兽药粉剂/预混剂中甲氧苄啶的测定

本文建立了HPLC测定兽药粉剂/预混剂中甲氧苄啶含量的方法。采用W aters C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-20 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(20∶80),流速1.0mL/m in,检测波长为271 nm,进样量为10μL。含量测定的线性范围为10~250μg/mL,r=1.0(n=6);甲氧苄啶的加样回收率在99.38%~100.6%之间;最低检出浓度为0.25μg/mL。结果表明本法简便、快速、准确、重复性好。     

HPLC-DAD法检测喹乙醇预混剂中违规添加喹烯酮的研究

确证1批次喹乙醇预混剂中的非法添加物。采用HPLC-DAD的谱库匹配,推断出疑似添加物为喹烯酮,从而建立了检测喹乙醇预混剂中违规添加喹烯酮的反相高效液相色谱法(HPLC-DAD)。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(60∶40),流速1.0 m L/min,波长扫描范围为210~400 nm。喹烯酮在1~100μg/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,r=1.0000;平均回收率为99.4%~99.8%,n=5,RSD在0.8%~1.0%之间。     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中的违禁药物氯丙嗪

试验制定了氯丙嗪的在饲料中残留的HPLC检测方法。高效液相色谱条件为分析柱C_(18)反相色谱柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为35mmol/L NH_4Ac∶乙晴=35∶65,按0.05％的比例加入三乙胺,流速:2.0mL/min,紫外检测波长:257nm。实验表明,氯丙嗪在0.05～5.00μg/mL的范围内线性良好(r=0.99996)。经过对饲料添加0.50、1.00、2.50μg/g3个浓度,证明此提取条件的回收率在80％以上。该方法快速简便,灵敏度高。最低检测限为0.05μg/mL。     

HPLC测定宫衣净酊中葛根素含量

为了建立宫衣净酊中葛根素的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定方法,应用色谱柱为安捷伦Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(25∶75),流速为1mL/min,检测波长为250nm,柱温为30℃。结果表明,在此色谱条件下,葛根素的线性范围为18.25μg/mL~584.00μg/mL(r=0.999 9,n=6),平均回收率为108.83%(RSD=1.03%)。说明本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可以作为宫衣净酊的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定中药散剂中添加的土霉素

为了建立高效液相色谱法检测白龙散、三子散、四味穿心莲散中非法添加土霉素的检测方法,实验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液∶乙腈(84∶16)为流动相,检测波长353nm,流速1.5 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温为室温。结果表明土霉素在0.5～1000μg/mL范围内线性关系良好;检测限分别为白龙散0.3μg/mL,三子散1μg/mL,四味穿心莲散0.2μg/mL;回收率在98.3%～100.2%之间,RSD为0.16%～0.73%。本方法准确、可靠,可用于中药散剂中非法添加土霉素的含量检测。     

兽用双黄连注射液中非法添加解热镇痛类药物的高效液相色谱检测法

建立了高效液相色谱法测定兽用双黄连注射液中非法添加4种解热镇痛类药物的方法。采用Waters Symmetry C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm)色谱柱分离4种解热镇痛类药物,以磷酸盐缓冲液(p H值7.0)-甲醇(65∶35)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10μL,采用二极管阵列检测器进行检测,采集的波长范围190~400 nm,分辨率为1.2 nm,记录260 nm处的色谱图。结果显示,4种解热镇痛类药物的浓度在1~100μg/mL范围内的线性良好,相关系数r均为0.999 9,回收率在97.8%~100.8%,相对标准偏差在0.9%~4.0%,检测限1.0 mg/mL。本方法快速、准确,可用于兽用双黄连注射液中非法添加解热镇痛类药物的定性和定量检测。     

HPLC法测定喹乙醇预混剂中喹乙醇的含量

建立并验证了喹乙醇预混剂中喹乙醇含量的高效液相色谱测定法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用三乙胺调节pH值为6.0)-乙腈(92∶8,V∶V)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为262 nm。试验结果表明喹乙醇在5~100μg/mL范围内线性良好,R~2=1.0000,平均回收率100.2%(n=6),RSD为0.2%。建立的方法简便、准确、可靠,可更好地控制喹乙醇预混剂的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定双氯芬酸钠注射液的含量

目的:建立双氯芬酸钠注射液含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。方法:采用Ultimate LP-C_(18)-H色谱柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm),甲醇-4%冰醋酸溶液(70∶30)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长为276 nm,采用外标法进行定量。结果:双氯芬酸钠的线性范围为5.03~503.40μg/m L,回归方程为Area=20.942×Amt1-54.805(n=5),相关系数大于0.999。从高(120%)、中(100%)和低(80%)3个添加水平的检测结果可以看出,双氯芬酸钠的回收率为98.17%~103.21%。结论:本方法可用于测定双氯芬酸钠注射液中双氯芬酸钠的含量。     

HPLC法测定中兽药散剂中非法添加土霉素的方法研究

建立了高效液相色谱法检测清肺散、白头翁散、止痢散等中兽药散剂中非法添加土霉素的方法。用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱,以0.05 mol/L草酸铵溶液-二甲基甲酰胺-0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二铵（75∶20∶5）（用氨试液调pH值至8.0±0.2）为流动相,检测波长280 nm,流速1.0mL/min,进样量20μL,柱温35℃。结果显示,土霉素的线性范围为100～300μg/mL,线性方程为Y=4.90×10 X-2.39×103（,r=0.999 6,n=5）,本方法的回收率为80.68%～119.23%,RSD为0.66%～1.85%。结果表明,本方法准确、可靠,适用于中兽药散剂中非法添加土霉素的检测。     

HPLC法同时测定金叶清瘟散中绿原酸和咖啡酸的含量

为了建立一种同时测定金叶清瘟散中绿原酸和咖啡酸的高效液相色谱法,选用Agilent C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,乙腈∶0.4%磷酸溶液（12∶88）等度洗脱,进样量10μL,流速1 mL/min,波长为328 nm进行检测。结果显示,被测物质能与样品中杂质有效分离,绿原酸和咖啡酸分别在5.0~500μg/mL和2.5~250μg/mL的范围内呈良好线性关系,两种药物的添加回收率均高于95%,RSD小于2%。该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于金叶清瘟散中绿原酸和咖啡酸的同时检测。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.