利用RAPD技术鉴别玉米自交系

本文利用RAPD技术对我国28个玉米骨干自交系进行了分析,从300个引物中筛选出了40个多态性好的引物,结果发现：仅使用OPI₁₀一个引物扩增的DNA指纹图谱就能区别开15个自交系,增加引物OPB7可以区分开26个自交系,再增加OPC₁₉、OPG₆、OPA₇、OPI₁₁、OPG₁₄中的任何一个引物就可以将28个自交系完全区分开。研究还表明亲缘关系很近、利用同工酶方法无法区分的姊妹系材料如：478、488和3189,以及双105和双741都能够被明显的区分开,证明了利用RAPD技术进行玉米自交系鉴定完全可行而且是非常有效的。     

玉米叶片水分利用效率与叶绿素a荧光参数的关系

利用Handy PEA植物效率仪测定叶绿素a荧光参数,研究玉米自交系叶片水分利用效率(WUE)与叶绿素a荧光参数的关系。结果表明,玉米自交系叶片WUE与叶绿素a荧光参数呈极显著的正相关。其中,F_o与高水分利用效率(HWUE)玉米自交系WUE的相关系数大于低水分利用效率(LWUE)玉米自交系WUE的相关系数;最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(F_v)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)与水分利用效率不同的玉米自交系叶片WUE的相关系数恰好相反,这是造成不同玉米自交系WUE存在差异的生理原因之一,同时也说明叶绿素a荧光参数可以作为选育HWUE玉米自交系的重要指标。     

低磷胁迫下不同基因型玉米内源激素的动态变化

用高效液相色谱法测定在低磷胁迫下不同基因型玉米生育进程中叶片和根系内源激素含量的动态变化。结果表明,不同基因型玉米叶片和根系内源激素含量除ABA含量为磷低效自交系>磷高效自交系>F₁外,ZT、GA₃和IAA含量均为F₁>磷高效自交系>磷低效自交系。低磷胁迫下,除ZT含量较正常供磷水平减少外,GA₃、IAA和ABA含量均较正常供磷水平增加。ZT和ABA的变幅表现为磷低效自交系大于磷高效自交系和F₁,GA₃和IAA的变幅表现为磷高效自交系和F₁大于磷低效自交系。此外,低磷胁迫下磷高效自交系与磷低效自交系间同一内源激素最值出现时期不同。说明低磷胁迫下不同磷利用效率自交系内源激素表现出规律性变化,因此可将内源激素作为鉴定和选育玉米磷高效基因型的参考指标。     

玉米自交系辐照效应的研究

用200Gy⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照玉米自交系"黄早4”干种子,会引起自交系各性状的较大变异.M₁表现出明显的辐射生理损伤效应,M₂、M₃的质量性状未发现有明显的变异,但生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长等数量性状出现较高的突变频率;M₃开始出现黄、白化苗、矮生株等隐性突变和雄性不育株,同时在粒色上也产生了有明显变异的个体.再次证明异花授粉作物的辐射诱发突变导致M₂形成杂合的植株,而诱发突变大多为隐性的,需在M₃纯合后才表现出来,M₄代测交种试验结果表明,自交系经辐照后,有选择出高配合力个体的可能。     

转育玉米大斑病抗病单基因Ht的实用性初探

对玉米自交系Mo17转育抗病单基因Ht₂、Ht₃,培育出Mo17的6个近等基因系,通过温室及田间人工接种玉米大斑病菌鉴定及配合力测定.得出在利用多基因抗性的基础上同时转育单基因Ht₁、Ht₂、Ht₃、Ht_N,把单基因尽可能集中到一个自交系或杂交种上;形成“多质系”或“多系品种”,因而具有兼抗多个生理小种的作用,从而延长杂交种的使用寿命.”     

不同普×爆后代群体膨爆特性的分离特征研究

对5个普通玉米自交系与4个爆裂玉米自交系组配的20个普×爆组合F₂,BC₁,BC₂3个世代的膨爆特性分析结果表明:F₂代膨爆特性较差,难以采用常规系谱法从中选育出优良的膨爆玉米自交系;通过回交可以快速恢复其优良的膨爆特性,但不同组合及同一组合不同世代间的膨爆特性存在较大差异.因此,要提高后代的选育效果,首先要选配适宜的普×爆组合,其次是要确定具体的回交世代。     

低钾胁迫下玉米逆境反应机制初探

采用低钾和正常供钾的液培方式,研究耐低钾玉米自交系Y₈对低钾胁迫的适应性生理生化反应机制。结果表明：与不耐低钾玉米自交系J₁₃相比,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系Y₈的SOD活性降低,CAT活性增加,Pro含量增加,MDA含量明显减少,POD活性和AsA含量基本稳定。     

8622×GY220 F2∶3家系植株性状的分离特征及相关分析

利用普通玉米自交系8622与高油玉米自交系GY220杂交构建的F_2∶3家系为材料,在春播环境条件下对8个植株性状进行了初步分析。结果表明：F₁各植株性状介于双亲之间或高于双亲;F_2∶3家系间各性状均存在极显著差异,并呈连续正态分布,存在明显双向超亲分离;株高与穗位高、顶高、穗上叶片数、雄穗长,穗位高与雄穗长,顶高与顶高/株高、穗上叶片数、雄穗长,穗上叶片数与雄穗分枝数间均呈显著或极显著的表型和遗传正相关;穗位高与顶高、顶高/株高、穗上叶片数间均呈显著或极显著的表型和遗传负相关。     

玉米自交系耐盐种质的筛选及耐盐性评价

在0+0、2.5+2.5、5+5和7.5+7.5 mmol/L（Na₂CO₃+NaHCO₃）盐浓度胁迫下,对118份玉米自交系芽期、苗期的耐盐性差异进行比较,以主要农艺性状综合表现为依据筛选耐盐种质。各指标受盐害影响程度大小顺序为株高>芽势>叶长>根长>地上含水量>地下含水量>叶宽>芽率>须根数>根冠比>茎粗>根粗;当盐胁迫溶液为7.5 mmol/LNa₂CO₃+7.5 mmol/L NaHCO₃时,对玉米自交系影响差异显著。综合各个指标的盐害率对118份玉米自交系进行评价和排序,5个耐盐性强的自交系品种为DL、A71、PHB1M、A92和WM33;对盐敏感的5个品种为06NY-25、Mo17、郑32、南引26和农M1。     

低温胁迫及恢复对玉米光合特性的影响

以玉米自交系掖478、合344、吉853为材料,在不同低温胁迫及恢复正常温度情况下比较幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的变化。结果表明,随着胁迫温度的下降和低温胁迫时间的延长,3个玉米自交系幼苗叶片初始荧光F_o呈上升趋势,F_v/F_o、F_v/F_m整体上均呈下降趋势。叶绿素荧光参数随着低温胁迫程度的加强变化较大,且相同温度下的变化幅度掖478<合344<吉853。3个玉米自交系在各温度胁迫后恢复到常温时的叶片初始荧光F_o下降,F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o整体上呈上升趋势。掖478恢复常温1～2 d后恢复到正常水平,抗冷性最强;吉853的PSⅡ系统受损较重,恢复常温3 d未达正常水平,抗冷性较弱。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.