分别为 0 .0 81和 0 .1 1 6,属低遗传力 ,直接选择窝产仔数几乎没有效果 ;它们之间的遗传相关为 0 .793,表型相关为 0 .895,环境相关为 0 .90 7,它们之间的协遗传力为0 .0 77。这些参数表明总产仔数和活产仔数是两个不同的性状 ,在生产实践中单独记录它们是有理由的、必要的     

Distribution and viability of spermatozoa in the canine female genital tract during post-ovulatory oocyte maturation

Background

Unlike other domestic mammals, in which metaphase-II oocytes are ovulated, canine ovulation is characterized by the release of primary oocytes, which may take 12 to up to 36 hours. Further 60 hours are needed for maturation to secondary oocytes which then remain fertile for about 48 hours. Oestrus takes 7 to 10 days on average and may start as early as a week before ovulation. This together with the prolonged process of post-ovulatory oocyte maturation requires an according longevity of spermatozoa in the female genital tract in order to provide a population of fertile sperm when oocytes have matured to fertilizability. Therefore the distribution and viability of spermatozoa in the bitch genital tract was examined during post-ovulatory oocyte maturation.

Methods

Thirteen beagle bitches were inseminated on the day of sonographically verified ovulation with pooled semen of two beagle dogs containing one billion progressively motile spermatozoa. Ovariohysterectomy was performed two days later (group 1, n = 6) and four days later (group 2, n = 7). The oviduct and uterine horn of one side were flushed separately and the flushing’s were checked for the presence of gametes. The oviducts including the utero-tubal junction and the uterine horns, both the flushed and unflushed, were histologically examined for sperm distribution.

Results

The total number of spermatozoa recovered by flushing was low and evaluation of viability was limited. Prophase-I oocytes were collected from oviduct flushing in group 1, whereas unfertilized metaphase-II oocytes were detected in group 2. From day 2 to day 4 after ovulation a significant decrease in the percentage of glands containing sperm (P<0.05) and a marked reduction of the mean sperm number in uterine horn glands were observed. A concomitant diminution of spermatozoa was indicated in the utero-tubal junction accompanied by a slight increase in sperm numbers in the mid oviduct.

Conclusions

Oocyte maturation to metaphase-II stage is accompanied by a continuous sperm detachment and elimination in the uterine horns. Entrance of spermatozoa into the caudal oviduct seems to be steadily controlled by the utero-tubal junction thus providing a selected sperm population to be shifted towards the site of fertilization when oocyte maturation is completed.     

Impact of postovulatory food deprivation on the ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes in sows.

The effect of food deprivation on ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes was studied in 20 crossbred multiparous sows during their second oestrus after weaning. To determine the time of ovulation, transrectal ultrasonographic examination was performed. The sows were divided into 2 groups, one control group (C-group), which was fed according to Swedish standards, and one experimental group (E-group). The E-group sows were deprived of food from the first morning meal after ovulation until slaughter. Blood samples were collected every second hour from about 12 h before expected ovulation in the second oestrus after weaning until slaughter and were analysed for progesterone, prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides. All sows were slaughtered approximately 48 h after ovulation and the genital tract was recovered. The isthmic part of the oviduct was divided into 3 equally long segments and flushed separately with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Uterine horns were also flushed with PBS. A significantly greater number of ova were found in the first and second part of the isthmus in the E-group (p = 0.05) while in the C-group most of the ova were found in the third part of the isthmus or the uterus (p = 0.01). The level of prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite was significantly higher in the E-group compared with the C-group. The concentration of progesterone increased in both groups after ovulation but there were no significant differences between the groups. The other blood parameters showed that the food-deprived sows were in a catabolic state. The 48 h period of fasting results, directly or indirectly in an delayed ova transport, which may be due to a delayed relaxation in the smooth circular muscle layer of the isthmus.     

牦牛杂种优势利用新途径研究报告

本项研究提出了牦牛种间杂交的新途径（黑白花牛冻精×藏黄牛×牦牛，即三元杂交）。揭示了含１／２黑白花牛血液的杂种藏黄公牛（黑白花牛冻精×藏黄牛，以下简称杂种藏黄公牛）从半农半牧区引入高寒牧区后，有良好的适应性。它与牦牛自然交配，繁殖成活率４１４１％，比用“冻配”技术生产犏牛提高１７７１个百分点。自然交配繁殖的Ｆ１代犏牛杂种优势明显，初生重较大，公、母分别为２０２５±２６１ｋｇ、１９９５±２８４ｋｇ，相应比牦牛高６７５、６７０ｋｇ；生长发育快，２５岁时公、母体重分别为３１０７８±６８８ｋｇ、３０５７９±１４１６ｋｇ，比同龄牦牛相应重１２６４８和１４９９２ｋｇ；母犏牛２～３岁可初配，３～４岁挤奶，比牦牛提前１～２岁挤奶；第一胎（１８３天）挤奶量６５９３６ｋｇ±４１３４ｋｇ，为同胎次母牦牛的２６５倍、同胎次母黄犏牛的１７２倍。     

二花脸猪和大白猪睾丸IGF-I和IGF-IR基因表达发育变化的研究

为了研究生长轴激素对猪繁殖性能发育的影响,随机选取0、3、20、30、90、120、180日龄纯种二花脸公猪和大白公猪各4头,屠宰并采取睾丸组织样,以18S rRNA为内标,用相对定量RT-PCR法研究睾丸IGF-I和IGF-IRmRNA的表达及发育性变化。结果表明,二花脸猪与大白猪睾丸IG-FI mRNA表达的发育模式在30日龄前完全相同,即随着日龄的增加而呈极显著增加(P<0.01);二花脸猪睾丸IG-FI mRNA相对表达量在30~180日龄无显著变化;大白猪睾丸IGF-I mRNA相对表达量在90日龄有所下降,而在120和180日龄又恢复到30日龄水平。二花脸猪睾丸IG-FI mRNA相对表达量显著高于大白猪(P<0.05)。二花脸猪与大白猪睾丸IGF-IR mRNA表达的发育模式不同。二花脸猪睾丸IG-FIR mRNA相对表达量在90~120日龄呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);大白猪IG-FIR mRNA相对表达量在0日龄较高,随后显著下降(P<0.05),并在观察期内持续保持较低水平。二花脸猪IG-FIR mRNA相对表达量显著高于大白猪(P<0.05)。睾丸IGF-I mRNA和IG-FIR mRNA相对表达丰度呈极显著正相关(r=0.575,P<0.01)。结论:(1)不同品种猪睾丸IGF-I和IG-FIR mRNA表达具有特定的发育模式;(2)猪睾丸中IGF-I和IG-FIR mRNA的协同表达可能对猪繁殖性能的发育有重要调节作用。     

Genetic factors contributing to variation in littersize in British Large White gilts

The number of ova released (ovulation rate) by 516 Large White gilts born between 1986 and 1989 was recorded. The weight of the gilt at birth, weaning and time of ovulation rate measurement and her number of teats were also recorded. Parrowing data (number born alive and litter weight at birth) corresponding to the ovulation rate were recorded from 382 of the gilts, enabling calculation of prenatal survival (number born alive/ovulation rate). The data were analysed using univariate and multivariate restricted maximum likelihood (REML) techniques with an individual animal model. The additive genetic direct and maternal components of variance and the common family and residual environmental components of variance and the additive genetic and residual environmental covariances between traits were estimated. The univariate REML analyses showed that the additive genetic direct component was a significant source of variation for gilt weight at birth and weaning, teat number, ovulation rate on the left hand side, total ovulation rate and litter weight at birth. Common family environmental effects were significant sources of variation for gilt weights and teat number. The multivariate REML analyses indicated that the genetic correlations between total ovulation rate and ovulation rate from the left and right ovaries were close to unity, with an estimate of the heritability of total ovulation rate of 0.37±0.09. In the data from gilts that farrowed, the heritabilities of ovulation rate, number born alive and prenatal survival were 0.30±0.10, 0.09±0.06 and 0.00±0.00, respectively. The genetic correlation between ovulation rate and litter size was close to unity, suggesting that genetic variation in ovulation rate explains virtually all of the genetic variation in number born alive in the population of Large White gilts understudy.     

Effects of flushing and hormonal treatment on reproductive performance of Iranian Markhoz goats

Forty‐eight Iranian Markhoz goats were allocated to six groups (n = 8) to study the effect of flushing and hormonal treatments on reproductive performance. Treatments were divided into two categories including, hormonal treatments and flushing. The goats in each group were fed the same basal ration and received one of the following treatments: Groups A and B – injection of GnRH and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) respectively; Groups C, D and E – a supplement of barley grain, soybean oil and sunflower oil in flushing diets, respectively, were offered and Group F – control (only received basal diet). In the flushing treatments, only the source of energy was different between rations. Both hormonal treatments and flushing treatments improved fertility and kidding rates. Treatment B with 16 and control with seven kids represented the highest and the lowest number of progeny respectively. Among flushing treatments, group C resulted in the highest number of kids being 15. Oestrogen levels in follicular phase increased with the injection of eCG and consumption of barley grain. GnRH injection and consumption of oil sources in the diet increased blood progesterone levels during ovulation and post‐ovulation periods. Under current market conditions, using hormone or flushing can be profitable for Markhoz goats farmers.     

Effects of Follicular Fluid on the Transport of Porcine Oocytes into the Oviduct at Ovulation

Contents Three experiments were conducted to determine whether follicular fluid (FF) enters the oviduct and plays any role in the transport of oocytes into the oviduct. Experiment 1: Oestrus and ovulation were synchronized in cycling gilts (n = 21) over a 15 day period of feeding Regumate^® and injections of 1000 IU pregnant mare’s serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) 24 h after the last Regumate^® feed and 500 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) 80 h after PMSG. Ipsi-lateral aspiration of FF and salpingectomy (group 1, n = 7), aspiration of FF without salpingectomy (group 2, n = 7) or ligation of the oviduct between the ampulla and infundibulum (group 3, n = 7) was performed endoscopically prior to ovulation (34–36 h after hCG). Ipsi-lateral (group 2 and 3) and contra-lateral salpingectomy was carried out in all gilts post ovulation, 42–44 h after hCG. The oviducts were flushed with 1 ml saline and the samples as well as the aspirated FF were analysed for progesterone and estradiol by RIA methods. In group 1 both progesterone and estradiol concentrations did not differ before and after ovulation. Withdrawal of FF from the ipsi-lateral ovary by aspiration (group 2) or ligation of the oviduct (group 3) did not influence the steroid content within the oviducts. Similarly low progesterone concentrations were measured in ipsi- and contra-lateral oviducts after ovulation (group 2: 0.29 ± 0.17 versus 0.24 ± 0.35 ng/ml and group 3: 0.22 ± 0.19 versus 0.21 ± 0.22 ng/ml). The high content of progesterone of FF (269.7 ± 67.9 and 389.6 ± 226.5 ng/ml in group 1 and 2, respectively) was not reflected in the oviductal fluid. Experiment 2: In five gilts 0.06 ml ³H-progesterone (30 000 dpm) were applied via a fine 27 G injection needle into the largest three follicles of the ipsi-lateral ovary prior to ovulation (34–36 h after hCG). The oviducts were flushed following ovario-salpingectomy 42–44 h after hCG. All follicles had ovulated. The oviductal flushings and oviductal and ovarian tissue were analysed for labelled progesterone. No differences were measured in the content of ³H-progesterone of oviductal flushings and of both oviductal and ovarian tissues between the ipsi-lateral injection and contra-lateral control sides. The main part of the counts detected was within the range of background dpm values. Only 2.4% of the initial counts were recovered from fluid and tissue samples. Experiment 3: In a subsequent study FF was cautiously aspirated by endoscopy from follicles of the ipsi-lateral ovary 34–36 h after hCG (n = 12 gilts). Postovulatory (58 h after hCG), both oviducts were flushed and the oocytes were recovered. To test the influence of follicle puncture alone on the process of ovulation (n = 8 gilts), the aspiration needle alone was pricked into the follicles of the ipsi-lateral ovary, without any fluid aspiration. Despite the cautious aspiration of FF from 89 follicles, 26 oocytes were recovered together with the FF. Eighty-six postovulatory follicles were observed on the ipsi-lateral ovary. Out of 57 oocytes able to reach the oviduct, 29 oocytes were flushed from the oviduct (50.4 ± 28.1%). From the contra-lateral control oviduct 71 oocytes out of 91 ovulations (69.0 ± 33.9%) were recaptured. Puncture of follicles without aspiration did not influence ovulation compared with the control (recovery rate 68.2 and 79.6%, respectively). Results indicate (1) on the basis of the low progesterone level within the oviductal fluid that only a small amount of FF seems to reach the oviduct at ovulation, and (2) FF does not appear to be a compulsory carrier of the porcine oocyte at ovulation.