重金属污染地的种植系统的规划设计: 综述

Numerous scientific challenges arise when designing a soil monitoring network (SMN), especially when assessing large areas and several properties that are driven by numerous controlling factors of various origins and scales. Different broad approaches to the establishment of SMNs are distinguished. It is essential to establish an adequate sampling protocol that can be applied rigorously at each sampling location and time. We make recommendations regarding the within-site sampling of soil. Different statistical methods should be associated with the different types of sampling design. We review new statistical methods that account for different sources of uncertainty. Except for those parameters for which a consensus exists, the question of testing method harmonisation remains a very difficult issue. The establishment of benchmark sites devoted to harmonisation and inter-calibration is advocated as a technical solution. However, to our present knowledge, no study has addressed crucial scientific issues such as how many calibration sites are necessary and how to locate them.     

大范围土壤监测方案的一般问题: 综述

Numerous scientific challenges arise when designing a soil monitoring network (SMN), especially when assessing large areas and several properties that are driven by numerous controlling factors of various origins and scales. Different broad approaches to the establishment of SMNs are distinguished. It is essential to establish an adequate sampling protocol that can be applied rigorously at each sampling location and time. We make recommendations regarding the within-site sampling of soil. Different statistical methods should be associated with the different types of sampling design. We review new statistical methods that account for different sources of uncertainty. Except for those parameters for which a consensus exists, the question of testing method harmonisation remains a very difficult issue. The establishment of benchmark sites devoted to harmonisation and inter-calibration is advocated as a technical solution. However, to our present knowledge, no study has addressed crucial scientific issues such as how many calibration sites are necessary and how to locate them.     

一种模拟土壤养分提取及及植物吸收的装置研究

In situ evaluating the availability of soil nutrients has been a challenge. In this study, a new type of Device for Simulating Soil Nutrient Extraction and Plant Uptake (DSSNEPU) and its operating procedures were introduced. The device consists of a sampling tube, a fluid supply system, a low pressure system, a tube sheath and an elution cylinder. The sampling tube was firstly soaked in the solution of 0.5 mol L 1 NaHCO 3 and then buried into soils. The fluid supply system was connected to the sampling tube and the deionized water was supplied. During the period, low pressure system started a vacuum for 3 min every 10 min interval. After extraction, the sampling tube was removed and the nutrients on the sampling tube were eluted with 0.5 mol L 1 HCl. The elution solution was used for nutrient measurement. The amounts of P and K extracted by DSSNEPU reached the maximal values after 4 h. No significant increases of P and K were observed for longer extraction duration. The optimal temperature for extracting P and K was 30 C in this experiment. Extracted P and K were increased by 83.3% and 84.6% with the employment of low pressure system in comparison to those without employing low pressure system. Correlation analysis indicated that P and K extracted by DSSNEPU were highly correlated with those by conventional chemical extraction and by plant uptake. The above results suggest that this device is applicable to assess the availability of nutrients in soils.     

结合多等级代表性采样和模糊隶属度的区域土壤制图方法

High-resolution and detailed regional soil spatial distribution information is increasingly needed for ecological modeling and land resource management. For areas with no point data, regional soil mapping includes two steps: soil sampling and soil mapping. Because sampling over a large area is costly, efficient sampling strategies are required. A multi-grade representative sampling strategy, which designs a small number of representative samples with different representative grades to depict soil spatial variations at different scales,could be a potentially efficient sampling strategy for regional soil mapping. Additionally, a suitable soil mapping approach is needed to map regional soil variations based on a small number of samples. In this study, the multi-grade representative sampling strategy was applied and a fuzzy membership-weighted soil mapping approach was developed to map soil sand percentage and soil organic carbon(SOC) at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths in a study area of 5 900 km2 in Anhui Province of China. First, geographical sub-areas were delineated using a parent lithology data layer. Next, fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to two climate and four terrain variables in each stratum. The clustering results(environmental cluster chains) were used to locate representative samples. Evaluations based on an independent validation sample set showed that the addition of samples with lower representativeness generally led to a decrease of root mean square error(RMSE). The declining rates of RMSE with the addition of samples slowed down for 20–40 cm depth, but fluctuated for 0–20 cm depth. The predicted SOC maps based on the representative samples exhibited higher accuracy, especially for soil depth 20–40 cm, as compared to those based on legacy soil data. Multi-grade representative sampling could be an effective sampling strategy at a regional scale. This sampling strategy, combined with the fuzzy membership-based mapping approach, could be an optional effective framework for regional soil property mapping. A more detailed and accurate soil parent material map and the addition of environmental variables representing human activities would improve mapping accuracy.     

普通克里格法在土壤有机碳制图中的应用

The quantification of the pattern and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is fundamental to understand many ecosystem processes.This study aimed to apply ordinary kriging (OK) to model the spatial distribution of SOC in a selected part of Zambia.A total of 100 soil samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for SOC by determining soil oxidizable carbon using the Walkley-Black method.An automated fitting procedure was followed when modeling the spatial structure of the SOC data with the exponential semivariogram.The results indicated that the short range spatial dependence of SOC was strong with a nugget close to zero.The spatial autocorrelation was high to medium with a nugget to sill ratio of 0.25.The root mean square error of the predictions was 0.64,which represented 58.18％ of the mean observed data for SOC.It can be concluded that the generated map could serve as a proxy for SOC in the region where evidence of spatial structure and quantitative estimates of uncertainty are reported.Therefore,the maps produced can be used as guides for various uses including optimization of soil sampling.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

青藏高原高寒草地土壤pH值的大尺度格局及其与气候、土壤因子的关系

Soil acidity is an important parameter that can regulate ecosystem structure and function. However, a quantitative understanding of the relationships between soil pH and environmental factors remains unavailable. In this study, relationships of soil pH with both climatic and edaphic factors in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau, China were quantified using data obtained from a regional soil survey during 2001-2004. Our results showed that soil pH decreased along the gradient of both mean annual temperature and precipitation. Likewise, soil pH exhibited consistent negative correlations with soil moisture and silt content. However, soil organic and inorganic carbon contents played opposite roles in shaping patterns of soil pH： the accumulation of soil organic matter led to higher soil acidity, while the existence of soil inorganic matter was favorable for maintaining higher soil alkalinity. The variation partitioning analysis indicated that the combination of climatic and edaphic variables explained 74.3% of the variation in soil acidity. These results suggest that soil pH could be predicted from routinely-measured variables, allowing a robust pedotransfer function to be developed. The pedotransfer function may facilitate land surface models to generate more reliable predictions on ecosystem structure and function around the world.     

石灰土壤原状土柱上硼和锌的迁移

Leaching of boron （B） and zinc （Zn） can be significant in some pedomorphic conditions, which can cause contamination of shallow groundwater and economic losses. Boron and Zn adsorption and transport was studied using 8.4 cm diameter × 28 cm long intact columns from two calcareous soil series with differing clay contents and vadose zone structures： Lyallpur soil series, clay loam （fine-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustalfic Haplargid）, and Sultanpur soil series, sandy loam （coarse-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustollic Camborthid）. The adsorption isotherms were developed by equilibrating soil with 0.01 tool L^-1 CaCl2 aqueous solution containing varying amounts of B and Zn and were fitted to the Langmuir equation. The B and Zn breakthrough curves were fitted to the two-domain convective-dispersive equation. At the end of the leaching experiment, 0.11 L 10 g L^-1 blue dye solution was also applied to each column to mark the flow paths. The Lyallpur soil columns had a slightly greater adsorption partition coefficient both for B and Zn than the Sultanpur soil columns. In the Lyallpur soil columns, B arrival was immediate but the peak concentration ratio （the concentration in solution at equilibrium/concentration applied） was lower than that in the Sultanpur soil columns. The breakthrough of B in the Sultanpur soil columns occurred after about 10 cm of cumulative drainage in both the columns; the rise in effluent concentration was fast and the peak concentration ratio was almost 1. Zinc leaching through the soil columns was very limited as only one column from the Lyallpur soil series showed Zn breakthrough in the effluent where the peak concentration ratio was only 0.05. This study demonstrates the effect of soil structure on B transport and has implications for the nutrient management in field soils.     

澳大利亚亚热带地区二代肯宁南洋杉林早期测定土壤C、N所需采集土壤样大小研究

Investigations into forest soils face the problem of the high level of spatial variability that is an inherent property of all forest soils. In order to investigate the effect of changes in residue management practices on soil properties in hoop pine （Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A. Cunn.） plantations of subtropical Australia it was important to understand the intensity of sampling effort required to overcome the spatial variability induced by those changes. Harvest residues were formed into windrows to prevent nitrogen （N） losses through volatilisation and erosion that had previously occurred as a result of pile and burn operations. We selected second rotation （2R） hoop pine sites where the windrows （10-15 m apart） had been formed 1, 2 and 3 years prior to sampling in order to examine the spatial variability in soil carbon （C） and N and in potential mineralisable N （PMN） in the areas beneath and between （inter-） the windrows. We examined the implications of soil variability on the number of samples required to detect differences in means for specific soil properties, at different ages and at specified levels of accuracy. Sample size needed to accurately reflect differences between means was not affected by the position where the samples were taken relative to the windrows but differed according to the parameter to be sampled. The relative soil sampling size required for detecting differences between means of a soil property in the inter-windrow and beneath-windrow positions was highly dependent on the soil property assessed and the acceptable relative sampling error. An alternative strategy for soil sampling should be considered, if the estimated sample size exceeds 50 replications. The possible solution to this problem is collection of composite soil samples allowing a substantial reduction in the number of samples required for chemical analysis without loss in the precision of the mean estimates for a particular soil property.     

Soil property mapping by combining spatial distance information into the Soil Land Inference Model (SoLIM)

The Soil Land Inference Model(SoLIM) was primarily proposed by Zhu et al.(Zhu A X, Band L, Vertessy R, Dutton B. 1997. Derivation of soil properties using a soil land inference model(SoLIM). Soil Sci Soc Am J. 61: 523–533.) and was based on the Third Law of Geography. Based on the assumption that the soil property value at a location of interest will be more similar to that of a given soil sample when the environmental condition at the location of interest is more similar to that at the location from which the sample was taken, SoLIM estimates the soil property value of the location of interest using the soil property values of known samples weighted by the similarity between those samples and the location of interest in terms of an attribute domain of environmental conditions. However, the current SoLIM method ignores information about the spatial distances between the location of interest and those of the sample. In this study, we proposed a new method of soil property mapping, So LIM-IDW, which incorporates spatial distance information into the SoLIM method by means of inverse distance weighting(IDW). The proposed method is based on the assumption that the soil property value at a location of interest will be more similar to that of a known sample both when the environmental conditions are more similar and when the distance between the location of interest and the sample location is shorter. Our evaluation experiments on A-horizon soil organic matter mapping in two study areas with independent evaluation samples showed that the proposed SoLIM-IDW method can obtain lower prediction errors than the original SoLIM method, multiple linear regression, geographically weighted regression, and regression-kriging with the same modeling points. Future work mainly includes the determination of optimal power parameter values and the appropriate setting of the parameter under different application contexts.     

集沙仪结构参数对集沙效率的影响

通过分析近年来国内外集沙仪的研究成果,确定了影响集沙仪集沙效率的主要结构参数：集沙仪进沙口的高宽比、进沙通道长度、布袋材质等。根据集沙仪性能试验要求,对不同结构参数的集沙仪进行了风洞性能试验。试验结果表明：在6、9 、12、15、18 m/s 5个风速下,集沙仪对0.15～0.60 mm粒径土样的平均集沙效率高于混合土样和0.15 mm以下粒径土样的平均集沙效率,说明集沙仪更适合采集以跃移形式运动的土壤颗粒。结构因素对集沙效率影响的主次顺序为进沙口高宽比、进沙通道长度、布袋材质。进沙口高宽比是对集沙效率影响显著的结构因素。通过对试验结果的极差和方差分析,得出集沙仪最优组合的结构参数是高宽比为0.5、进沙通道长度为20 cm、白丝布,此时集沙仪的平均集沙效率为80.91%。     

Comparison of soil sampling devices used for sampling submerged soils

Abstract

Environmental sampling designed for soil chemical analyses requires precise procedural collection methods. Furthermore, soils which are submerged, represent an enigmatic sampling situation as the sample is withdrawn through the overlaying liquid layer. Contamination may arise from the liquid as well as solid material above the collected sample. A procedural problem is that close‐faced, lined samplers do not provide enough axial friction to maintain the sample within the sampler. Since the choice of proper sampling equipment is critical in site assessments, we compared two types of soil probes in this study. Both samples were nickel (Ni)‐chromium (Cr) plated having 2‐cm diameter bores. One was an open‐faced slotted sampler while the other was a closed‐faced sampler with a PETG copolyester liner. The open‐faced slotted sampler had no significantly different Ni or Cr content than did the PETG‐lined probe and maintained the soil within the sampling tube.     

新型土壤容重取样器的研制与应用

为了提高土壤容重取样的速度和保障取样质量,研制了新型原位土壤容重取样器,并与传统的环刀法进行了对比测试与分析.结果表明,新型的取样器具有如下优点:(1)结果可靠,T检验结果表明与传统的取样测定方法无显著差异;(2)新型原位土壤容重取样器省工省力,其工作效率比传统的环刀法高出10倍以上.(3)新型土壤容重取样器的扰动面积较小.     

集沙仪结构设计及其性能实验研究

集沙仪作为专门用于收集风蚀颗粒的采样仪器对土壤风蚀研究具有重要意义。从通风屏的位置和面积,形成通风屏的筛网目数和进沙口位置等方面设计了16种集沙仪。通过在风洞内进行的等动力性实验和采集率实验最终筛选出面积为9 884mm2的通风屏位于集沙仪顶部,进沙口凸出集沙仪迎风面的集沙仪是16种集沙仪中采集性能最好的集沙仪。其修正后的进沙口风速与实验风速比为0.870;对0.10～0.25,0.075～0.10和<0.075mm粒径范围的土样,各风速的平均采集率分别为83.58%,81.16%和60.93%,适合采集跃移及部分悬移运动颗粒;该集沙仪结构简单,操作方便,可采集同一位置不同高度的风蚀尘,也可添加旋转装置用于野外观测,符合室内外风蚀研究需要。     

基于被动采样技术的砷有效性和界面过程研究:进展与展望

全球诸多区域均发现由于人类活动或者地质因素造成的砷污染问题,严重威胁区域生态安全和人体健康。对大尺度下砷风险有效控制,需要准确评价砷在不同介质间的界面行为。砷的迁移转化受到化学和微生物调控,从而在土水和根际等典型环境界面上,具有在毫微米尺度下形态变化剧烈的特点。传统的以破坏性取样加实验室分析为主的主动采样技术难以胜任对界面过程的研究。近年来,以薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)、薄膜扩散平衡(DET)、原位反复孔隙水采样(IPI)和平衡式孔隙水采样(Peeper)为代表的新兴被动采样技术在土壤环境界面过程研究中显示出了巨大优势。上述被动采样技术已用于原位检测水体或土壤间隙水中砷的总量和形态特征及其一维分布信息。其中,DGT测定的土壤中砷浓度与植物体内砷含量的相关性较好,可用于砷的植物有效性评估。利用上述被动采样器研究水-土-生界面处砷的二维时空分布特征,是近几年的一个重要趋势。DGT可用于表征砷在土-水界面和植物根际的二维亚毫米高分辨分布特征,在砷空间分布研究上具有巨大优势。而IPI可低扰动反复采样,是少数可用于砷形态动态分布研究的工具。以上研究从微观尺度阐述砷的生物地球化学行为。最后对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Water collection efficiency of wick samplers under steady state flow conditions

Wick samplers could be used for measurements of solute transport. Water collection efficiency of wick samplers, defined as the volume of water collected by a sampler divided by the water flux from the root zone, should be close to 100%. We used three wick samplers differing in wall height in Hydric Hapludands under constant rainfall intensity and examined the effects of the rainfall intensity and wall height on the water collection efficiency based on experimental data and a numerical analysis. The water collection efficiency of wick samplers increased with the rainfall intensity and wall height because the increase in both rainfall intensity and wall height resulted in a distribution of the total potential inside the wick sampler close to that outside the wick sampler. Furthermore, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the drain hole to that of the cylinder must be taken into account in the design of a wick sampler.     

有机肥生产中的多段式搅龙设计与性能试验

为解决有机肥生产过程中的堵料、物料混合不均匀和尾端积料等问题,设计了一种多段式搅龙,其主要由伸缩扒齿、进料段、变径送料段、大径送料段、出料段和反旋向段等组成。该文确定了伸缩扒齿偏心、搅龙变径和尾端反旋向等主要结构参数,明确了物料混合均匀性、抗堵料和防积料性机理,利用EDEM软件对多段式搅龙和传统搅龙进行性能对比试验和分析,并进行了样机试验。试验结果分析表明:当物料的混合均匀度标准差达到0.2时,多段式搅龙需要输送的距离是传统搅龙的0.6倍,传统搅龙的标准差最小值较多段式搅龙内的标准差最小值增大0.042;在进口处的填充度相等的情况下,物料输送过程中多段式搅龙内的填充度会逐渐下降(趋于0.222),多段式搅龙内的填充度变化幅度为38.1%,而传统搅龙内的填充度保持不变;多段式搅龙装备比传统搅龙装备输运效率提高了20%。研究结果可为有机肥生产装备的设计提供参考。     

Does Sampler Size Affect Southeastern Piedmont Forest Soil Bulk Density Estimation?

Destructive core sampling is the most recognized technique for soil bulk density estimation to monitor soil compaction. This study was conducted to determine if soil bulk density sampler size would impact value estimates and silvicultural treatment distinctions in southeastern Piedmont forest soils of the Clemson Experimental Forest, Clemson, South Carolina, USA. In 2004, six hundred soils were sampled using both an Oakfield Soil Probe (diameter 2.5 cm) and an AMS, Inc. Slide Hammer (diameter 5.1 cm). The smaller, Oakfield Soil Probe values were greater than the larger, AMS Inc. Slide Hammer values (p < 0.0001) and values from both samplers were greater in the thin and burn treatments than the control treatments (p < 0.007). Strong correlation of the values between the samplers was also demonstrated (p < 00001; r² = 0.62). These results highlight the utility of the smaller Oakfield Soil Probe when accessibility and intensity may impose sampling constraints.

Abbreviations: AMS=AMS Inc. Slide Hammer; CEF=Clemson Experimental Forest; D_b=soil bulk density; FFS=National Fire and Fire Surrogate Study; OSP=Oakfield Model H Soil Probe; SOC=soil organic carbon     

基于数值模拟和风洞试验的分流对冲式集沙仪结构优化设计

集沙仪是研究土壤风蚀必不可少的仪器之一,为提高集沙效率和自动采集数据的准确性,需要不断地对集沙仪进行优化设计.该文以FLUENT软件和微型风洞为试验平台,对分流对冲式集沙仪风沙分离器的排气管直径、排气管长度、排沙口直径、排沙口收缩高度进行了优化设计.数值模拟和风洞试验的结果显示:改进型风沙分离器排气口和排沙口的降速性能与原风沙分离器相比有了明显的提高,强风条件(13.8 m/s)下,排气管直径、长度均为25 mm,排沙口直径、收缩高度分别为75、15ram时,气流对集沙仪自动采集传感器的冲击力最小,排气口最高风速比原风沙分离器降低了7.47％,排沙口最高风速比原风沙分离器降低了35.59％,改进后的集沙仪集沙效率比原集沙仪提高了1.56％.     

Study on Sampling Method of Rainfall, Throughfall, and Stemflow to Monitor the Effect of Acid Deposition on Forest Ecosystem

The use of samplers for rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow was studied in Chamaecyparis obtusa forest in Kobe to develop a suitable simplified collection method for long-term monitoring of the effect of acid deposition on the forest ecosystem. A filtrating bulk sampler, widely used in Japan due to its convenience, was modified for rainfall- and throughfall-sampling. The pH value, NH₄ ⁺- and NO₃ ^?- concns. did not change within a two-week sampling period, and the collection efficiency of the modified type relative to the wet/dry sampler was 97% (mean). The three samplers (shampoo-hat, vinyl chloride tube, and gauze type) were used for stemflow sampling. Collection efficiency of the samplers was in the order of shampoo-hat> vinyl chloride tube> gauze and that of the gauze type varied significantly with rainfall condition.